Deck 5: Nutrition During Pregnancy: Conditions and Interventions

Question 1

Which of the following is true of women who have bariatric surgery?

A) Women lose weight rapidly after bariatric surgery due to limited food intake and malabsorption of nutrients.
B) Women who have undergone bariatric surgery are not at risk of developing gestational diabetes.
C) Women who have undergone bariatric surgery tend to gain weight soon after the surgery.
D) The development of preeclampsia is more frequent in women who have undergone bariatric surgery than in women who are obese.
E) Women undergo bariatric surgery to avoid conception thereafter.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Gestational diabetes is caused only when a woman consumes excess sugar during her pregnancy.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Because of higher needs, women with multifetal pregnancies should take nutrient supplements exceeding the Tolerable Upper Intake Levels.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Gestational diabetes is _____ intolerance that is first recognized during pregnancy.

A) vitamin
B) protein
C) carbohydrate
D) mineral
E) fat

Question 5

Routine salt restriction helps prevent and treat hypertension during pregnancy.

Question 6

Research indicates that all women with gestational diabetes in a previous pregnancy will develop it in a subsequent pregnancy.

Question 7

The effects of gestational hypertension on the course and outcome of pregnancy are often benign.

Question 8

Which maternal organ is the most affected by small blood clots and reduced blood flow?

A) the pancreas
B) the lungs
C) the heart
D) the liver
E) the appendix

Question 9

Which of the following statements is true of lap band surgery?

A) It involves injecting medication that suppresses glucose production by the liver.
B) It helps increase the amount of food that a person can consume.
C) It involves the removal of a band present in the thigh muscle.
D) It involves the placement of a band around the top of the stomach.
E) It helps decrease the tendency of blood to clot in hypertensive pregnant women.

Question 10

Dumping syndrome is a condition characterized by abnormally rapid emptying of the stomach and is seen in women who _____.

A) have gestational diabetes
B) are at risk for developing preeclampsia
C) have undergone bariatric surgery
D) drink more than 4 alcoholic beverages per day
E) are carrying triplets

Question 11

Rates of dizygotic twins vary among racial groups and by country.

Question 12

Women with eating disorders during pregnancy are at higher risk for spontaneous abortion, hypertension, anemia, and preterm labor.

Question 13

_____ are a worldwide, leading cause of maternal mortality.

A) Eating disorders during pregnancy
B) Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy
C) Bariatric surgeries during pregnancy
D) Multifetal pregnancies
E) Adolescent pregnancy complications

Question 14

Obesity is associated with an increased risk of _____.

A) dumping syndrome
B) malabsorption of nutrients by the fetus
C) anemia
D) gestational diabetes and preterm delivery
E) delivering a low birthweight infant

Question 15

Signs, symptoms, severity, and causes of preeclampsia vary from woman to woman.

Question 16

An unfavorable metabolic effect associated with excessive body fat is _____.

A) decreased blood glucose levels
B) decreased blood concentration of insulin
C) the development of insulin resistance
D) high levels of HDL cholesterol
E) low levels of LDL cholesterol

Question 17

Twins at highest risk of death and malformations have separate amniotic sacs but share the same placenta.

Question 18

Hypertension is defined as blood pressure ≥ _____ mm Hg systolic or ≥ _____ mm Hg diastolic blood pressure.

A) 120; 70
B) 140; 90
C) 120; 90
D) 140; 70
E) 160; 110

Question 19

Healthy dietary patterns during pregnancy include foods that are low in sugar and high in refined carbohydrates, highly processed foods, and red meats.

Question 20

Which symptom is least likely to be associated with preeclampsia?

A) persistent headaches
B) high urine output
C) blurred vision
D) nausea
E) low urine output

Question 21

What is the best definition of eclampsia?

A) It is a potent inhibitor of platelet aggregation and a powerful vasodilator.
B) It is the separation of the placenta from its attachment to the uterus wall before the baby is delivered.
C) It is the diagnostic term used when a woman with preeclampsia experiences seizures late in pregnancy.
D) It refers to the structural, functional, or metabolic abnormalities present at birth.
E) It is a form of hemoglobin used to identify blood glucose levels over the lifetime of a red blood cell.

Question 22

Which type of diabetes is potentially the most hazardous to the mother and fetus?

