Deck 27: Cardiovascular Diseases

Question 1

Martha has been advised to limit trans fats in her diet. Which snack food would most likely be excluded?

A) chocolate
B) skim milk
C) Corn chips
D) Poached egg

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Ms. Thomas has blood work done as ordered by her physician. Her total cholesterol level is 240 mg/dL and HDL 35 mg/dL. Ms. Thomas's total cholesterol and HDL indicate that she ____.

A) has a desirable blood lipid profile
B) is at borderline risk for CHD
C) is at high risk for CHD
D) requires more testing

Answer 2

C

Question 3

In women, high risk of coronary heart disease occurs when HDL levels are below ____.

A) 50
B) 125
C) 175
D) 200

Answer 3

A

Question 4

What type of physical activity would provide the greatest benefits in lowering risk factors for CHD?

A) horseback riding
B) brisk walking
C) bicep curls
D) sit-ups

Question 5

About ____ of plant sterols or stanols daily can lower cholesterol by 5 to10%.

A) 500 milligrams
B) 2 grams
C) 5 grams
D) 8 grams

Question 6

When a blood clot or an air bubble travels in the bloodstream and obstructs the blood vessel, causing sudden tissue death, it is called a(n) ____.

A) embolism
B) platelet
C) aneurysm
D) thrombus

Question 7

Which of the following lipoproteins becomes oxidized before they are engulfed by macrophages?

A) chylomicrons
B) very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs)
C) low-density lipoproteins (LDLs)
D) high-density lipoproteins (HDLs)

Question 8

Arterial macrophages engulf oxidized LDL and become ____.

A) foam cells
B) a thrombus
C) an embolus
D) clots

Question 9

What condition significantly decreases the risk for cardiovascular disease?

A) elevated levels of C-reactive protein
B) metabolic syndrome
C) LDL cholesterol less than 100 mg/dl
D) High coronary calcium score

Question 10

What describes the relationship of over-the-counter (OTC) fish oil supplements to the treatment of hypertriglyceridemia?

A) OTC supplements typically provide 4 g of combined eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexanoic acid (DHA) per capsule.
B) OTC supplements provide small amounts of EPA/DHA, requiring the use of 10 to13 capsules daily.
C) OTC supplements contain so much EPA and DHA that the patient would be at risk for toxicity.
D) OTC supplements provide enough EPA and DHA, but they may cause depression and should be avoided

Question 11

What is a nonmodifiable risk factor for CHD?

A) diabetes mellitus
B) male sex
C) alcohol overconsumption
D) low HDL cholesterol

Question 12

The American Heart Association recommends eating at least ____ servings of fatty fish per week for CHD risk reduction.

A) two
B) three
C) four
D) five

Question 13

Medications most often prescribed for reducing LDL levels include ____.

A) aspirin
B) antihypertensives
C) statins
D) diuretics

Question 14

The stress of blood flow along the artery walls is known as ____.

A) shear stress
B) metabolic stress
C) inflammatory stress
D) thrombotic stress

Question 15

Elevated levels of the amino acid ________ impairs endothelial cell function in the heart, thereby increasing the risk for atherosclerosis.

A) proline
B) leucine
C) homocysteine
D) valine

Question 16

The most common cause of aneurysms (abnormal dilation of blood vessels) is ____.

A) genetic defects
B) external injury
C) advancing age
D) atherosclerosis

Question 17

What is the term for the accumulation of fatty deposits, smooth muscle cells, and fibrous connective tissue in the walls of blood vessels?

A) Plaque
B) platelets
C) thrombosis
D) embolism

Question 18

Impaired blood circulation in the legs that can cause severe pain and weakness while walking is called ____.

A) angina pectoris
B) shearing
C) intermittent claudication
D) an aneurysm

Question 19

The subtle damage caused by disturbed blood flow initially leads to which response in the beginning stages of atherosclerosis?

A) inflammation
B) platelet aggregation
C) enzyme accumulation
D) foam cell development

Question 20

Which of the following best describes lipoprotein(a)?

A) a lipoprotein that transports triglycerides to the liver
B) a variant form of LDL that speeds the progression of atherosclerosis
C) a lipoprotein that removes cholesterol from the bloodstream
D) a compound that is formed after glucose combines with protein

Question 21

Dietary strategies for improving hypertension includes decreasing intake of foods containing ______ and increasing intake of foods containing _______.

A) calcium; iron
B) sodium; potassium
C) potassium; sodium
D) zinc; chloride

Question 22

Which type of program would most likely be provided to facilitate rehabilitation after a stroke?

A) physical therapy
B) smoking cessation classes
C) fitness training
D) stress management

Question 23

Which blood pressure reading is indicative of prehypertension?

A) 117/80 mm Hg
B) 125/80 mm Hg
C) 140/90 mm Hg
D) 140/80 mm Hg

Question 24

Harry has a doctor's appointment for his annual physical. The doctor has determined that Harry is at risk for a stroke and prescribes a(n) ____.

A) anticoagulant
B) statin
C) diuretic
D) low-sodium diet

Question 25

What is the significance of a transient ischemic attack (TIA)?

