Deck 10: The Water-Soluble Vitamins: B Vitamins and Vitamin C

Question 1

What is a feature of niacin nutrition? ​

A)Low doses may lead to kidney stones.
B)High doses may lower blood cholesterol.
C)Low doses may lead to heartburn and low blood pressure.
D)High doses may elevate red blood cell count in mildly anemic individuals.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Beriberi results from a deficiency of ____. ​

A)niacin
B)thiamin
C)vitamin C
D)vitamin B ₁₂

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Your friend Jane just returned from the doctor, who diagnosed her with a specific vitamin B toxicity. However, she doesn't recall the name of the vitamin. Which vitamin listed is the only possible culprit associated with toxicity symptoms? ​

A)niacin
B)biotin
C)riboflavin
D)vitamin B ₁₂

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The signs and symptoms of riboflavin deficiency are known collectively as ____. ​

A)pellagra
B)antiflavonosis
C)ariboflavinosis
D)flavin adenine dinucleosis

Question 5

Which food would be the best source of niacin equivalents? ​

A)milk
B)broccoli
C)chicken
D)strawberries

Question 6

When the diet contains an adequate amount of protein, what amino acid can be used by the body to synthesize niacin? ​

A)lysine
B)valine
C)tryptophan
D)phenylalanine

Question 7

What is a general feature of a vitamin?

A)It is inorganic.
B)It may contain nitrogen.
C)It may be required in large amounts.
D)It may support growth but not maintenance.

Question 8

What is the primary chemical reaction in which thiamin participates as a coenzyme? ​

A)​It  transfers amine groups in the synthesis of amino acids.
B)​It  transfers hydrogen atoms in the synthesis of erythrocytes.
C)​It  assists in addition of methyl groups to compounds involved in energy metabolism.
D)​It  assists in removal of one-carbon units from compounds involved in energy metabolism.

Question 9

What term identifies the characteristic tingling sensations and reddening of the skin after ingesting a pharmacologic dose of nicotinic acid? ​

A)niacin flush
B)NAD dermatitis
C)niacin erythema
D)bilateral symmetrical dermatitis

Question 10

Riboflavin is most easily destroyed when exposed to ____.

A)heat
B)acid
C)alkali
D)ultraviolet light

Question 11

Which property is shared by niacin and riboflavin coenzymes? ​

A)acceptance and transfer of amino groups
B)acceptance and transfer of activated carbon dioxide
C)acceptance and transfer of hydrogen atoms
D)acceptance and transfer of carboxyl groups

Question 12

How does the method of cooking affect thiamin stability?

A)Microwaving the food conserves much of the thiamin.
B)Prolonged heating of the food has little, if any, effect on thiamin.
C)Boiling the food tends to conserve thiamin by forming a stable, hydrated complex.
D)Steaming the food can lead to substantial thiamin loss due to the high heat needed to form the steam.

Question 13

Which factor explains why B vitamin deficiencies lead to lack of energy?

A)B vitamins are a source of kilocalories.
B)Absorption of carbohydrates and fats is decreased.
C)Oxygen for energy metabolism cannot be transported to the cells.
D)Coenzymes needed for energy metabolism are produced in insufficient amounts.

Question 14

What is meant by the bioavailability of a vitamin in food? ​

A)the total amount available from plant and animal food
B)the amount absorbed and subsequently used by the body
C)the amount that escapes destruction from food processing
D)the number of different chemical forms of the same vitamin

Question 15

A deficiency of what vitamin produces a characteristic cracking and redness at the corners of the mouth? ​

A)biotin
B)niacin
C)riboflavin
D)ascorbic acid

Question 16

Which food provides the most thiamin per serving size? ​

A)ham
B)squash
C)whole milk
D)whole-grain breads

Question 17

Riboflavin needs are more difficult to meet when the diet is low in ____. ​

A)meats
B)grains
C)vegetables
D)dairy foods

Question 18

What describes the basic function of a coenzyme? ​

A)​It  attaches to RNA to assist in the synthesis of an enzyme.
B)​It  attaches to cell membranes to assist in uptake of an enzyme.
C)​It  attaches to an enzyme and allows a chemical reaction to take place.
D)​It  attaches to an enzyme, which allows for transport of the enzyme through the circulation.

Question 19

Which food contains a protein that decreases the bioavailability of biotin? ​

A)aged wine
B)aged cheese
C)raw egg whites
D)raw cauliflower

Question 20

What is the primary excretory route for the water-soluble vitamins?

