Deck 7: Energy Metabolism

Question 1

Which of these is an anabolic reaction?

A) glycogen to glucose
B) amino acids to protein
C) energy release
D) protein to amino acids
E) triglycerides to fatty acids and glycerol

Answer 1

B

Question 2

A feature of catabolic reactions is that they

A) involve release of energy.
B) occur only in mitochondria.
C) involve consumption of energy.
D) occur only during loss of body weight.
E) involve storage of energy.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

In the Cori cycle, lactate is converted to glucose in the ____.

A) liver
B) muscles
C) bloodstream
D) pancreas
E) gallbladder

Answer 3

A

Question 4

In which process are the mitochondria of the cells involved?

A) conversion of pyruvate to ATP
B) lipid synthesis
C) vitamin and mineral synthesis
D) cholesterol synthesis
E) hydrolysis of glycogen to glucose

Question 5

The formation of glycogen by the liver cell from glucose molecules is an example of _______.

A) oxidation
B) glycolysis
C) anabolism
D) catabolism
E) photosynthesis

Question 6

What are the "powerhouses" of the cell?

A) DNAs
B) ribosomes
C) RNAs
D) electron transport chains
E) mitochondria

Question 7

What does the body do with the chemical energy of food that is not converted to the chemical energy of ATP?

A) removes it through the kidneys
B) radiates it as heat
C) converts it to carbon dioxide that is then expelled through the lungs
D) converts it to electromagnetic radiation
E) stores it in the body's fat cells

Question 8

During anabolism, what is occurring?

A) Energy is released.
B) Energy is required.
C) Compounds are broken down.
D) ADP is created.
E) ATP is broken down.

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT a 3-carbon compound?

A) lactate
B) glycerol
C) pyruvate
D) acetyl CoA
E) none of these are correct

Question 10

The conversion of energy from food to ATP energy occurs with an efficiency rate of about________.

A) 50%
B) 65%
C) 75%
D) 90%
E) 100%

Question 11

Which metabolic reaction occurs when a cell releases energy?

A) ATP gains a phosphate group and becomes ADP.
B) ADP gains a phosphate group and becomes ATP.
C) ATP releases a phosphate group and becomes ADP.
D) ADP releases a phosphate group and becomes ATP.
E) ADP and ATP cycle back and forth repeatedly.

Question 12

Which one of these compounds is not the result of the breakdown of the energy-releasing nutrients?

A) glucose
B) glycerol
C) fatty acids
D) disaccharides
E) amino acids

Question 13

From which B vitamin is CoA, or coenzyme A, derived, making it central to energy metabolism?

A) folate
B) pantothenic acid
C) niacin
D) thiamin
E) vitamin B ₁₂

Question 14

The metabolic breakdown of glucose to pyruvate is known as ________.

A) hydrolysis
B) synthesis
C) glycolysis
D) activation
E) energy release

Question 15

For short, intense exercise, which energy-producing pathway does the body rely on most?

A) pyruvate to acetyl CoA
B) lactate to pyruvate
C) glucose to pyruvate to lactate
D) pyruvate to chylomicrons
E) Acetyl CoA to glucose

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT among the primary functions of the liver?

A) synthesis of urea
B) synthesis of glycogen
C) production of red blood cells
D) conversion of fructose to fatty acids
E) detoxification of alcohol and drugs.

Question 17

Which of the following is a feature of aerobic metabolism?

A) It does not require oxygen.
B) Lactate is created.
C) Energy is produced more slowly than in anaerobic metabolism.
D) Pyruvate is converted to glucose.
E) The energy created can be sustained for only a couple of minutes.

Question 18

In which process is the cytoplasm involved?

A) lipid synthesis
B) protein synthesis
C) electron transport chain
D) glycolysis
E) oxidation

Question 19

What is the sugar that helps make up ATP?

A) sucrose
B) glucose
C) dextrose
D) phosphate
E) ribose

Question 20

In photosynthesis, a plant uses energy from the sun plus water and carbon dioxide; the end product comprises

A) carbohydrates only.
B) fats and carbohydrates only.
C) protein and carbohydrates only.
D) fats, proteins, and carbohydrates.

