Deck 9: Weight Management: Overweight, Obesity, and Underweight

Question 1

What happens to leptin and ghrelin levels when someone is sleep-deprived?

A) Both leptin and ghrelin increase.
B) Both leptin and ghrelin decrease.
C) Leptin decreases while ghrelin increases.
D) Leptin increases while ghrelin decreases.
E) No significant effects are observed.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The uncoupling proteins in adipose tissue ________.

A) increase the amount of energy released as heat
B) reduce the number of fat cells
C) lower basal metabolism
D) increase the number of fat cells
E) increase the size of fat cells

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Which of the following defines the body's set point?

A) a person's minimum healthy weight
B) a person's maximum healthy weight
C) point at which a person's weight plateaus before dropping again quickly
D) point above which the body tends to lose weight and below which it tends to gain weight
E) point at which all LPL activity ceases

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Which of the following statements accurately describes the "browning" of white fat cells?

A) White fat cells undergo browning when they take on the activity of coupled proteins.
B) White fat cells with brown fat cell characteristics are sometimes called "beige adipocytes."
C) Brown fat cells are more abundant than brite fat cells in adults.
D) Interestingly, physical activity stops the browning process.
E) After much study, researchers have found little connection between GI microbiota and the browning process.

Question 5

Ghrelin is secreted by cells in the ________.

A) pancreas
B) stomach
C) liver
D) hypothalamus
E) hippocampus

Question 6

Studies report that the differences in the time obese and lean people spend lying, sitting, standing, and moving account for about ________ kcalories per day.

A) 150
B) 350
C) 550
D) 750
E) 1500

Question 7

Which of the following statements accurately describes weight gain and genetics?

A) Obese people can change their genome and influence their epigenome.
B) Exercise has little, if any, effect on the genetic influence on weight gain.
C) Fraternal twins are more likely to weigh the same than are identical twins.
D) Adopted children tend to have body weights more like their biological parents than like their adoptive parents.
E) Most cases of obesity stem from a single gene.

Question 8

What is Prader-Willi syndrome?

A) altered receptor activity for ghrelin
B) a genetic disorder resulting in obesity
C) fat accumulation in the liver of leptin-resistant patients
D) a failure to adapt to alternating periods of excess and inadequate energy intake
E) a genetic disorder characterized by loss of appetite

Question 9

Which of the following statements accurately describes fat cell development?

A) While fat cells grow and shrink in size, their number is fixed.
B) An obese person has more and larger fat cells than does a healthy-weight person.
C) The number of fat cells grows substantially during early adulthood, as energy expenditure begins to decline.
D) Researchers have concluded there is no way to induce fat cell death.
E) When energy out exceeds energy in, the number and size of fat cells decrease.

Question 10

What is a potential problem with using diet histories to gauge energy intake?

A) They focus primarily on past energy intakes and ignore current activity.
B) They do not factor into the energy balance equation.
C) Obese people tend to overestimate energy intakes, while normal-weight people tend to underestimate energy intakes.
D) Both normal-weight and obese people commonly misreport actual energy intakes.
E) Past diet histories are less useful given today's abundance of fast-food options.

Question 11

Over the past five decades, what proportion of the U.S. adult population is considered overweight or obese?

A) 50%
B) 60%
C) 70%
D) 80%
E) 90%

Question 12

Some white fat cells can undergo a process known as browning as they take on characteristics of brown fat, most notably the activity of uncoupled proteins. What are these fat cells called?

A) leptin
B) ghrelin
C) WAT
D) BAT
E) brite

Question 13

Which of the following removes triglycerides from the blood for storage in fat and muscle cells?

A) Glucagon
B) Lipoprotein lipase
C) Cellulite synthetase
D) Lipoprotein synthetase
E) Adipose lipase

Question 14

Which of the following is a protein produced by fat cells under the direction of the ob gene that decreases appetite and increases energy expenditure?

A) leptin
B) ghrelin
C) elastin
D) brite
E) collagen

Question 15

Leptin acts as a hormone, primarily in the ________.

