Deck 15: Life Cycle Nutrition: Infancy, Childhood, and Adolescence

Question 1

During the second year, a healthy infant gains less than ________ pounds and grows about ________ inches taller.

A) 10, 5
B) 10, 10
C) 15, 5
D) 15, 10
E) 20, 5

Answer 1

A

Question 2

As compared to breast milk or infant formula, cow's milk contains too much ________ and too little ________.

A) protein, carbohydrate
B) protein, fat
C) fat, protein
D) fat, carbohydrate
E) carbohydrate, protein

Answer 2

A

Question 3

An infant's brain weight is about _________of body weight, whereas an adult's brain weight is about ___________

A) 12%, 2%.
B) 2%, 12%
C) 10%, 4%
D) 4%, 10%
E) Brain development in an infant is difficult to measure.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Which of the following defines nursing bottle tooth decay?

A) development of caries resulting from frequent use of nonsterile bottles and nipples
B) bacterial attack of teeth due to use of lead-rich drinking water
C) extensive tooth decay in infants due to prolonged exposure to carbohydrate-rich fluids from a bottle
D) tooth decay resulting from prolonged exposure to soft food due to the infant's inability to swallow normally
E) tooth decay resulting from the rubbing of the nipple against the teeth and consequent thinning of enamel

Question 5

Which of the following represents a risk of formula feeding?

A) lead deficiencies in available water sources for infants over 6 months old
B) excessive fluoride levels in available water sources for infants of any age
C) inadequate fluoride levels in available water sources for infants under 6 months old
D) lack of sufficient FDA oversight on currently available formulas
E) lack of sufficient FDA testing for contamination with Salmonella

Question 6

On what are infant recommendations for vitamins and minerals based?

A) average amounts present in body tissues of thriving infants
B) adult RDA scaled down to infants on a per kg body weight basis
C) an out-of-date scale from the 1950s
D) average amounts consumed by thriving infants breastfed by well-nourished mothers
E) average amounts found in breast milk

Question 7

Of the following cereals, which is LEAST likely to result in an allergic reaction upon first feeding?

A) oat
B) rice
C) corn
D) wheat
E) barley

Question 8

Breastfeeding may also reduce the risk of ____________

A) contamination
B) sudden infant death syndrome
C) arrythmias
D) eating disorders
E) pica

Question 9

A healthy infant that weighs 7 pounds at birth likely will weigh ________ pounds by her/his first birthday.

A) 14
B) 21
C) 28
D) 35
E) 42

Question 10

What is alpha-lactalbumin?

A) the primary carbohydrate in human breast milk
B) the primary carbohydrate in cow's milk
C) a fatty acid in human breast milk
D) the chief protein in human breast milk
E) the chief protein in cow's milk

Question 11

Which of the following formulas should be used first when an infant is found to be lactose-intolerant?

A) egg
B) soy
C) barley
D) hydrolyzed protein
E) goat's milk

Question 12

What factor in breast milk inhibits inflammatory bowel disease and supports a healthy epithelial barrier?

A) colostrum
B) lactoferrin
C) TGF-β
D) bifidus factor
E) lysozyme

Question 13

The term failure to thrive sometimes is used to describe infants and children with ________.

A) carbohydrate deficiency
B) carbohydrate toxicity
C) protein deficiency
D) protein toxicity
E) vitamin D deficiency

Question 14

What is colostrum?

A) a clot in the bloodstream
B) a major sugar in breast milk
C) a hormone that promotes milk production
D) a milklike substance secreted right after delivery
E) a vitamin in breast milk

Question 15

Which of the following supplements are recommended for infants who are breastfed exclusively?

A) DHA
B) vitamin D
C) calcium
D) sodium
E) casein

Question 16

Infants benefit from bifidus factors in breast milk because bifidus factors ________.

A) prevent respiratory infections
B) favor the growth of "friendly" bacteria in the digestive tract
C) regulate cell growth
D) prevent bacteria from getting the iron needed to grow
E) kill bacteria

Question 17

Why is goat's milk inappropriate for infants?

A) It is high in iron.
B) It has a low folate content.
C) It is low in protein.
D) It is high in calcium.
E) It lacks vitamin D.

Question 18

In an infant, which organ uses about 60% of the day's total energy intake?

A) liver
B) brain
C) kidney
D) skeletal muscle
E) small and large intestines

Question 19

A healthy adult requires less than 40 kcal per kilogram of body weight. A healthy infant requires about ________ kcalories per kilogram of body weight.

A) 25
B) 75
C) 100
D) 225
E) 450

Question 20

When is it potentially acceptable for an infant to be fed fat-free milk?