Question 21

When energy-yielding nutrients are consumed in excess, which one(s) are stored in body fat?

A) fat only
B) carbohydrate only
C) fat and carbohydrate only
D) fat, carbohydrate, and protein
E) protein and fat only

Question 22

When the carbohydrate content of the diet is insufficient to meet the body's needs for glucose, which of these compounds can be converted to glucose?

A) fatty acids
B) acetyl CoA
C) amino acids
D) carbon dioxide
E) urea

Question 23

In the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, which compound is involved in both the first and the last step?

A) glucose
B) oxaloacetate
C) lactate
D) ketones
E) carbon dioxide

Question 24

What is the final yield of acetyl CoA molecules from the oxidation of a 16-carbon fatty acid?

A) 4
B) 8
C) 10
D) 12
E) 16

Question 25

Once acetyl CoA is formed, it has two main options: to generate ATP or to _____.

A) convert to urea
B) make glucose
C) make fats
D) convert to ammonia
E) turn to carbon dioxide

Question 26

What is the reason that fat yields more calories than carbohydrate or protein?

A) Fat has few carbon-hydrogen bonds.
B) Fat contains many carbon-hydrogen bonds that can be readily oxidized.
C) Fat is not easily oxidized.
D) Fat undergoes many energy-requiring metabolic reactions, thereby increasing its energy yield.
E) Fat has a low ratio of carbon to hydrogen bonds.

Question 27

Amino acids that enter the TCA cycle directly are considered ________.

A) glycogenic
B) gluconeogenic
C) glucogenic
D) ketogenic
E) oxalates

Question 28

Which of the following statements is NOT true of pyruvate?

A) It plays a key role in energy metabolism.
B) It is involved in glycolysis.
C) The pathway of pyruvate to acetyl CoA is reversible.
D) The pathway of pyruvate to acetyl CoA is irreversible.
E) It is involved in the Cori cycle.

Question 29

When a person performing intense physical exercise begins to feel fatigue and a burning pain in the muscles, the muscles respond by synthesizing more ____.

A) lactate
B) glucose
C) citric acid
D) fatty acids
E) galactate

Question 30

With regard to energy metabolism, which of the following statements is true about fatty acids?

A) They cannot make glucose.
B) They can make glucose.
C) They enter the same energy pathway as glucose.
D) They can convert to lactate.
E) They are metabolized via the Cori cycle.

Question 31

Before entering the metabolic pathways, amino acids first face________.

A) removal of their nitrogen-containing amino group
B) removal of their nitrogen
C) conversion to protein
D) condensation of their bonds
E) removal of their acetyl group

Question 32

Where do the TCA cycle reactions occur?

A) nucleus
B) smooth endoplasmic reticulum
C) inner sections of the mitochondria
D) rough endoplasmic reticulum
E) ribosomes

Question 33

One way that all the energy-yielding nutrients are alike is that _____.

A) they produce energy through entirely different pathways.
B) they all go through the Cori cycle.
C) they have the same number of hydrogen bonds.
D) they share the same final metabolic pathway, the TCA cycle.
E) they have the same number of carbon-hydrogen bonds.

Question 34

How many electrons are released in each turn of the TCA cycle?

A) 6
B) 8
C) 10
D) 16
E) 32

Question 35

Which of these statements about the electron transport chain is true?

A) It occurs simultaneously with the TCA cycle.
B) It also is known as the Krebs cycle.
C) It captures energy in the ATP bonds.
D) It releases energy into the ATP bonds.
E) It helps make acetyl CoA

Question 36

What percentage (by weight) of a triglyceride molecule can be converted to glucose?

A) 5%
B) 10%
C) 25%
D) 50%
E) 75%

Question 37

The number of ATP molecules that can be produced from a molecule of protein, fat, or carbohydrate is generally related to the number of atoms of ____ ____ .

