Deck 17: Adult Nutrition: Conditions and Interventions

Question 1

Risk factors for cardiovascular diseases include _____.

A) low level of LDL
B) low level of HDL
C) low blood pressure
D) high level of HDL
E) regular physical activity

Answer 1

B

Question 2

An environmental factor that causes cancer is _____.

A) genetic mutation
B) oxidative stress
C) radiation
D) hormonal activity
E) inherited genes

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Eating 1½ cups of cooked oatmeal a day has been shown to reduce LDL by 10-15%.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Bariatric surgery is reserved for patients with clinically severe obesity and those who have BMI ≥40 or ≥35 with high risk for obesity-related morbidity or mortality.

Question 5

A majority of cancers develop in _____.

A) epithelial tissue
B) lymph nodes
C) adipocytes
D) bone marrow
E) connective tissue

Question 6

The leading cause of death for adults aged 24-44 is _____.

A) syphilis
B) Down's syndrome
C) injury
D) pernicious anemia
E) Turner's syndrome

Question 7

The hyperinsulinemic state related to insulin insensitivity is recognized as a major risk factor for the development of early atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.

Question 8

The loss of desire to eat or aversion to food related to disease, treatment, and/or emotional distress is known as _____.

A) anorexia
B) cachexia
C) gastrointestinal reflux
D) metabolic syndrome
E) prediabetes

Question 9

Metabolic obesity occurs when the body weight set point shifts to a higher level due to alterations of the energy balance system.

Question 10

Gut microbiota influence the release of several metabolites and hormones that communicate from the gastrointestinal tract to the appetite regulatory centers in the brain through nerve signaling pathways.

Question 11

Atherosclerosis is a multifactorial disease that can develop because of _____.

A) the relaxation of blood vessels
B) high blood levels of homocysteine
C) low blood levels of glucose
D) low blood levels of insulin
E) the depletion of plaque

Question 12

Atherosclerotic lesions begin to form in adolescence and early adulthood and gradually decline through the decades.

Question 13

Viscous fiber facilitates the movement of water in the gut, forming a liquid gel that increases absorption of cholesterol-rich bile acids and carries them throughout the body.

Question 14

Studies show that overweight and obesity result entirely from taking in more energy than you are expending.

Question 15

The physiological effects of atherosclerosis include _____.

A) increased blood circulation to the heart
B) decreased blood pressure
C) increased energy
D) decreased flexibility of blood vessels
E) increased circulation in the extremities

Question 16

Which of the following is a nutrition and physical activity guideline for cancer prevention?

A) participating in an hour of physical activity each week
B) avoiding meats cooked at high temperatures
C) watching TV for long durations
D) eating refined grain products
E) limiting red meat consumption to 36 ounces a week

Question 17

Metabolic syndrome designates a cluster of unaltered metabolic conditions.

Question 18

African Americans with very high BMIs may be underdiagnosed for metabolic syndrome if the diagnosis criteria relies on triglyceride levels as a marker.

Question 19

Which nutrition-related factor is associated with increased cancer risk?

A) whole grains
B) coffee
C) salt-preserved foods
D) garlic
E) foods containing calcium

Question 20

Carcinogenesis is the process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells.

Question 21

Obesity can be defined as _____.

A) weight greater than 190 pounds
B) a fat, unfit appearance
C) a waist circumference of 28 inches in women
D) a BMI of 23
E) an excess accumulation of adipose tissue

Question 22

Which evidence-based population approach for improving diet includes subsidy strategies to lower prices of more healthful food and beverages?

A) media and education
B) labeling and information
C) worksite wellness
D) local supermarkets
E) economic incentives

Question 23

When eaten, plant stanol and sterol esters block particles responsible for _____ transport.

A) protein
B) insulin
C) triglyceride
D) glucose
E) cholesterol

Question 24

Having a BMI of _____ classifies a person as obese.

A) >25
B) >27
C) >26
D) >30
E) >40

Question 25

In the long run, which of the following is most likely to occur   as a result of diabetes?

A) AIDS
B) all types of cancer
C) kidney disease
D) menopause
E) arthritis

Question 26

Adherence to a _____ dietary pattern reduces risk factors for metabolic syndrome.

A) high-protein/low-carbohydrate
B) high-protein/moderate-carbohydrate
C) low-MSG Asian-style
D) Mediterranean-style
E) Middle Eastern-style

Question 27

A primary cause of death for an HIV-infected person is _____.