A) pancreas
B) intestines
C) liver
D) hypothalamus
E) hippocampus

Question 16

Newborn babies are poorly insulated and cannot shiver when exposed to cold temperatures. What type of adipose tissue helps infants generate heat when it is cold?

A) black
B) white
C) brown
D) yellow
E) red

Question 17

Women readily develop lower body fat around the hips and thighs and men readily develop central body fat around the abdomen. This primarily is due to gender differences in

A) blood insulin levels.
B) the activity of lipoprotein lipase.
C) set points.
D) the activity of lipoprotein synthetase.
E) patterns of physical activity.

Question 18

Which of the following is a protein that stimulates appetite and decreases energy expenditure?

A) leptin
B) ghrelin
C) elastin
D) brite
E) collagen

Question 19

Of the following, which provides an example of an obesogenic environment?

A) Airlines have increased the length of all seatbelts.
B) Many companies provide employees with free memberships to local exercise facilities.
C) Celebrations often involve cake and alcoholic drinks.
D) Some high-end designers refuse to sell clothing in plus sizes.
E) Advertisements for weight-loss products and gyms frequently run in January.

Question 20

About how many sites in the human genome are associated with obesity and fat?

A) 10
B) 50
C) 100
D) 500
E) 1000

Question 21

To maintain weight loss, one should aim to lose 5 to 10% of initial body weight in ________.

A) 6 weeks
B) 3 months
C) 6 months
D) 9 months
E) 1 year

Question 22

Which is true of nonprescription weight-loss products?

A) They must be approved by the FDA.
B) They must be tested for safety and effectiveness by the manufacturer.
C) They must list all active and nonactive ingredients on the label.
D) Most have proved to be effective.
E) Many have proved to be harmful.

Question 23

In general, weight-loss diets need to provide at least  of ________ kcalories per day for men.

A) 800
B) 1000
C) 1200
D) 1600
E) 2000

Question 24

Which of the following statements accurately describes the use of prescription drugs to treat obesity?

A) Drug therapies should be considered for both cosmetic and health reasons.
B) Most experts believe obesity is not a disease, so drugs should not be prescribed.
C) Most currently available drugs are proven effective in both the short and long term.
D) Physicians may prescribe "off-label" drugs to take advantage of their modest weight-loss effects.
E) Although initially effective, most drugs have eventually raised the risk of cardiovascular disease to unacceptable levels.

Question 25

Which o f the following procedures is more cosmetic and has little effect on body weight?

A) gastric bypass
B) gastric banding
C) sleeve gastrectomy
D) liposuction
E) gastric aspiration

Question 26

The prescription drug phentermine acts by regulating _____.

A) blood insulin
B) norepinephrine
C) hormone-sensitive lipase
D) adipocyte lipoprotein lipase
E) leptin and insulin

Question 27

Improvements in physical capabilities and quality of life begin with a ________ weight loss.

A) 5%
B) 10%
C) 15%
D) 25%
E) 30%

Question 28

A less-preferred term for clinically severe obesity is ________.

A) morbid obesity
B) metabolic syndrome
C) leptin-resistant obesity
D) psychological-resistant syndrome
E) Prader-Willi syndrome

Question 29

Your patient, Mr. Sinclair, has a BMI of 43 and wants to begin taking drugs to lose weight. He has glaucoma, but is otherwise healthy. Which of the following should NOT be prescribed for Mr. Sinclair?

A) olestra
B) orlistat
C) serotonin
D) phentermine
E) Belviq

Question 30

The prescription drug orlistat acts by ________.

A) inhibiting pancreatic lipase
B) regulating the utilization of norepinephrine
C) increasing metabolism
D) regulating brain serotonin receptors
E) releasing ghrelin and leptin

Question 31

A reputable weight-loss program will provide customers with honest predictions of success and ________.

A) with testimonials from previous, successful users
B) with testimonials from medical professionals
C) with statistics on weight cycling
D) will list the psychological benefits of weight loss
E) will explain the associated risks

Question 32

Last year, an overweight woman was classified as "obese" based on her BMI. Since then, she has gained more weight and developed type 2 diabetes. She will be categorized as having "critically severe obesity" as soon as her BMI reaches ________.

