Deck 29: Cancer and Hiv Infection

Question 1

Toxins found in moldy grains and peanuts are most commonly associated with which type of cancer?

A) liver
B) leukemia
C) bladder
D) breast

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation can be used as a primary treatment for ____.

A) leukemia
B) gliomas
C) pancreatic cancer
D) breast cancer

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The first step in the development of cancer is __________, which results in the formation of genetic mutations that alter gene expression and induce abnormal cell division.

A) carcinogenesis
B) promotion
C) initiation
D) metastasis

Answer 3

C

Question 4

A new growth of tissue that forms an abnormal mass with no physiological function is a ____.

A) carcinogen
B) tumor
C) benign mass
D) metastasis

Question 5

To minimize carcinogen formation during cooking, ____.

A) use high-heat options, such as an outdoor grill
B) marinate meat before cooking
C) choose fatty cuts of meat
D) cook all meat until well done

Question 6

The type of cancer that arises from white blood cell precursors is ____.

A) carcinoma
B) glioma
C) leukemia
D) melanoma

Question 7

Malabsorption of ____ is associated with gastric resection.

A) vitamin B ₁₂ , iron, and folate
B) vitamin C and selenium
C) niacin and thiamin
D) zinc and chromium

Question 8

Infection caused by Helicobacter pylori can cause cancer of the ____.

A) liver
B) breast and cervix
C) stomach and lymphoid tissue
D) nasal cavity and lung

Question 9

Which guideline is appropriate in reducing cancer risk?

A) Strive to maintain a BMI between 22 and 28.
B) Engage in at least 25 minutes of physical exercise 7 days a week.
C) Consume at least ½ cup of starchy vegetables or fruits every day.
D) Limit sedentary activities such as watching television.

Question 10

Radiation enteritis is inflammation of the ____ cells caused by radiation therapy.

A) skin
B) epithelial
C) intestinal
D) beta

Question 11

The drugs used during chemotherapy are known as "____."

A) antiviral drugs
B) antispasmodic medications
C) antineoplastic agents
D) antimetabolite drugs

Question 12

Methotrexate, a medication used for chemotherapy, resembles ____.

A) iron
B) folate
C) vitamin K
D) selenium

Question 13

About 1 in ____ cancer deaths can be attributed to alcohol consumption.

A) 5
B) 10
C) 30
D) 50

Question 14

Diabetes mellitus is a potential nutrition-related side effect of ____ resection.

A) pancreatic
B) esophageal
C) gastric
D) intestinal

Question 15

Cancer ranks number ____ among the leading causes of death in the United States.

A) one
B) two
C) three
D) four

Question 16

Larry has a family history of prostate cancer and wants to decrease his chances of getting it. Which food item may decrease the risk of prostate cancer?

A) milk
B) pork chops
C) tomatoes
D) oranges

Question 17

Which food or beverage may decrease risk for colon cancer?

A) T-bone steak
B) beer
C) bologna
D) milk products

Question 18

Consumption of ________ can increase risk for colon and rectal cancers?

A) salted foods
B) red meat and processed meat
C) high-calcium foods
D) nonstarchy vegetables

Question 19

Melanoma is a type of cancer that arises from ____.

A) pigmented skin cells
B) lymph tissues
C) epithelial tissues
D) glandular tissues

Question 20

There is evidence that an adequate intake of ____ protects against the development of cancers of the lung, mouth, pharynx, and larynx.

A) meat
B) fruits and vegetables
C) unsaturated fat
D) protein

Question 21

Up to ____ of patients with cancer combine one or more complementary and alternative medicine approaches with standard treatment.

A) 36%
B) 45%
C) 68%
D) 83%

Question 22

To avoid microbial contamination, cancer patients who are immunosuppressed may be prescribed a low-microbial diet, which is also known as the ____ diet.

A) paleo
B) neutropenic
C) macrobiotic
D) keto

Question 23

Dietary modifications that might be appropriate for a patient with cancer of the brain include ____.

A) fluid restrictions
B) a mechanically altered diet
C) total parenteral nutrition
D) protein restrictions

Question 24

Which cancer site may require dietary considerations including tube feeding, total parenteral nutrition (TPN), or a fat- and lactose-restricted diet prescription?

A) kidneys
B) pancreas
C) intestine
D) brain

Question 25

Which best describes the specific action of immune checkpoint inhibitors?

A) blocking proteins that prevent the immune system's ability to attack cancer cells
B) attacking immune host cells in transplanted tissue
C) producing new white blood cells from the bone marrow
D) preventing cancer by enhancing immune responses

Question 26

Which intervention is most appropriate for a patient who suffers from frequent nausea related to chemotherapy?

A) consuming limited amounts of liquids.
B) avoiding foods that have strong odors and are greasy
C) adding sauces and gravies to dry foods.
D) eating a big meal just before chemotherapy treatments.