A) type 1 diabetes
B) type 2 diabetes
C) gestational diabetes
D) They are all equally hazardous.
E) None of these are hazardous to both the mother and fetus.

Question 23

Diets characterized by a high intake of _____ have been linked to a decreased risk of preeclampsia.

A) processed food or red meats
B) colorful fruits and vegetables
C) salty foods
D) sweet or sugary foods
E) whole milk and yogurt

Question 24

Which of the following is a cure for eclampsia?

A) regular blood transfusions
B) excess intake of folate
C) insulin injections
D) intake of metformin
E) delivery of the placenta

Question 25

Chronic hypertension _____.

A) occurs more often in Non-Hispanic Black Americans than in Caucasian Americans
B) is decreasing in incidence because of better medical prevention methods
C) is less common in women of older childbearing age
D) is usually treated with the same prescriptions in pregnant and nonpregnant women
E) increases the rate of fetal growth

Question 26

The treatment for gestational diabetes that is aimed at normalizing blood glucose levels includes _____.

A) intake of oral medications such as metformin without changing the diet
B) insulin injections or an insulin pump
C) intake of a low-calorie high-protein diet
D) developing a program for weight gain management, implementing dietary changes, and monitoring regular physical activity
E) intake of refined carbohydrates instead of whole grains and other nutrient-dense, minimally processed foods

Question 27

_____ is a risk to the fetus associated with multifetal pregnancy.

A) Intraventricular hemorrhage
B) Spontaneous abortion
C) Macrosomia
D) Hyperbilirubinemia
E) High blood pressure

Question 28

Maintenance of normal blood glucose levels during pregnancy requires sufficient insulin production by _____ cells of the _____.

A) alpha; pancreas
B) beta; pancreas
C) gamma; pancreas
D) alpha; thyroid
E) beta; thyroid

Question 29

According to the American Diabetes Association, when should pregnant women without gestational diabetes undergo a blood glucose test?

A) between 24 and 28 weeks of gestation
B) after the first trimester
C) between 6 and 8 weeks of gestation
D) at 17 weeks of gestation
E) Pregnant women without diabetes do not need to be screened.

Question 30

Metformin, the only type of oral medication used to treat gestational diabetes, is useful because it _____.

A) increases glucose production
B) stimulates insulin secretion
C) increases insulin resistance
D) improves insulin sensitivity
E) stimulates ketone production

Question 31

How many minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity is recommended daily for women at risk of preeclampsia?

A) 15
B) 30
C) 60
D) 90
E) 45

Question 32

It is estimated that about _____ percent of women with gestational diabetes will develop type 2 diabetes later in life.

A) 10-15
B) 20-25
C) 30-40
D) 50-60
E) 75

Question 33

Which of the following is true of thromboxane?

A) It inhibits platelet aggregation.
B) It is a powerful vasodilator.
C) It increases platelet aggregation.
D) It helps reduce blood pressure.
E) It is derived from n-3 fatty acids.

Question 34

Oxidative stress and a lack of _____ appear to play key roles in the development of preeclampsia.

A) lipids
B) proteins
C) oxidizing agents
D) antioxidants
E) supplements

Question 35

It is common for women with gestational diabetes to consume _____ percent of calories from carbohydrates daily.

A) 65
B) 50
C) 45
D) 25
E) 60

Question 36

Chronic inflammation and oxidative stress may be decreased by _____.

A) high levels of body fat
B) frequent intake of processed meats
C) smoking
D) physical inactivity
E) regular intake of dried beans and nuts

Question 37

Newborn macrosomia is defined in several different ways, including birth weight of _____.

A) 4,000-4,500 g
B) 2,000-2,500 g
C) 1,000-1,200 g
D) 500-1,000 g
E) 750-1,500 g

Question 38

Ideally, when should dietary intervention for preeclampsia begin?

A) prior to pregnancy
B) two weeks prior to infant delivery
C) prior to the 20th week of pregnancy
D) after the 20th week of pregnancy
E) after childbirth

Question 39

Which nutritional or physical activity recommendation is least likely to benefit women who are at risk for developing preeclampsia?

A) intake of high-dosage iron supplements
B) intake of 5 or more servings of fruits daily
C) performing moderate-intensity exercise
D) adequate fiber intake
E) adequate vitamin D intake

Question 40

The primary outcome goal for pregnant women with type 2 diabetes is to _____.