A) after 6 months of age
B) after 1 year of age
C) after 2 years of age
D) as soon as complementary foods are introduced
E) when the diet supplies 30% of kcalories from fat

Question 21

Approximately how many children live in U.S. households without enough available food?

A) 1 million
B) 6 million
C) 10 million
D) 16 million
E) 60 million

Question 22

Each year from age 1 to adolescence, a child typically grows taller by 2 to 3 inches and heavier by ________ pounds.

A) 2 to 3
B) 5 to 6
C) 10 to 12
D) 15 to 18
E) 20 to 23

Question 23

Brady is allergic to peanuts. In the school cafeteria, he begins to have difficulty breathing, his tongue and face swell, and he begins vomiting. Brady most likely is in immediate need of a lifesaving injection of ________.

A) cortisone
B) serotonin
C) epinephrine
D) dopamine
E) histamine

Question 24

Symptoms of anaphylactic shock can include:

A) drop in blood pressure and/or loss in consciousness
B) sleepiness
C) memory loss
D) ADHD
E) All of these are correct.

Question 25

What percentage of young school-aged children exhibit hyperactivity?

A) 7%
B) 11%
C) 15%
D) 17%
E) 23%

Question 26

A 1-year-old who drinks more than 3 cups of cow's milk a day is at an increased risk for developing a deficiency of which nutrient?

A) iron
B) folate
C) vitamin A
D) vitamin C
E) vitamin D

Question 27

Pica, a craving for nonfood items like dirt and old paint, can lead to ________ in children.

A) lead poisoning
B) hyperactivity
C) food allergies
D) obesity
E) type 2 diabetes

Question 28

Children absorb more lead if their stomachs are empty and when they have low intakes of _________ and _________

A) glucose, water
B) selenium, magnesium
C) calcium, vitamin d
D) lycopene, folate
E) mercury, molybdenum

Question 29

Which of the following is true regarding children's energy intake and activity levels?

A) Children tend to eat the same amount of food at each meal.
B) Overweight children have appetites similar to normal-weight children.
C) Energy needs per kilogram of body weight continually increase from 1 to 5 years of age.
D) Children following a vegan diet may have difficulty meeting their energy needs.
E) An active 10-year-old child requires about 3200 kcal/day.

Question 30

Which of the following is the most prevalent nutrient deficiency among U.S. toddlers 1 to 3 years of age?

A) iron
B) protein
C) calcium
D) vitamin C
E) fiber

Question 31

Which of the following statements about the diets of today's children is FALSE?

A) Few children eat the USDA recommended daily amounts from each food group.
B) Children 2 to 6 years of age eat more solid fat, added sugar, and sodium.
C) Preschool children eat more pizza and candy than those in previous decades.
D) Children consume adequate amounts of vitamin E, potassium, and fiber.
E) Children consume more fruit than they did in previous years.

Question 32

Which of the following accurately describes how hunger affects behavior in children?

A) Children who fail to eat breakfast typically become hyperactive after eating lunch.
B) Children who skip breakfast typically make up the nutrient deficits at later meals.
C) Midmorning snacks improve classroom performance all the way to lunchtime.
D) Although breakfast-skippers show reduced attention spans, they tend to perform well on tasks requiring concentration.
E) Hunger's short-term effects on behavior are well researched, but there is little evidence regarding its long-term effects.

Question 33

Which of the following foods should not be fed to infants because of the risk of botulism?

A) peanut butter
B) honey
C) gum
D) fruit juice
E) rice milk

Question 34

What percentage of children younger than 4 years are diagnosed with food allergies?

A) 1 to 3%
B) 4 to 8%
C) 10 to 12%
D) 15 to 18%
E) 22 to 25%

Question 35

Which of the following describes how iron deficiency affects children's behavior?

A) It affects brain function long before blood effects appear.
B) Testing is a tedious, cost-prohibitive process for many families.
C) It is the primary factor in tension-fatigue syndrome.
D) Mild deficiency enhances mental performance by lowering physical activity level, thereby leading to increased attention span.
E) Children who had iron deficiency as infants recover completely when iron levels are normalized.

Question 36

Which of the following accurately describes the need for supplements in childhood?

A) Very few children take nutrient supplements of any kind.
B) A child's diet typically is rich in iron-fortified foods, so supplementation is not recommended.
C) The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends a daily multivitamin for all children under the age of 12.
D) Children who fail to consume vitamin D-fortified foods should receive a daily supplement of 15 µg.
E) The FDA is responsible for testing all dietary supplements for their safe use in children.

Question 37

A child who develops antibodies to a certain food is said to have a ________.