A) malnutrition
B) infection
C) mental illness leading to suicide
D) cardiovascular disease
E) kidney failure

Question 28

In type 2 diabetes, circulating insulin is high, and _____ , triglycerides, and blood pressure are commonly elevated.

A) cholesterol
B) iron
C) sodium
D) proteins
E) vitamin A

Question 29

Lipid-lowering medications are prescribed for an individual when LDL is _____.

A) >40 mg/dL
B) >70 mg/dL
C) >150 mg/dL
D) >190 mg/dL
E) >280 mg/dL

Question 30

Screening for CVD should occur about every five years beginning at age _____.

A) 20
B) 25
C) 30
D) 35
E) 40

Question 31

Overweight individuals have a BMI of _____ kg/m ² .

A) 25.0-29.9
B) 18.5-24.9
C)
D) 30.0-34.9
E) >35.0

Question 32

A body mass index (BMI) >30 is roughly equivalent to being _____ or more pounds overweight for a 5-ft, 4-in. person.

A) 15
B) 30
C) 45
D) 75
E) 100

Question 33

_____ occurs when body weight is maintained above the set point because of sustained overeating.

A) Metabolic obesity
B) Hedonic obesity
C) Moderate obesity
D) Chronic obesity
E) Severe obesity

Question 34

The latency stage of HIV disease can last from several weeks to _____ years.

A) 10
B) 20
C) 15
D) 25
E) 30

Question 35

BMI measures don't accurately represent body fatness for _____.

A) athletes with a low percentage of muscle
B) individuals with negligible fat deposits
C) individuals with large, dense bones
D) men over the age of 65
E) women over the age of 60

Question 36

If a female ate 100 extra calories per day in excess of her needs, approximately how many days would it take her to gain one pound if energy expenditure remained constant?

A) 7 days
B) 14 days
C) 1 month (30 days)
D) 1 month + 1 week (35 days)
E) 1 month + 2 weeks (42 days)

Question 37

A man who is 50 years old and has a BMI of 27.9 would be considered _____.

A) underweight
B) normal weight
C) overweight
D) obese
E) extremely obese

Question 38

Which of the following biomechanical conditions is associated with overweight and obesity?

A) sleep apnea
B) prediabetes
C) hypertension
D) infertility
E) stomach cancer

Question 39

Insulin resistance in muscle cells reduces glucose uptake and interferes with muscle storage of glucose as _____.

A) fatty acid
B) glucagon
C) lipid
D) glycogen
E) protein

Question 40

As a high-intensity dietary approach for reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease, the Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes approach recommends _____.

A) avoidance of stanols/sterols
B) consumption of saturated fats
C) less than 5-6 percent of total calories from trans fat
D) consumption of 5-10 grams of viscous fiber daily
E) avoidance of unsaturated fat

Question 41

If you are counting carbohydrates in your diet plan, it is important to know that half a cup of fresh fruit or 4 ounces of orange or apple juice is equal to _____ g of carbohydrate.

A) 5
B) 12
C) 15
D) 20
E) 25

Question 42

Mr. Jones
Sex: male $\quad$ Hours of work: $55 + /$ wk
Age: 61 Occupation: computer programmer
Household members: wife, 65 years old
Family history: coronary artery disease in father; had a myocardial infarction at age 59
Smoker: yes; 40 years; 1 pack/day
Height: 70" $\quad$ Weight: $190 \mathrm { lb }$
Waist circumference: $43 \mathrm { in. }$
Cholesterol: $220 \mathrm { mg } / \mathrm { dL }$ ; HDL-C: $30 \mathrm { mg } / \mathrm { dL }$ ; LDL-C: $160 \mathrm { mg } / \mathrm { dL }$ ; VLDL: $45 \mathrm { mg } / \mathrm { dL } ;$ TG: $150 \mathrm { mg } / \mathrm { dL }$
Blood pressure: $140 / 85$ The diet history of Mr. Jones shows that he consumes dairy products such as milk, cheese, and ice cream regularly; a variety of protein-rich foods including fish, shellfish, beef, poultry, and eggs; and large quantities of rice and potatoes. He and his wife also frequently eat breads, crackers, and potato chips. Mr. Jones consumes a large variety of vegetables including eggplant, broccoli, mushrooms, onions, and tomatoes; however, many of these are deep-fried or cooked in butter.  
What is Mr. Jones's BMI?