A) 25
B) 30
C) 33
D) 35
E) 40

Question 33

In general, weight-loss diets need to provide a minimum of ________ kcalories per day for women.

A) 500
B) 800
C) 1200
D) 1600
E) 1800

Question 34

In which procedure is 70 to 85% of the stomach removed and the rest stapled to create a vertical tube-shaped stomach with limited capacity?

A) gastric bypass
B) gastric banding
C) sleeve gastrectomy
D) liposuction
E) gastric aspiration

Question 35

Of the following, which would be considered a fad diet?

A) eating only cold, green foods for one month
B) joining WW (formerly, Weight Watchers) and a gym
C) eating mostly a plant-rich diet
D) adding time and new activities to a current workout plan
E) limiting sweets to once per month

Question 36

Which statement about perceptions of obesity is FALSE?

A) Many people assume that every obese person can and should achieve slenderness.
B) People are born and raised with various weight tendencies.
C) Obese people often are judged more on their appearance than on their character.
D) In parts of society, overweight is embraced as a sign of health and beauty.
E) Most weight-loss programs focus on willpower, hard work, and tending the psychological issues associated with obesity.

Question 37

For overweight adults, a reasonable weight loss is ________.

A) ½ pound per day
B) ½ to 2 pounds per week
C) ½ to 2 pounds per month
D) 1 pound per day
E) 10% of body weight per month

Question 38

Which of the following reflects the importance of eating breakfast?

A) Skipping breakfast reduces energy intake and causes weight loss.
B) Eating breakfast just once each week has the same benefits as eating breakfast every day.
C) People who eat breakfast frequently have a lower BMI than those who avoid breakfast.
D) People who skip breakfast have lower daily energy intakes than breakfast eaters.
E) The "dinner diet" has proven more effective than the "breakfast diet."

Question 39

Weight loss is recommended for people who are obese (BMI 30) and for those who are overweight (BMI 25 to 29.9) with which of the following obesity-related risk factors?

A) hypertension, sleep apnea, fatty liver
B) poor eyesight, poor hearing, IBS
C) Alzheimer's alcoholism, anorexia
D) hair loss, constipation, type 1 diabetes
E) none of these are correct.

Question 40

Those on a weight-loss regimen should aim to create an energy intake deficit of ________ kcalories per day.

A) 100
B) 250
C) 500
D) 1000
E) 1500

Question 41

When people give up cigarettes, they gain an average of ________ pounds in the first year.

A) 5
B) 10
C) 15
D) 25
E) 30

Question 42

Which of the following statements about physical activity is true?

A) The number of kcalories spent in an activity depends on body weight, intensity, and duration.
B) Physical activity increases the energy required to meet nutrient needs.
C) Physical activity cannot reduce abdominal fat without weight loss.
D) Being active increases hunger.
E) Physical activity does not affect metabolism.

Question 43

Using large quantities of low-energy-density foods in a diet is sometimes referred to as "________."

A) calometrics
B) minimetrics
C) densification
D) volumetrics
E) substitution

Question 44

Of the following, which is an example of a behavior-modification technique for weight loss? Of the following, which is an example of a behavior-modification technique for weight loss?

A) Create a blog about your overeating habits to create a like-minded community.
B) Download an app to keep a record of your eating and exercise habits.
C) Create the "Clean Plate Club" at home and reward family members appropriately.
D) Eat with a buddy who will monitor your food intake.
E) Cook your own meals and eat alone to focus on your own habits.

Question 45

Savoring each bite also activates?

A) pleasure centers of the brain
B) ghrelin
C) white adipose tissue
D) brown adipose tissue
E) Prader-Willi syndrome

Question 46

Why is appetite suppressed after intense exercise?