A) food allergy
B) food intolerance
C) food-hyposensitivity reaction
D) transient immune suppression
E) food tolerance

Question 38

What is thought to account, in part, for the rise in the prevalence of peanut allergy?

A) excess sodium consumed as part of the peanuts
B) exposure to medicinal skin creams containing peanut oil
C) impaired digestion/absorption resulting from elevated leptin and adiponectin levels
D) increased inflammation of the immune system due to altered ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids
E) hyperstimulation of the immune system by multiple vaccines

Question 39

Which of the following nutrients need to be supplied by solid foods in a baby's diet?

A) vitamin C and iron
B) vitamin A and zinc
C) vitamin B₁₂ and fluoride
D) vitamin E and magnesium
E) sodium and iron

Question 40

An active 6-year-old child needs about _________ kcalories per day to meet energy needs.

A) 400
B) 800
C) 1600
D) 2400
E) 3200

Question 41

Which of the following factors has limited the success of the School Breakfast Program?

A) The cost is prohibitive.
B) The meals are not nutritious.
C) Children simply do not participate in it.
D) Only about 25% of the nation's schools participate in it.
E) Recent legislation has reduced funding for it.

Question 42

Which of the following statements accurately describes how obesity affects the physical and psychological health of a child?

A) Overweight children begin puberty later than their normal-weight peers.
B) Overweight children have less bone and muscle mass than their peers.
C) Negative stereotypes typically lead to emotional and social problems.
D) Risks for developing asthma are low, but may rise after puberty.
E) Researchers find that underweight children tend to react most positively to overweight bodies, which makes them supportive playmates for overweight children.

Question 43

To help improve a child's BMI, the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends limiting television and video time for children older than 5 years to ________ hours per day.

A) 2
B) 3
C) 3.5
D) 4
E) 4.5

Question 44

Approximately how many children participate in the School Breakfast Program?

A) 1 million
B) 2 million
C) 12 million
D) 21 million
E) 112 million

Question 45

In children 2 to 18 years of age, about one third of total energy intake comes from_________

A) empty calories
B) grains
C) meat
D) milk
E) vegetables and fruits

Question 46

School lunches must meet at least ________ of the RDA for key nutrients.

A) 1/4
B) 1/3
C) 1/2
D) 2/3
E) 7/8

Question 47

Which of the following statements accurately describes healthy snacking advice?

A) Parents should teach children not to snack so that they are hungry at mealtimes.
B) Children should be discouraged from snacking when their parents are not present.
C) Children should be given an abundance of pocket money to purchase snacks at school, where options are always healthier.
D) Exceptionally active children can enjoy high-calorie snacks like pudding or pancakes.
E) Snacks like potato chips should be available to children so that they fulfill their cravings for nutrient-poor foods, which then "frees them up" to make healthy choices at mealtime.

Question 48

Approximately how many children receive free or reduced-price lunches through the National School Lunch Program?

A) 1 million
B) 3 million
C) 13 million
D) 31 million
E) 113 million

Question 49

Which of the following is an effective strategy for dealing with obesity in a child?

A) Treat the child with Alli, the over-the-counter version of orlistat.
B) Institute a "Clean Plate Club" for the family dinner table.
C) Set a good example by eating healthy nutritious meals and exercising each day.
D) Take control and strongly encourage the child to limit food intake and exercise vigorously.
E) Begin a behavior-modification program that rewards healthy choices and punishes unhealthy choices.

Question 50

About how many hours of television do children aged 8 to 18 years watch each day?

A) 2.5
B) 3
C) 4.5
D) 5
E) 6.5

Question 51

What is the leading cause of pediatric hypertension?

A) obesity
B) high sodium intake
C) insufficient calcium intake
D) potassium deficiency
E) high HDL cholesterol

Question 52

How many ounces of sugar-sweetened soft drinks do adolescent boys consume each day at school?

A) 8
B) 12
C) 20
D) 24
E) 26

Question 53

According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, what is the recommended maximum number of hours/day of television viewing for a child between 2 and 5 years of age?

A) 0
B) 1
C) 2
D) 3
E) 5

Question 54

Like overweight adults, overweight and obese children display a blood lipid profile indicating that _________is beginning to develop

A) cognitive impairment
B) GI disorders
C) atherosclerosis
D) angina
E) osteoarthritis

Question 55

Which of the following people would be considered a gatekeeper of nutrition?

A) A mother who works two part-time jobs to afford the high cost of groceries, which the children feed themselves.
B) A father who shops for fruits and vegetables at the local farmer's market and prepares family meals.
C) A child who begs for, but is denied, a breakfast cereal with a coveted toy inside.
D) A cashier at a convenience store that sells snacks and local bakery items.
E) A local farmer who grows corn and soybeans.