A) It is a warning sign that a severe stroke may follow
B) It causes permanent damage to the neurological system.
C) It requires intravenous tissue plasminogen activator.
D) It requires frequent monitoring but no other treatment.

Question 26

Which food is a good source of unsaturated fats?

A) avocados
B) palm kernel oil
C) cheese
D) organ meats

Question 27

Which condition has been identified as a nonmodifiable contributing risk factor for hypertension?

A) obesity
B) body mass index (BMI) >30
C) genetics
D) alcoholism

Question 28

What is a primary risk factor associated with the development of hypertension?

A) age between 35 and 45 years
B) high vegetable intake
C) Asian ethnicity
D) heavy alcohol intake

Question 29

Ideally, thrombolytic drugs should be used within ____ hours following an ischemic stroke.

A) 4.5
B) 5.5
C) 6.5
D) 7.5

Question 30

What is an example of a bile acid sequestrant medication?

A) Lipitor
B) Repatha
C) Colestid
D) Crestor

Question 31

The main source of trans fat in baked goods is ____.

A) Coconut oil
B) eggs
C) partially hydrogenated vegetable oil
D) canola oil

Question 32

Which individual is at the highest risk for stroke?

A) a 55-year-old Caucasian with a family history of heart disease
B) a 65-year-old African American with a history of hypertension
C) a 55-year-old Asian with a family history of osteoporosis
D) a 45-year-old Caucasian with a family history of diabetes

Question 33

Hemorrhagic strokes occur in about ____ percent of cases.

A) 5
B) 13
C) 56
D) 87

Question 34

Following stroke, rehabilitation programs typically begin ____.

A) within 24 hours after the stroke
B) as soon as possible after stabilization
C) 48 hours after stabilization
D) 72 hours after stabilization

Question 35

Dietary guidelines for the management of hypertension emphasize ____.

A) avoidance of calcium-rich foods
B) a diet rich in fresh fruits and vegetables
C) 6 oz of wine per day
D) avoidance of starchy foods

Question 36

Hypertension affects nearly ____ of adults in the United States.

A) one-fourth
B) one-third
C) one-half
D) two-thirds

Question 37

Hypertension caused by a known physical or metabolic disorder is termed ____ hypertension.

A) primary
B) secondary
C) essential
D) regulatory

Question 38

Following a heart attack, what type of diet would a patient most likely require?

A) low-carbohydrate diet
B) neutropenic diet
C) low-fiber diet
D) sodium-restricted diet

Question 39

One of the medications given for coronary heart disease prevention is the anticoagulant warfarin. Patients taking warfarin should be told to ____.

A) avoid vitamin D supplements, as they may increase the effects of warfarin
B) consume a moderate amount (two drinks for women, three for men) of alcohol daily
C) keep their vitamin K intake consistent
D) avoid antacids, as they may decrease the effectiveness of warfarin

Question 40

Which medication is prescribed to treat hypertension?

A) nicotinic acid
B) diuretics
C) thrombolytics
D) biguanides

Question 41

Monica is extremely weak following a bone marrow transplant to treat her cancer. She is anxious to regain her independence. Which item may help her drink beverages?

A) cut-out plastic cup
B) slotted cup
C) two-handed cup
D) covered cup

Question 42

Which of the following health care professionals evaluates the chewing and swallowing abilities of patients?

A) registered diet technician
B) registered dietitian
C) speech-language pathologist
D) physical therapist

Question 43

Mr. Silvestri is not able to grasp his utensils, nor can he feed himself. Which professional can best help him?

A) registered dietitian
B) registered nurse
C) occupational therapist
D) physical therapist

Question 44

What feeding intervention would be most appropriate for a patient with impaired vision

A) helping the patient assume the correct posture while eating
B) placing foods between teeth to promote chewing
C) providing plates with food guards to prevent spilling
D) making sure the patient's lips and jaw are closed while chewing

Question 45

Which medication reduces blood pressure by promoting vasodilation?

A) diuretics
B) ACE inhibitors
C) beta blockers
D) calcium channel blockers

Question 46

Left-sided heart failure often leads to ____.

A) pulmonary edema
B) ascites
C) esophageal varices
D) gastroparesis

Question 47

According to the DASH Eating Plan, a person on a 2000-kcal diet should include how many servings of milk products each day?

A) 2 to 3
B) 3 to 4
C) 4 to 5
D) 5 to 6

Question 48

Which dietary intervention would be most successful in reducing sodium intake?

A) selecting mostly packaged foods and canned goods
B) drinking 1 to 3 glasses of water each night before bed
C) substituting chicken broth for wine, milk, or water in recipes
D) avoiding putting salt on foods while at the table

Question 49

Generally, patients with heart failure benefit from a daily sodium restriction of ____ g.

A) 1 to 1.25
B) 1.5 to 3
C) 3.5 to 4
D) 4.5 to 5

Question 50

Which type of utensil may be helpful for an individual with extreme muscle weakness?

A) rocker or roller knives
B) flatware with built-up handles
C) flatware with modified handle
D) weighted utensils

Question 51

The term for severe malnutrition characterized by significant weight loss and tissue wasting associated with end-stage heart failure is ____.