A) Thirst overpowers the desire for food and water is satiating.
B) The elevated blood lactate level antagonizes ghrelin.
C) Glucose and fatty acids are abundant in the blood.
D) Exercise causes smell and taste to be suppressed for at least an hour.
E) Leptin secretion increases during workouts.

Question 47

To maximize the long-term success of a weight-reduction program, a person should ________.

A) strongly believe that he can successfully lose weight
B) realize that being "the overweight one" is an unchangeable part of his identity
C) consider a short-term smoking program
D) accept that little exercise is a part of his lifestyle and act accordingly
E) keep weight loss plans private matter to avoid embarrassment if they fail

Question 48

Which statement accurately reflects the relationship between the speed at which one eats and weight management?

A) People who eat slowly have greater energy intake.
B) Faster eating correlates with higher BMI.
C) Eating quickly stimulates the pleasure centers of the brain faster and leads to faster satiety.
D) Satiety hormones are blunted when meals are eaten more slowly.
E) Faster eating correlates with higher diet-induced thermogenesis.

Question 49

Which of the following statements about physical activity and weight loss is FALSE?

A) Strength and balance improve when exercise is part of a weight-loss program.
B) The greater the energy deficit created by exercise, the greater the fat loss.
C) Using discretionary kcalories will maximize weight loss.
D) Daily vigorous activities gradually develop more lean tissue.
E) Even with the same BMI, physically active people have less body fat than sedentary people.

Question 50

Which of the following reflects a SMART goal?

A) I want to live to see my grandchildren grow up.
B) I want to be at my healthiest weight by my next doctor's appointment.
C) I will eat only healthy foods.
D) I will eat a healthy breakfast and run 3 miles every day.
E) I will start running 2 miles every morning and then run a marathon next month.

Question 51

The postexercise effect on one's metabolism may raise energy expenditure to a maximum of ________.

A) 5%
B) 10%
C) 15%
D) 20%
E) 25%

Question 52

Which of the following is related to "spot reducing" to exercise?

A) No exercise can target fat removal from any specific area of the body.
B) Upper body fat is mostly unaffected by exercising lower body.
C) Lower body fat in women is depleted at a faster rate.
D) Abdominal fat is released more readily with anaerobic exercise.
E) Muscles own fat cells that surround them. .

Question 53

Meeting an activity goal of ________ steps a day is an excellent way to support a healthy BMI.

A) 2,500
B) 5000
C) 7500
D) 10,000
E) 15,000

Question 54

Successful behavior changes depend in part on two cognitive skills. What are they?

A) problem solving and cognitive restructuring.
B) using apps to support behavioral changes
C) including a plant-based diet
D) thermogenesis
E) effects of leptin on the hypothalamus.

Question 55

Health care professionals suggest setting SMART goals to change one's eating behaviors. What does SMART stand for?

A) specific, measurable, attainable, relevant, time-based
B) specific, meaningful, analytic, relevant, technological
C) sensitive, minimal, accessible, reliable, time-bound
D) supportive, media-based, attainable, repeatable, tertiary
E) supportive, minimal, analytic, reliable, technological

Question 56

Jules burns 100 kcalories during her morning walk. How many additional kcalories is she likely to burn in the postexercise period?

A) 10
B) 15
C) 30
D) 45
E) 60

Question 57

To prevent weight gain and support weight loss, one should add ________ minutes of moderately intense physical activity each week.

A) 30-60
B) 60-90
C) 90-120
D) 120-200
E) 200-300

Question 58

Weight maintenance may require a person to expend a minimum of ________ kcalories in physical activity per week.

A) 500
B) 1250
C) 1500
D) 2500
E) 3500

Question 59

The National Weight Control Registry tracks over 10,000 individuals who have maintained a significant weight loss over time. Strategies of those who have been successful may differ in the details, but in general, most do the following:

A) Limit television to less than 10 hours a week
B) Join a gym or a fitness center
C) Consume a very-low-caloric diet
D) Get pharmacological support
E) Follow a diet that is energy-dense

Question 60

Plant-based foods such as fresh fruits, vegetables, legumes, and whole grains and vegetarian eating patterns may help with weight management in addition to _____.