Question 56

Based on data from the BMI-for-age growth charts, children and adolescents are categorized as overweight at the __________and above and as obese at the ___________ and above

A) 75th percentile, 80th percentile
B) 85th percentile, 95th percentile
C) 90th percentile, 92nd percentile
D) 65th percentile, 75th percentile
E) 55th percentile, 85th percentile.

Question 57

In general, how long does the adolescent growth spurt last?

A) 1 year
B) 2.5 years
C) 3.5 years
D) 4 years
E) 4.5 years

Question 58

Approximately what percentage of U.S. children between 2 and 19 years of age are either overweight or obese?

A) 8%
B) 16%
C) 32%
D) 48%
E) 56%

Question 59

To maintain skeletal, muscular, and cardiovascular health, a child should be physically active for at least ________ minutes each day?

A) 20
B) 30
C) 45
D) 60
E) 90

Question 60

Which of the following is a recommended strategy for honoring children's mealtime preferences?

A) Offer vegetables that are raw or undercooked and served separate from other foods.
B) Serve varied, spicy flavors to entice a child's taste buds.
C) Cook food until very hot to keep a child from eating too quickly.
D) Allow children to eat at the "grown-up" table using china and silverware.
E) Try a series of gourmet foods with fancy names to build the child's cultural awareness.

Question 61

________ is inattentive and impulsive behavior that is more frequent and severe than is typical of others a similar age.

Question 62

Without intervention, how many children are destined to suffer from adult heart disease within the next 30 years?

A) 600,000
B) 6 million
C) 60 million
D) 600 million
E) 6 billion

Question 63

Energy and nutrient needs are greater during ________ than at any other time of life, except during pregnancy and lactation.

A) infancy
B) early childhood
C) adolescence
D) early adulthood
E) late adulthood

Question 64

An often fatal foodborne illness caused by the ingestion of foods containing a bacteria that grow without oxygen is ________.

Question 65

For children born in the year 2000, the risk of developing type 2 diabetes is ________ for boys and ________ for girls.

A) 10%, 20%
B) 20%, 10%
C) 30%, 40%
D) 40%, 30%
E) 50%, 75%

Question 66

________ are services that collect, screen, process, and distribute donated human milk.

Question 67

Which of the following statements accurately describes energy and nutrient needs during adolescence?

A) Blacks, females, and overweight children are most at risk for vitamin D deficiencies.
B) Girls in an adolescent growth spurt need an additional 2.9 mg of iron a day.
C) More nutrient-dense foods are needed by males because of their faster development.
D) The risk for calcium insufficiency is greatest in males owing to their high intake of soft drinks.
E) The adolescent growth spurt begins around age 12 for females and 10 for males.

Question 68

A life-threatening, whole-body allergic reaction to an offending substance is called "________."

Question 69

On any given day, how many adolescents smoke a cigarette for the first time?

A) 1000
B) 2000
C)   3000
D) 4000
E) 5000

Question 70

In general, the adolescent growth spurt begins at age ________ for females and at _________ for males.

A) 12 to 13, 10 to 11
B) 10 to 11, 12 to 13
C) 7 to 8, 8 to 9
D) 14 to 16, 14 to 18
E) None of these are correct

Question 71

The period from the beginning of puberty until maturity is called "________."

Question 72

Key people who control other people's access to foods and thereby exert profound impacts on their nutrition are called "________."

Question 73

About how many meals each week are eaten outside the home by adolescents?

A) 7
B) 10
C) 14
D) 17
E) 21

Question 74

Approximately what percentage of an average teenager's daily food energy intake is derived from snacks?

A) 15%
B) 25%
C) 35%
D) 50%
E) 75%

Question 75

The energy-yielding nutrient that makes up 55% of breast milk is ________.

Question 76

A ________ is the maximum amount of residue permitted in a food when a pesticide is used according to the label directions.

Question 77

Which of the following accurately describes beverage intake by adolescents?

A) Soft drinks have been replaced with sweetened fruit juices.
B) Milk is typically used as a snack, not a mealtime beverage.
C) Males typically drink more milk than females.
D) Drinking two cans of caffeinated soft drinks in a day can cause sweating and an inability to concentrate.
E) Soft drinks are typically consumed in addition to milk, not instead of it.

Question 78

The iron-deficiency anemia that develops when an excessive milk intake displaces iron-rich foods from the diet is called "________."

Question 79

Caitlin is a 12-year-old girl and has started to menstruate. Caitlin needs an additional ____ mg of iron per day.

A) 1.9
B) 2
C) 2.5
D) 3.1
E) 4

Question 80

________ is a type of artery disease characterized by plaques on the inner walls of the arteries.