A) cardiac cachexia
B) anorexia nervosa
C) dyspnea
D) tachycardia

Question 52

Participation in 90 to 150 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous aerobic activity in addition to three sessions of resistance training each week can potentially result in a decrease in systolic blood pressure of ____ mm Hg.

A) 1 to 2
B) 2 to 3
C) 4 to 8
D) 9 to 11

Question 53

Tina has uncontrolled tremors as a result of traumatic brain injury. Which item may help her feed herself independently?

A) rocker or roller knives
B) flatware with built-up handles
C) flatware with modified handle
D) weighted utensils

Question 54

Doyle experiences limited neck motion because of degenerative disc disease. Which item may help him drink beverages?

A) cut-out plastic cup
B) slotted cup
C) two-handed cup
D) covered cup

Question 55

Which medication reduces blood pressure by reducing blood volume?

A) diuretics
B) angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
C) beta blockers
D) calcium channel blockers

Question 56

The DASH Eating Plan limits total cholesterol to less than ____ mg per day.

A) 150
B) 200
C) 300
D) 350

Question 57

When patients have edema associated with chronic heart failure, physicians usually order ____.

A) cholesterol restriction and bile acid sequestrants
B) saturated fat restriction and corticosteroids
C) sodium restriction and diuretics
D) carbohydrate restriction and insulin

Question 58

Michael, who was right-handed, suffered the traumatic amputation of his right arm below the elbow in an industrial accident. Which item may help him feed himself independently?

A) rocker or roller knives
B) flatware with built-up handles
C) flatware with modified handle
D) weighted utensils

Question 59

Margaret Leland is 76 years old; she is retired and lives alone. Her only daughter lives two hours away. She has a history of heart attack, smoking for 20 years, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes. She reports decreased appetite and disinterest in food. Ms. Leland is admitted to the cardiac unit with shortness of breath and pulmonary edema. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A) stroke
B) heart failure
C) chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
D) myocardial infarction

Question 60

Ms. Conley has congestive heart failure with liver enlargement. What should she avoid?

A) liquid supplements
B) high-fiber foods
C) alcohol
D) exercise

Question 61

Ms. Leland is discharged from the hospital and returns for her follow-up appointment reporting continued severe constipation. What is likely contributing to her constipation?

A) increased activity
B) diuretic usage
C) increased intake of food
D) increased intake of water

Question 62

Margaret Leland Ms. Leland has developed constipation. What nutrition intervention is most appropriate?

A) high-calorie, high-protein diet
B) low-sodium diet
C) low-carbohydrate diet
D) high-fiber diet

Question 64

Discuss the nutritional concerns associated with patients who have suffered a stroke.

Question 65

Brian Schmidt is a 58-year-old lawyer with a history of hypertension. His blood pressure has been under fairly good control with prescription medication. His secretary notices that he had a period of confusion and difficulty speaking at a meeting. She advises him to see his doctor. What best explains Brian's symptoms?

A) transient ischemic attack
B) myocardial infarction
C) hypoglycemia
D) thrombosis

Question 66

Over time, Ms. Leland suffers from cardiac cachexia, and the physician will most likely order ______ to help meet her nutritional needs.

A) enteral or parenteral nutrition
B) high carbohydrate low fat diet
C) mechanically altered diet
D) low-carbohydrate diet

Question 67

Margaret Leland The prognosis for cardiac cachexia is ____.

A) generally good
B) fair
C) fair, with prompt intervention
D) poor

Question 68

The physician informs the family that Brian has an obstruction of blood flow to the brain, also known as ____.

A) a myocardial infarction
B) angina
C) a hemorrhagic stroke
D) an ischemic stroke

Question 69

What is the interrelationship between atherosclerosis and hypertension?

Question 70

Describe when it might be appropriate to initiate drug therapy for people with CHD. What types of drug therapies are used?

Question 71

Brian is stable and will be transferred to a rehabilitation center. He has developed dysphagia as a result of his stroke. What is the best way to meet his nutritional needs?

A) Apply downward pressure to the tongue with a spoon.
B) Provide plates with food guards.
C) Provide thickened liquids and pureed foods.
D) Place foods in similar locations on the plate at each meal.

Question 72

Margaret Leland Which medication is appropriate to improve Ms. Leland's fluid status?

A) diuretic
B) vasodilator
C) insulin
D) anticoagulant

Question 73

List four feeding-related problems and describe corresponding interventions.

Question 74

Describe risk factors for stroke that can be modified and how.

Question 75

Brian ignores these warning signs and does not see his physician. Eight months later, Brian's son finds him lying on the floor of his bathroom. Brian most likely has ____.

A) heart failure
B) angina
C) suffered a stroke
D) an acutely bleeding ulcer

Question 76

As Brian recovers his diet is progressively advanced. The dietitian recommends that he follow the DASH Eating Plan. This eating plan promotes intake of foods that are _________

A) high in potassium, calcium, and magnesium, and low in sodium
B) low in fiber and potassium, and high in sodium and calcium
C) low in sodium and contain no more than 250 mg of cholesterol per day
D) high in calcium and fluoride, and low in iron and magnesium