A) improving symptoms of IBS
B) improving symptoms of gastrointestinal diseases
C) improving leptin and ghrelin
D) improving inflammation that accompanies obesity
E) all of these are correct

Question 61

Trevor is an underweight long-distance runner. To achieve a healthy body weight to improve his performance, he must ________.

A) eat a high-kcalorie diet and exercise regularly
B) eat a high-kcalorie diet and reduce his exercise to minimal amounts
C) eat a high-protein diet plus exercise regularly
D) eliminate alcohol and exercise from his life
E) eat a high-protein, high-kcalorie diet and reduce his exercise to minimal amounts

Question 62

________ is a technique that uses a tube to empty the contents of the stomach after every meal.

Question 63

A person is considered underweight until his BMI reaches ________.

A) 18.5
B) 20
C) 22.5
D) 25
E) 30

Question 64

Why do fad diets typically produce weight loss, at least for a short time?

A) They suggest the correct amount macronutrients needed in the diet.
B) They prevent rapid rises and falls in blood glucose level.
C) They do not require kcalorie counting, so compliance is better.
D) They limit energy intake to about 1200 kcal/day.
E) They are enthusiastically followed by those trying to lose some weight.

Question 65

About how many U.S. adults are underweight?

A) )2%
B) 2%
C) 5%
D) 10%
E) 15%

Question 66

A condition in which leptin levels are increased and leptin sensitivity is decreased is ________.

Question 67

Why do fad diets appeal to so many Americans?

A) They are based on years of credible, but previously unpublished, research.
B) They ignore dietary recommendations and allow people to eat favorite foods freely.
C) They offer inexpensive, proven results.
D) They are paired with sophisticated testimonials from knowledgeable nutritionists.
E) They provide long-lasting results.

Question 68

Which of the following would NOT be part of a successful program of weight gain in an underweight individual?

A) eat energy-dense foods
B) drink energy-dense beverages
C) eat a large number of meals all day
D) engage in regular physical exercise
E) consume extra snacks.

Question 69

Your friend Jody considers following a popular diet plan. She shows you the description of the plan in a magazine. Which of the following statements in the magazine would suggest that this plan is an unsound, fad diet?

A) "Lose up to 2 pounds per week!"
B) "This fat-busting plan jump starts your metabolism and allows you to target problem areas like hips and thighs."
C) "Keep fresh fruit or carrot sticks in the fridge at work so you won't be tempted to raid the vending machine for a snack."
D) "Starting an aerobic exercise plan may seem daunting, but you can start out with shorter, easier sessions and then build up to 3 or more hours a week."
E) "Improve your health with well-balanced meals and increased physical activity."

Question 70

The term ________ means pertaining to the field of medicine that specializes in treating obesity.

Question 71

An eating plan that promises quick weight loss if an individual never eats any dairy products would be called a "________."

Question 72

Most fad diets ________.

A) produce long-lasting results
B) limit food choices, which reduces energy intake
C) are balanced and do not require a dietary supplement
D) support good health over the long term
E) embrace a variety of foods by proposing how to proportion energy nutrients

Question 73

The study of the influence of environmental factors, such as diet and physical activity, on gene expression is called "________."

Question 74

All the genetic information of a population at a given time is called a "________."

Question 75

Obesity has many causes and is a risk factor for many diseases; therefore, the best approach seems to be ________.

A) fasting
B) medicines
C) prevention
D) epigenetic counseling
E) a holistic one

Question 76

White fat cells with brown fat cell characteristics are called ________.

Question 77

________ involves the changing of antecedents, behaviors, and consequences.

Question 78

________ involves maintaining body mass in a healthy range by preventing gradual weight gains over time and losing weight if overweight.

Question 79

The ________ theory relates to body weight and proposes that the body tends to maintain a certain weight by means of its own internal controls.

Question 80

Underweight people expend so much energy adapting to a higher food intake at first that about ________ extra kcalories may be needed to gain a pound a week.

A) 350
B) 500
C) 750
D) 900
E) 1200