A)bile
B)kidney
C)intestine
D)perspiration

Question 21

Approximately what percentage of naturally occurring dietary folate is bioavailable? ​

A)​10
B)​25
C)​50
D)​80

Question 22

Which disease is associated with a deficiency of folate? ​

A)hemolysis
B)hypoxemia
C)hemolytic anemia
D)macrocytic anemia

Question 23

Which vitamin is synthesized in significant amounts by intestinal bacteria? ​

A)folate
B)biotin
C)cyanocobalamin
D)pantothenic acid

Question 24

Which term is a type of neural tube defect? ​

A)scurvy
B)beriberi
C)pellagra
D)spina bifida

Question 25

What is the function of intrinsic factor in vitamin B ₁₂ absorption?

A)It catalyzes release of the vitamin from its protein-bound form.
B)It attaches to the vitamin, thereby allowing absorption from the small intestine.
C)It acts as a storage protein for the vitamin within the intestinal epithelial cells.
D)It acts as a cofactor for mucosal enzymes involved in absorption of the vitamin.

Question 26

What is the most likely explanation for the impaired functioning of the GI tract resulting from folate deficiency? ​

A)insufficient bile production, thereby promoting fat malabsorption and diarrhea
B)reduced mucosal cell replacement, thereby resulting in decreased GI functioning
C)decreased enzymatic capacity in the intestines, thereby resulting in malabsorption
D)decreased oxygen supply to body tissues, with the intestines being particularly affected because of their high metabolic activity

Question 27

What is the most likely reason for the development of a vitamin B ₁₂ deficiency? ​

A)inadequate intake
B)increased excretion
C)inadequate absorption
D)increased losses in food preparation

Question 28

Which vitamin is known to sustain substantial losses during processing of food? ​

A)biotin
B)niacin
C)riboflavin
D)pantothenic acid

Question 29

A person with a disorder that limits absorption of bile is at increased risk for deficiency of ____. ​

A)folate
B)niacin
C)riboflavin
D)ascorbic acid

Question 30

In what major way does alcohol intake affect vitamin B ₆ metabolism? ​

A)It reduces acetaldehyde formation.
B)It increases fecal excretion of the vitamin.
C)It dislodges the PLP coenzyme from its enzyme.
D)It interferes with synthesis of the PLP coenzyme.

Question 31

Which vitamin is usually found in a form that is bound to one or more glutamic acid molecules in food? ​

A)folate
B)thiamin
C)vitamin B ₆
D)ascorbic acid

Question 32

Nicole is pregnant and is trying to monitor her folate intake. She is eating foods high in folate as well as taking folate supplements, and she is having a hard time determining how many dietary folate equivalents she is consuming. Below is a list of her daily intake with respect to folate: ½ cup of cooked lentils (180 micrograms  food folate)
½  cup of fresh orange juice (60 micrograms  food folate)
Folate supplement (200 micrograms )
How many DFEs is Nicole consuming?

A)​440
B)​480
C)​540
D)​580

Question 33

A deficiency of which vitamin results in accumulation of homocysteine in the blood? ​

A)folate
B)biotin
C)niacin
D)vitamin K

Question 34

Which food is highest in folate? ​

A)steak
B)whole-wheat bread
C)cheddar cheese
D)spinach

Question 35

Folate deficiency has been reported in infants fed ____.

A)soy milk
B)goat's milk
C)baby cereal
D)infant formula

Question 36

On a per-kcalorie basis, which food is richest in vitamin B ₆ ? ​

A)meats
B)fruits
C)legumes
D)grains

Question 37

Which vitamin undergoes significant enterohepatic circulation?

A)folate
B)niacin
C)thiamin
D)pyridoxine

Question 38

Regular use of which substance is known to adversely affect folate utilization? ​

A)insulin
B)calcium supplements
C)antacids
D)vitamin B ₁₂ supplements

Question 39

Which vitamin is stored primarily in muscle tissue? ​

A)biotin
B)folate
C)vitamin B ₆
D)pantothenic acid

Question 40

The chief symptoms of early vitamin B ₆ deficiency include ____. ​

A)confusion and depression
B)muscle cramps and stiffness
C)profound fatigue and anemia
D)hyperactivity and shortness of breath

Question 41

What food makes a significant contribution to vitamin C intakes in the U.S. population despite its modest vitamin C concentration? ​

A)potatoes
B)organ meats
C)breaded fish
D)whole-grain cereals

Question 42

What term is used to describe the outcome of a diagnostic test that apparently shows that you have mononucleosis, when in reality, you do not? ​

A)true positive
B)true negative
C)false positive
D)false negative

Question 43

Which nutrient is synthesized in significant amounts in the body?