A) 23
B) 27
C) 32
D) 37
E) 42

Question 43

Mr. Jones
Sex: male $\quad$ Hours of work: $55 + /$ wk
Age: 61 Occupation: computer programmer
Household members: wife, 65 years old
Family history: coronary artery disease in father; had a myocardial infarction at age 59
Smoker: yes; 40 years; 1 pack/day
Height: 70" $\quad$ Weight: $190 \mathrm { lb }$
Waist circumference: $43 \mathrm { in. }$
Cholesterol: $220 \mathrm { mg } / \mathrm { dL }$ ; HDL-C: $30 \mathrm { mg } / \mathrm { dL }$ ; LDL-C: $160 \mathrm { mg } / \mathrm { dL }$ ; VLDL: $45 \mathrm { mg } / \mathrm { dL } ;$ TG: $150 \mathrm { mg } / \mathrm { dL }$
Blood pressure: $140 / 85$ The diet history of Mr. Jones shows that he consumes dairy products such as milk, cheese, and ice cream regularly; a variety of protein-rich foods including fish, shellfish, beef, poultry, and eggs; and large quantities of rice and potatoes. He and his wife also frequently eat breads, crackers, and potato chips. Mr. Jones consumes a large variety of vegetables including eggplant, broccoli, mushrooms, onions, and tomatoes; however, many of these are deep-fried or cooked in butter.  
What dietary recommendations can you give to Mr. Jones to help decrease his risk factors?

A) Decrease consumption of high-fat dairy products.
B) Avoid whole grain products.
C) Decrease dietary fiber intake.
D) Avoid lean cuts of meat and poultry.
E) Increase consumption of high-fat dairy products.

Question 45

The American Diabetes Association recommends that adults should be screened for type 2 diabetes or prediabetes if they are _____ years old, or earlier if they are overweight.

A) 25
B) 35
C) 45
D) 55
E) 65

Question 46

Mr. Jones
Sex: male $\quad$ Hours of work: $55 + /$ wk
Age: 61 Occupation: computer programmer
Household members: wife, 65 years old
Family history: coronary artery disease in father; had a myocardial infarction at age 59
Smoker: yes; 40 years; 1 pack/day
Height: 70" $\quad$ Weight: $190 \mathrm { lb }$
Waist circumference: $43 \mathrm { in. }$
Cholesterol: $220 \mathrm { mg } / \mathrm { dL }$ ; HDL-C: $30 \mathrm { mg } / \mathrm { dL }$ ; LDL-C: $160 \mathrm { mg } / \mathrm { dL }$ ; VLDL: $45 \mathrm { mg } / \mathrm { dL } ;$ TG: $150 \mathrm { mg } / \mathrm { dL }$
Blood pressure: $140 / 85$ The diet history of Mr. Jones shows that he consumes dairy products such as milk, cheese, and ice cream regularly; a variety of protein-rich foods including fish, shellfish, beef, poultry, and eggs; and large quantities of rice and potatoes. He and his wife also frequently eat breads, crackers, and potato chips. Mr. Jones consumes a large variety of vegetables including eggplant, broccoli, mushrooms, onions, and tomatoes; however, many of these are deep-fried or cooked in butter.  
Based on the information above, he is at risk of developing several cardiometabolic conditions, including _____.

A) osteoarthritis
B) gall bladder disease
C) gastrointestinal reflux disease
D) pancreatic cancer
E) hypertension

Question 47

Metabolic syndrome is related to a cluster of metabolic abnormalities that include _____.

A) low fasting blood glucose levels
B) abdominal obesity
C) low LDL levels
D) high HDL levels
E) low blood pressure

Question 48

A simple, low-cost method that can be used to screen for metabolic syndrome in community or clinic settings is _____.

A) random finger-stick blood sugar
B) waist circumference
C) waist-hip ratio
D) urine dipstick
E) basal body temperature

Question 49

Molly is 5-ft, 2-in. tall and weighs 170 pounds. What is her BMI?

A) 24
B) 31
C) 36
D) 41
E) 44

Question 50

Nutrition goals in the early phase of an HIV infection _____.

A) include the consumption of a maximum of 2,500 calories per day
B) include non-weight-bearing exercise regimens
C) do not include mineral supplements
D) do not include vitamin supplements
E) include the consumption of calcium-rich and vitamin D-fortified foods

Question 51

A recent addition to screening procedures for asymptomatic patients is a CT scan that measures calcium deposits in _____ and produces a coronary artery calcium (CAC) score.