Question 27

HIV is most often spread through which route?

A) sexual transmission
B) sharing infected needles
C) transmission from infected mother to child
D) unsafe food handling practices

Question 28

What food should a patient with immunosuppression avoid?

A) pasteurized milk products
B) smoked or cured meats
C) unwashed raw fruits
D) baked goods with high-fructose corn syrup

Question 29

Anamaria Kruschenko has been diagnosed with neutropenia. Which meal would be most appropriate?

A) Greek salad with whole milk
B) macaroni and cheese with canned fruit cocktail
C) tuna sandwich and an apple
D) bacon, lettuce, and tomato sandwich and chocolate pudding

Question 30

Daily intake of protein in cancer patients at risk of weight loss and wasting should be ____ g/kg of body weight.

A) 0.4 to 1.0
B) 1.0 to 1.5
C) 1.6 to 2.2
D) 2.2 to 2.8

Question 31

A type of cancer frequently associated with HIV infection that is characterized by lesions of the mouth and throat is called "____."

A) adenomas
B) gliomas
C) Kaposi's sarcoma
D) thrush

Question 32

What causes the abnormalities seen in glucose and fat metabolism in patients with HIV infection?

A) high-fat, high-protein diet
B) side effects of antiretroviral drugs
C) sedentary lifestyle
D) genetic predisposition

Question 33

What is an environmental risk factor for skin cancer?

A) arsenic
B) hexavalent chromium
C) hepatitis B or C infection
D) infection with Helicobacter pylori

Question 34

An estimated ____ of persons in the United States who have HIV infection are unaware that they are infected.

A) 5%
B) 10%
C) 15%
D) 21%

Question 35

Although the global incidence of HIV infection has been declining in recent years, its prevalence continues to be high in ____.

A) sub-Saharan Africa
B) the United Arab Emirates
C) northern Africa
D) southeast Asia

Question 36

What is a fungal infection that affects mucous membranes of the oral cavity in patients with HIV infection?

A) cheilosis
B) Helicobacter pylori
C) candidiasis
D) herpes simplex

Question 37

What is a characteristic of lipodystrophy?

A) breast enlargement
B) swelling and edema in the face
C) dementia
D) fat accumulation in the hips

Question 38

Infections from microorganisms that normally do not cause disease in the general population but can cause detrimental health issues in people with HIV are called "____."

A) tissue rejection
B) AIDS-defining illnesses
C) opportunistic infections
D) lipomas

Question 39

What is an environmental risk factor for liver cancer?

A) asbestos
B) hexavalent chromium
C) hepatitis B or C infection
D) ultraviolet radiation

Question 40

The cells essential for immune function that are affected by HIV infection are ____.

A) CD4+ T cells
B) red blood cells
C) pigmented skin cells
D) antibodies

Question 41

Among foodborne infections, ____ is the leading cause of hospitalizations.

A) E. coli
B) Salmonella
C) Campylobacter
D) norovirus

Question 42

What is a primary objective of nutrition therapy for patients with HIV?

A) providing micronutrient supplements
B) maintaining lean body mass
C) reducing risk of hypolipidemia
D) correcting changes in blood glucose

Question 43

Patients taking the antiretroviral drug zidovudine should be told to ____.

A) take it on an empty stomach
B) take it 2 hours before or 3 hours after a meal
C) avoid taking it with a high-fat meal
D) avoid magnesium supplements while taking it

Question 44

Onset of the foodborne infection toxoplasma typically occurs ____ after exposure to the toxin.

A) 1 to 6 hours
B) 8 to 16 hours
C) 1 to 3 days
D) 7 to 21 days

Question 45

Which is an example of a foodborne infection?

A) E.coli
B) botulism
C) aflatoxin
D) Staphylococcus

Question 46

Which type of enteral feeding is well-tolerated in cases of severe malabsorption in patients with HIV?

A) energy-dense formulas administered via tube feeding
B) hydrolyzed formulas with medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) administered via tube feeding
C) hydrolyzed formulas with MCT administered orally
D) high-protein formulas with MCT administered intravenously

Question 47

Ground beef should be cooked to an internal temperature of at least ____ F.

A) 100
B) 120
C) 140
D) 160

Question 48

Honey may contain dormant bacterial spores, which can awaken in the human body to produce ____.

A) botulism
B) gastritis
C) listeriosis
D) colitis

Question 49

An estimated ____ million cases of foodborne illnesses occur each year in the United States.

A) 28
B) 38
C) 48
D) 58

Question 50

Which type of antiretroviral drug prevents HIV from entering cells by binding to a viral protein needed for its entry?

A) integrase inhibitors
B) nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors
C) protease inhibitors
D) fusion inhibitors

Question 51

Toxicity means that a substance ____.