A) maintain blood glucose levels within the normal range
B) prevent the development of diabetes later in life
C) prevent excessive weight gain
D) maintain normal blood pressure
E) avoid the use of insulin during pregnancy

Question 41

Children with fetal alcohol syndrome have _____ impairments that result in behavioral and intellectual disabilities.

A) central nervous system
B) circulatory system
C) respiratory system
D) immune system
E) insulin delivery

Question 42

Which of the following is true of multiple fetuses?

A) Dizygotic twins are a result of a single egg getting fertilized.
B) Monozygotic twins are never the same sex, whereas dizygotic twins are always the same sex.
C) Monozygotic twins represent individuals with differing genetic fingerprints.
D) Dizygotic twins are always identical.
E) Monozygotic twins result when the fertilized and rapidly dividing egg splits into two within days after conception.

Question 43

Inadequate food intake in pregnant women with eating disorders is indicated by the presence of _____ in the urine.

A) ketones
B) calcium
C) iron
D) thromboxane
E) glucose

Question 44

Which artificial organ has been developed and may become available for use in the future to manage type 1 diabetes?

A) the bladder
B) the pancreas
C) the liver
D) the kidneys
E) the lungs

Question 45

The vanishing twin phenomenon refers to _____.

A) more triplets and quadruplets being born than twins because of fertility drugs
B) the disappearance of embryos within 13 weeks of conception
C) the decreasing percentage of dizygotic twins in favor of monozygotic twins
D) the emergence of an additional fetus in a pregnancy that began with only two fetuses
E) the decreasing percentage of twins in favor of singleton fetuses due to in vitro fertilization techniques

Question 46

The recommended treatment for a pregnant woman with an eating disorder is to _____.

A) remind her to eat foods that help with weight gain
B) refer her to an eating disorder clinic that uses a team approach to solving nutritional issues
C) bargain with the woman to consume larger food portions but tell her that she can still vomit after eating
D) listen to her express her anxiety and fear of weight gain without commenting negatively
E) commit her to a psychiatric ward that helps women with eating disorders

Question 47

The mean birthweight of newborns from a twin pregnancy is _____ grams.

A) 1800
B) 2000
C) 2400
D) 2600
E) 2800

Question 48

Which of the following eating disorders is most commonly observed among pregnant American women?

A) bulimia nervosa
B) anorexia nervosa
C) binge eating disorder
D) emotional overeating
E) Pregnant women cannot have eating disorders because women do not ovulate if they have an eating disorder.

Question 49

Assessment of urinary ketone levels is sometimes used in practice to estimate the adequacy of   _____.

A) insulin absorption
B) vitamin C intake
C) protein intake
D) calorie and carbohydrate intake
E) potassium intake

Question 50

Monozygotic twins are _____, while dizygotic twins are _____.

A) always the same sex; always different sexes
B) the same sex 50% of the time; always the same sex
C) always the same sex; the same sex 50% of the time
D) always different sexes; always the same sex
E) the same sex 50% of the time; always different sexes

Question 51

Abnormal facial features such as narrow openings between the upper and lower eyelids, a thin border on the upper edge of the lip, and the presence of a smooth ridge between the nose and lips are characteristics of infants _____.

A) with acute renal dysfunction
B) with neural tube birth defects
C) with fetal alcohol syndrome
D) whose mothers have gestational diabetes
E) whose mothers have eating disorders

Question 52

Pregnant adolescents have a higher requirement for _____ than pregnant adults.

A) iron
B) folic acid
C) vitamin A
D) protein
E) calcium

Question 53

Identify the most common type of multifetal pregnancy.

A) twins
B) triplets
C) quadruplets
D) quintuplets
E) octuplets

Question 54

A multifetal pregnancy is least likely to increase the risk for _____.

A) preeclampsia
B) iron-deficiency anemia
C) preterm delivery
D) Cesarean delivery
E) maternal mortality

Question 55

What is assisted reproductive technology (ART)?

A) It refers to the treatment options available to support women who enter pregnancy with eating disorders.
B) It refers to the treatments given to a woman to prevent the development of gestational diabetes.
C) It refers to treatments that prevent a woman from conceiving thereafter.
D) It refers to fertility treatments such as in vitro fertilization, artificial insemination, and hormone treatments.
E) It refers to the disappearance of embryos within 13 weeks of conception.