A) carbon
B) oxygen
C) nitrogen
D) hydrogen
E) potassium

Question 38

In energy metabolism, glycerol can convert to -----.

A) vitamin A
B) fructose
C) glucose or pyruvate.
D) fatty acids
E) triglycerides

Question 39

Fatty acid oxidation produces ________.

A) ketones
B) fructose
C) pyruvate
D) acetyl CoA
E) lactate

Question 40

Urea is produced as a result of ________.

A) deamination
B) protein synthesis
C) detoxification
D) anabolism
E) the Cori cycle

Question 41

During the first few days of a fast, what energy source provides maximum amounts of the glucose needed to fuel the body?

A) protein
B) ketones
C) glycogen
D) triglycerides
E) vitamins and minerals.

Question 42

Why is it easier for the body to convert dietary fat to stored fat than dietary carbohydrate to stored fat?

A) The conversion of dietary fat to stored fat requires fewer steps.
B) The conversion of dietary fat to stored fat allows for use of more energy.
C) Fat enters the bloodstream more quickly.
D) Fat is easier to digest.
E) Fat takes less time to digest.

Question 43

Alcohol is the leading risk factor for premature death and disability in which group?

A) those under 18 years old
B) 18-to-22-year-olds
C) 15-to-49-year-olds
D) 30-to-65-year-olds
E) those over 65 years old

Question 44

Which of the following is a feature of ketosis?

A) higher blood pH
B) acetone breath
C) increased appetite
D) increased glycolysis
E) synthesis of body protein

Question 45

The amount of pure ethanol in a typical "drink" is ____.

A) 0.5 ounce
B) 1 ounce
C) 1.5 ounces
D) 2 ounces
E) 4 ounces

Question 46

After about 10 days of fasting, which one of these compounds will be the nervous system's main fuel provider?

A) ketone bodies
B) glycerol
C) fatty acids
D) amino acids
E) protein

Question 47

Which of the following can be synthesized from all three energy-yielding nutrients?

A) lactate
B) glycogen
C) acetyl CoA
D) oxaloacetate
E) glucose

Question 48

How soon would death occur from starvation if the body was unable to shift to a state of ketosis?

A) within 3 weeks
B) 1 month
C) 2 months
D) 3 to 4 months
E) About 6 months

Question 49

Which one of these statements is true of binge drinking?

A) It is most common among 35-to-60-year-olds.
B) It is most common among 18-to-34-year-olds.
C) It is a pattern of drinking in which the blood alcohol level rises to no more than 0.08%.
D) In women, it corresponds to six or more drinks within several hours.
E) Is most common in adults over 65 years old.

Question 50

What occurs when a person eats in excess ?

A) Fat cells multiply.
B) Fat cells enlarge.
C) Metabolism favors carbohydrate.
D) Metabolism favors protein.
E) Their energy needs increase temporarily.

Question 51

What is the primary site of alcohol metabolism?

A) the brain
B) the stomach
C) the pancreas
D) the liver
E) the gallbladder

Question 52

During the first few days of a fast, amino acids provide about what percentage of the glucose the body needs to fuel itself?

A) 15%
B) 25%
C) 35%
D) 75%
E) 90%

Question 53

Which of the following is true about excess protein intake?

A) The extra protein is used to grow muscle.
B) The extra protein is stored in the liver.
C) The extra protein is converted to lactate.
D) Protein oxidation is increased.
E) The excess protein is stored in several larger muscle groups.

Question 54

About how many kcalories are in a 6.8-ounce serving of canned piña colada?

A) 150 kcal
B) 185 kcal
C) 205 kcal
D) 235 kcal
E) 526kcal

Question 55

What is the major site for gluconeogenesis?

A) liver
B) brain
C) muscle
D) small intestine
E) pancreas

Question 56

Which of the following statements is true of low-carbohydrate diets?

A) They often lead to diarrhea.
B) They elevate blood pressure.
C) They induce ketosis.
D) They're effective at reducing body fat.
E) They're a sound means of weight loss.

Question 57

Which of the following occurs with excess carbohydrate intake?