A) can cause harm if enough is consumed
B) is not safe at any level of consumption
C) is likely to cause harm in common real-life situations
D) results in appreciable morbidity and mortality if consumed

Question 52

Leftovers should be thoroughly reheated to at least ____ F.

A) 125
B) 145
C) 165
D) 185

Question 53

Water can transmit a parasite that causes ____ in HIV-infected individuals.

A) Kaposi's sarcoma
B) cryptosporidiosis
C) pneumonia
D) listeriosis

Question 54

Campylobacter is most commonly spread through ____.

A) unwashed fruits and vegetables
B) person-to-person contact
C) undercooked poultry
D) raw cookie dough

Question 55

What are the benign tumors composed of fatty tissue in HIV patients called?

A) adenoma
B) sarcoma
C) myeloma
D) lipoma

Question 56

When serving hot foods, temperatures should be at least ____ F.

A) 120
B) 130
C) 140
D) 150

Question 57

People who take antiretroviral drugs are at greater risk of developing which condition?

A) end-stage renal disease
B) pancreatitis
C) insulin resistance
D) cirrhosis

Question 58

The most common food intoxication is from ____.

A) E. coli
B) toxoplasma
C) botulism
D) Staphylococcus

Question 59

Cold foods should be kept at ____ or lower.

A) 30
B) 40
C) 50
D) 60

Question 60

What is an example of a drug classified as a CCR5 antagonist?

A) maraviroc
B) enfuvirtide
C) ritonavir
D) zidovudine

Question 62

On further testing, the physician observes pathological changes in Janet's small intestine that are characterized by villus atrophy and blunting. What is this condition known as?

A) HIV lipodystrophy
B) HIV enteropathy
C) AIDS radiculopathy
D) HIV neuropathy

Question 63

61-65. Short Case-Study Questions  
Sixty-four-year-old Jeffery Thomson has been diagnosed with esophageal cancer. He has experienced a 20-lb weight loss in the past 2 months due to decreased appetite and difficulty eating. He will begin cancer treatment in a week and is visiting with the registered dietitian for nutrition counseling.
Possible dietary interventions to better meet Mr. Thomson's nutritional needs include ____.

A) serving large portions
B) tube feeding
C) a bland diet
D) a high-kcalorie, high-protein diet

Question 64

Mr. Thomson continues his cancer treatment and is scheduled for esophageal resection. What is a possible nutrition-related side effect after surgery?

A) acid reflux
B) urinary incontinence
C) inability to taste food
D) dumping syndrome

Question 65

Identify and discuss one example of foodborne infection and one example of food intoxication.

Question 66

Discuss common causes of decreased dietary intake among cancer and HIV patients and suggest ways to improve nutrition status or intake.

Question 67

Discuss the key points in safe handling of seafood.

Question 68

Describe the possible effects of cancer surgeries on nutritional status in five different regions of the body.

Question 69

66-70. Short Case-Study Questions Fifty-eight-year-old Janet Englewood has been living with HIV for the past 15 years. Today, she returns to her physician for a follow-up appointment.
Janet should expect the doctor to check her ____ to assess disease progression.

A) viral load
B) beta cells
C) white blood cells
D) albumin

Question 70

If Mr. Thomson's cancer spreads, it will be considered ____.

A) malignant
B) benign
C) metastasized
D) carcinogenic

Question 71

Explain the role nutrition therapy plays in the treatment of cancer.

Question 72

In view of Janet's elevated triglyceride levels, the physician recommends _______ supplementation to control the hypertriglyceridemia.

A) vitamin C
B) zinc
C) fish oil
D) calcium

Question 73

Janet is taking the medication ritonavir. What dietary instructions should she receive?

A) It should be taken on an empty stomach.
B) Alcohol should be avoided while taking the drug.
C) It should be taken 1.5 hours before or 2 hours after a meal.
D) It is one of the few protease inhibitors that do not interact with alcohol.

Question 74

Mr. Thomson begins ____. His doctor chooses this treatment because it is better able to target specific parts of the body.

A) radiation therapy
B) chemotherapy
C) dietary therapy
D) acupuncture

Question 75

The physician reports that Janet's blood glucose, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), triglycerides and total cholesterol are elevated. She has also gained a significant amount of fat around her abdomen. Janet is diagnosed with ____.

A) HIV cachexia
B) AIDS hypoglycemia
C) HIV lipodystrophy
D) HIV respiratory syndrome

Question 76

61-65. Short Case-Study Questions  
Sixty-four-year-old Jeffery Thomson has been diagnosed with esophageal cancer. He has experienced a 20-lb weight loss in the past 2 months due to decreased appetite and difficulty eating. He will begin cancer treatment in a week and is visiting with the registered dietitian for nutrition counseling.
Factors than can decrease the risk of esophageal cancer include intake of ____.

A) vitamin C-containing foods
B) alcohol
C) high-calcium foods
D) high-sugar foods