Question 56

Identify the term used to refer to pregnant women with eating disorders who fail to gain weight during pregnancy.

A) pregnancy fasting
B) pregnancy-related food deficit
C) pregulemia
D) pregorexia
E) pregnancy anorexia

Question 57

The majority of twins born are _____.

A) dizygotic
B) monozygotic
C) trizygotic
D) identical
E) dizygotic and identical

Question 58

The term fetal alcohol spectrum is now being used to describe _____.

A) the range of effects alcohol has on fetal growth and development
B) the number of drinks a woman can safely consume while pregnant
C) a set of characteristics seen in children with alcoholic mothers
D) the period during pregnancy when it is safe for the mother to consume alcohol
E) the effects of alcohol on young children when they consume it

Question 59

Theoretically, to achieve a 40-pound weight gain, women with twins would need to consume approximately _____ extra calories per day during pregnancy than do women with singleton pregnancies.

A) 500
B) 250
C) 150
D) 5,000
E) 1,000

Question 60

Several studies on weight gain and birth weight have shown that a weight gain of approximately _____ pounds corresponds to healthy-sized triplets.

A) 25
B) 30
C) 40
D) 50
E) 60

Question 62

Name and describe the four types of hypertensive disorders associated with pregnancy.

Question 63

Explain how high levels of visceral fat can lead to increased disease risk.

Question 64

Sara is a 37-year-old Hispanic female in her second pregnancy. Her first pregnancy resulted in a healthy baby girl who weighed 9 lb 3 oz. Her prepregnancy information is as follows: BMI = 28; height = 5′4″; and weight = 165 lb (75 kg). She did not manage to shed all the weight she gained before getting pregnant again, and at 24 weeks, she has gained 20 lb and currently weighs 185 lb (84 kg). Her diet history reveals an average calorie intake of 2300 calories per day. Two hours after her 75-g glucose tolerance test is administered, her blood glucose is 155 mg/dL.  
Sara's BMI indicates that she was _____ while entering pregnancy.

A) underweight
B) at a normal weight
C) overweight
D) obese
E) very obese

Question 65

Sara is a 37-year-old Hispanic female in her second pregnancy. Her first pregnancy resulted in a healthy baby girl who weighed 9 lb 3 oz. Her prepregnancy information is as follows: BMI = 28; height = 5′4″; and weight = 165 lb (75 kg). She did not manage to shed all the weight she gained before getting pregnant again, and at 24 weeks, she has gained 20 lb and currently weighs 185 lb (84 kg). Her diet history reveals an average calorie intake of 2300 calories per day. Two hours after her 75-g glucose tolerance test is administered, her blood glucose is 155 mg/dL.
What would be a healthy next step for Sara?

A) Go home and continue to have routine doctor visits.
B) Attempt to normalize blood glucose levels by following a healthy diet and by exercising regularly.
C) Perform a 50-g glucose tolerance test while fasting.
D) Begin a calorie-controlled diet and visit her doctor in 2 weeks to recheck her weight.
E) Cut caloric intake to less than 1500 calories per day.

Question 66

Discuss the dietary pattern recommended for women with gestational diabetes.

Question 67

Describe two factors that increase the chance of multifetal pregnancies.

Question 68

List the risks associated with multifetal pregnancies.

Question 69

Sara is a 37-year-old Hispanic female in her second pregnancy. Her first pregnancy resulted in a healthy baby girl who weighed 9 lb 3 oz. Her prepregnancy information is as follows: BMI = 28; height = 5′4″; and weight = 165 lb (75 kg). She did not manage to shed all the weight she gained before getting pregnant again, and at 24 weeks, she has gained 20 lb and currently weighs 185 lb (84 kg). Her diet history reveals an average calorie intake of 2300 calories per day. Two hours after her 75-g glucose tolerance test is administered, her blood glucose is 155 mg/dL.  
Sara's glucose tolerance test results indicate that she _____.

A) has iron-deficiency anemia
B) has gestational diabetes
C) has borderline diabetes
D) has type 2 diabetes
E) has preeclampsia

Question 70

What are the consequences of eating disorders during pregnancy?