A) The carbohydrate is efficiently converted to body fat.
B) It spares oxidation of body fat and dietary fat.
C) Oxidation is decreased.
D) It causes the release of glycogen.
E) It causes the release of lactate.

Question 58

Of the total amount of carbohydrate energy consumed, approximately what percentage is used by the brain and nerve cells?

A) 10%
B) 30%
C) 50%
D) 90%
E) 100%

Question 59

What percentage of a person's ingested energy intake is required to store excess dietary fat as body fat?

A) 5
B) 15
C) 25
D) 35
E) 45

Question 60

What is one explanation for why women have generally lower tolerance for alcohol than men?

A) Women fast more often.
B) Women are less likely to eat food with their alcohol.
C) Women tend to have smaller stomachs.
D) Women produce less of the enzyme dehydrogenase.
E) Women have more fat tissue.

Question 61

When the body needs energy quickly, pyruvate is converted to ________.

Question 62

The Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome in people with chronic alcohol abuse stems primarily from a deficiency of ____ ____ .

A) folate
B) thiamin
C) antidiuretic hormone
D) alcohol dehydrogenase
E) protein

Question 63

Alcoholic beverage labels are required to provide a variety of information except for _______.

A) alcohol content
B) name and address of bottler or importer
C) calorie content
D) a health warning
E) net contents

Question 64

What is acetaldehyde?

A) a toxic compound created in alcohol metabolism
B) an enzyme used in alcohol metabolism
C) a substance in liver that helps detoxify alcohol
D) a ketone body
E) the final product of alcohol metabolism.

Question 66

Which one of the following statements is a myth about alcohol?

A) The damage alcohol causes depends on the amount consumed, not the type.
B) Alcohol is a depressant.
C) Alcoholism is related to the quantity and frequency of alcohol consumption, not the type of alcohol consumed.
D) A shot of alcohol will warm you up.
E) Alcohol is considered a drug.

Question 67

One way that alcohol metabolism affects the energy pathways is that ____.

A) it gives priority to the metabolism of the energy-producing nutrients
B) it speeds up the TCA cycle
C) it increases synthesis of proteins
D) it shifts the body's acid-base balance to make it more alkaline
E) it promotes the making of lactate from pyruvate

Question 68

Some of the energy released during the breakdown of glucose, glycerol, fatty acids, and amino acids is captured in the high-energy compound with three phosphate groups called ____________________.

Question 69

The acidic compounds produced by the liver during incomplete breakdown of fat when carbohydrate is not available are known as "____________________."

Question 70

The process of making glucose from noncarbohydrate sources is called "____________________."

Question 71

The simultaneous hydrolysis of ATP with reactions that will use energy is known as ____________________.

Question 72

The process of converting lactate from muscles to glucose in the liver that can be returned to the muscles is known as the ____________________.

Question 73

The metabolism of alcohol begins in the ________.

A) liver
B) brain
C) stomach
D) intestines
E) mouth

Question 74

Which functions are most sensitive to alcohol?

A) speech and vision
B) judgment and reasoning
C) voluntary muscle control
D) respiration and heart function
E) balance and coordination

Question 75

Explain gluconeogenesis.

Question 76

Chronic alcohol abuse has the most dramatic effect on the B vitamin ________.

A) folate
B) riboflavin
C) B₁₂
D) B₆
E) biotin

Question 77

In general, how long does it take the liver to process the alcohol in a typical drink?

A) 15 minutes
B) 30 minutes
C) 1 hour
D) 2 hours
E) 4 hours

Question 78

Describe how the body's metabolism adapts to the conditions of fasting and starvation.

Question 79

The process in which fatty acids are taken apart two carbons at a time is known as ________.

Question 80

When health experts say to consume alcohol "in moderation," what do they mean?

A) Men should have no more than two drinks per day; women, no more than one drink per day.
B) Men and women should have no more than two drinks per day.
C) Men should have no more than four drinks per week; women, no more than two drinks per week
D) Men and women should have no more than one drink per day.
E) Men and women should have no more than two drinks in a 4-hour period.