A) veins
B) capillaries
C) arteries
D) pancreas
E) lungs

Question 52

Fifteen grams of carbohydrate could be obtained from which of the following?

A) 3 cups popcorn (popped)
B) 1.5 oz potato chips
C) 2 slices bread
D) 1 cup corn
E) 1 medium baked potato

Question 53

The two main factors believed to cause metabolic syndrome are _____ and _____.

A) obesity; diabetes
B) central adiposity; insulin resistance
C) inflammation; obesity
D) hypertension; insulin resistance
E) central adiposity; heart disease

Question 54

Mr. Jones
Sex: male $\quad$ Hours of work: $55 + /$ wk
Age: 61 Occupation: computer programmer
Household members: wife, 65 years old
Family history: coronary artery disease in father; had a myocardial infarction at age 59
Smoker: yes; 40 years; 1 pack/day
Height: 70" $\quad$ Weight: $190 \mathrm { lb }$
Waist circumference: $43 \mathrm { in. }$
Cholesterol: $220 \mathrm { mg } / \mathrm { dL }$ ; HDL-C: $30 \mathrm { mg } / \mathrm { dL }$ ; LDL-C: $160 \mathrm { mg } / \mathrm { dL }$ ; VLDL: $45 \mathrm { mg } / \mathrm { dL } ;$ TG: $150 \mathrm { mg } / \mathrm { dL }$
Blood pressure: $140 / 85$ The diet history of Mr. Jones shows that he consumes dairy products such as milk, cheese, and ice cream regularly; a variety of protein-rich foods including fish, shellfish, beef, poultry, and eggs; and large quantities of rice and potatoes. He and his wife also frequently eat breads, crackers, and potato chips. Mr. Jones consumes a large variety of vegetables including eggplant, broccoli, mushrooms, onions, and tomatoes; however, many of these are deep-fried or cooked in butter.  
Mr. Jones is _____.

A) underweight
B) normal weight
C) overweight
D) obese
E) severely obese

Question 55

What term applies to liquid meals, meal bars, or packaged meals?

A) etiologic meals
B) functional food
C) low-calorie meals
D) snack food
E) meal replacements

Question 56

Patient-centered care for diabetes would likely include a _____.

A) personal trainer
B) social worker
C) nurse
D) pharmacy student
E) speech therapist

Question 57

Molly's BMI is 31. She is categorized as a(n) _____.

A) underweight individual
B) normal weight individual
C) overweight individual
D) obese individual
E) severely obese individual

Question 58

The component of weight management programs based on cognitive behavioral therapy that helps a client in examining his/her thought processes and recognizing dysfunctional thinking is called _____.

A) maintenance
B) support system
C) realistic goals
D) cognitive restructuring
E) caloric deficit

Question 59

Small dense LDL particles contain more _____ that makes it more available for binding to the lining of arteries and entry into the endothelium.

A) lipoprotein B
B) cholesterol
C) lipoprotein A
D) apolipoprotein B
E) apolipoprotein D

Question 60

List the factors that are important for working with a diabetic patient when determining his or her needs, tailoring a diabetes management plan, planning patient education and counseling, and monitoring progress over time.

Question 61

Describe the central defect in type 2 diabetes and the adverse side effects high levels of blood glucose have on the body.

Question 62

Identify the key assessment components that are to be included in a nutrition assessment for a person at high risk for cardiovascular disease.

Question 63

List the factors related to a client's motivation to engage in a weight-loss program and his or her ability to adhere to a treatment plan.

Question 64

Describe the prevalence of CVD and the development of coronary heart disease beginning with the process of atherosclerosis. What are the risk factors associated with CVD? What can you do to prevent the risk factors from occurring?

Question 65

Discuss the cause of metabolic syndrome, and identify two risk factors for developing metabolic syndrome. Provide recommendations that would decrease the risk of developing this syndrome.

Question 66

D iscuss the physiological effects of HIV disease and the effect of ARV drugs on the body.

Question 67

Describe the stages of carcinogenesis and relate how dietary elements can modify this process.

Question 68

Discuss cognitive behavioral therapy for weight management. List all the 12 components of weight-management programs based on this type of therapy.

Question 69

List the main considerations in developing a diet plan (nutrition prescription) for an individual with diabetes.