A)choline
B)thiamine
C)ascorbic acid
D)pantothenic acid

Question 44

What is a feature of vitamin B ₁₂ bioavailability?

A)Synthetic B ₁₂ in supplement form is highly utilizable.
B)Fermented soy products are optimal sources of the vitamin.
C)Yeast consumed by vegans is a good source of the vitamin.
D)Sea algae such as spirulina contain vitamin B ₁₂ that is about 50 percent available.

Question 45

What is a free radical? ​

A)an inactive vitamin
B)an unphosphorylated vitamin
C)a molecule of unbound cobalamin
D)a molecule with at least one unpaired electron

Question 46

What is an early sign of vitamin C deficiency?

A)bleeding gums
B)pernicious anemia
C)appearance of a cold
D)hysteria and depression

Question 47

Which food choice would be the only substantial source of vitamin B ₁₂ ? ​

A)pecans
B)hot dog
C)cauliflower
D)whole-grain bread

Question 48

What is an overt sign of a possible B vitamin deficiency? ​

A)anemia
B)smooth tongue
C)abnormal liver function
D)abnormal heart function

Question 49

A similar type of anemia is produced when there is a deficiency of either ____. ​

A)riboflavin or niacin
B)vitamin B ₁₂ or folate
C)thiamin or riboflavin
D)vitamin B ₆ or vitamin B ₁₂

Question 50

Why might vitamin C supplements be beneficial in treating the common cold? ​

A)They deactivate histamine.
B)They reduce episodes of diarrhea.
C)They destroy intestinal pathogens.
D)They alter hypothalamic control of body temperature.

Question 51

The synthesis of collagen requires both vitamin C and ____. ​

A)iron
B)zinc
C)cobalamin
D)beta-carotene

Question 52

A person who shuns dairy and spends most of her time indoors would likely benefit from a supplement of ____. ​

A)vitamin A
B)vitamin B ₆
C)vitamin C
D)vitamin D

Question 53

Which food group is a rich source of vitamin C? ​

A)milk
B)meat
C)fruit
D)grains

Question 54

Which nutrient is known to perform an essential function in the human body? ​

A)carnitine
B)orotic acid
C)methoxantin
D)pangamic acid

Question 55

What is a feature of choline in nutrition? ​

A)It is an analog of ascorbic acid.
B)It is abundant in green leafy vegetables.
C)It is synthesized by the body from cysteine.
D)Its a verage intakes in the United States are lower than recommended.

Question 56

A vitamin supplement labeled as "high potency" contains an amount that is ____. ​

A)50 percent of the Daily Value
B)equal to the UL
C)up to 200 percent of the Daily Value
D)100 percent or more of the Daily Value

Question 57

Pernicious anemia results from a deficiency of ____. ​

A)folate
B)selenium
C)vitamin B ₁₂
D)iron and copper

Question 58

What is a feature of nutrient intakes and supplement use in the United States? ​

A)Few people ingest the optimal amounts of all vitamins and minerals from foods.
B)The NIH recommends that people use supplements to prevent chronic diseases.
C)The NIH does not recommend the use of supplements to prevent chronic diseases.
D)The FDA recognizes that most nutrient supplements are associated with little, if any, harm.

Question 59

The absorption of which vitamin is most affected by the disorder atrophic gastritis? ​

A)choline
B)vitamin C
C)vitamin B ₁₂
D)pantothenic acid

Question 60

Which food provides ample amounts of vitamin C? ​

A)tofu
B)yogurt
C)legumes
D)broccoli

Question 61

If a dietary supplement poses a significant risk of illness to consumers, what agency must prove harm before removing the product from the market? ​

A)FDA
B)CDC
C)USDA
D)USPHS

Question 67

Why shouldn't vitamin E supplements be taken for at least one week before surgery? ​

A)Vitamin E interferes with barbiturate pain medications.
B)The antioxidant activity affects stability of most anesthetic agents.
C)Vitamin E acts as a blood thinner and could lead to excessive bleeding.
D)The antioxidant activity interferes with synthesis of replacement erythrocytes.

Question 74

Nutrient supplements known as "green pills" often contain ____. ​

A)mostly food coloring
B)high-potency vitamin C
C)dehydrated alfalfa and parsley
D)dried extracts of spoiled meats

Question 76

What nutrient is responsible for causing the most accidental ingestion deaths in children? ​

A)iron
B)calcium
C)vitamin A
D)vitamin D