Deck 14: Life Cycle Nutrition: Pregnancy and Lactation

Question 1

What describes a characteristic of maternal nutrition and the development of abnormal metabolism? ​

A)Malnutrition during pregnancy leads to macrosomia and infant GI disturbances.
B)Insufficient nutrient intake during pregnancy promotes hypertrophy of the kidneys and hypotension in adulthood.
C)Nutrition during pregnancy is the chief determinant of pancreatic beta cell growth and thus affects the risk for type 2 diabetes.
D)Malnutrition during pregnancy programs the fetus to modify the genetic composition of the placenta and thereby alter nutrient delivery through the umbilical cord.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

What is a characteristic of neural tube defects? ​

A)They occur in about 3000 pregnancies in the United States each year.
B)They include common disorders such as liver and kidney disease.
C)They can be prevented by supplementation of the pregnant woman's diet with vitamin B ₁₂ .
D)They are usually caused by exposure to environmental toxins.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

​I n preparation for pregnancy, a couple would benefit from ____.

A)limiting alcohol intake to fewer than two drinks per day
B)consuming 800 micrograms folate per day
C)receiving regular medical care
D)achieving a BMI of 27 or less

Answer 3

C

Question 4

What is the recommended range of pregnancy weight gain, in pounds, for a single birth in a normal-weight woman?

A)10 to 18 pounds
B)19 to 24 pounds
C)25 to 35 pounds
D)38 to 44 pounds

Question 5

You are working as a nutrition consultant in a women's health clinic and have been advising patients to make sure they consume about 400 micrograms of folate every day. One patient is aware that folate helps prevent birth defects but she isn't sure why she should take it if she is not pregnant. What is the most appropriate reply? ​

A)The folate supplementation prevents pernicious anemia, which increases the risk of spina bifida.
B)The folate supplementation is needed to ensure a large store that can be utilized by the growing fetus.
C)As long as supplementation begins the day pregnancy is confirmed, there is no risk of defects.
D)The neural tube develops early on in pregnancy, often before the woman realizes she is pregnant.

Question 6

What is macrosomia? ​

A)a neural tube defect
B)an abnormally large body size of the infant
C)excessive weight gain of the mother
D)abnormal cravings for carbohydrate during pregnancy

Question 7

An infant born with incomplete closure of the spinal cord has ____. ​

A)spina bifida
B)macrosomia
C)anencephaly
D)microcephaly

Question 8

What is the term for the developing infant from the eighth week after conception until birth? ​

A)fetus
B)ovum
C)zygote
D)embryo

Question 9

The critical period of development of the brain and spinal cord occurs at what point during gestation?

A)within 17 to 30 days after conception
B)within 4 to 6 weeks after conception
C)by the end of the first 12 weeks
D)by the end of the first 24 weeks

Question 10

Excess body weight in women has been shown to have what effect in preparation for pregnancy? ​

A)decreased prenatal care
B)disrupted menstrual regularity
C)a higher incidence of sexually transmitted diseases
D)higher risk of pregnancy-related depression

Question 11

What name is given to the time period during which irreversible damage to the fetus may occur from specific events such as malnutrition or exposure to toxins? ​

A)first trimester
B)critical period
C)fertility period
D)conceptual period

Question 12

Studies report that folate supplements for women may lower the incidence of neural tube defects among infants when the vitamin is taken during the ____ trimester(s)of pregnancy. ​

A)last
B)second
C)second and third
D)month before conception through the first

Question 13

A newly fertilized egg is known as a(n)____. ​

A)fetus
B)ovum
C)zygote
D)embryo

Question 14

What is the recommended range of pregnancy weight gain, in pounds, for a single birth in an underweight woman?

A)15 to 25 pounds
B)28 to 40 pounds
C)42 to 50 pounds
D)55 to 62 pounds

Question 15

What is the placenta? ​

A)an organ from which the infant receives nourishment
B)a muscular organ within which the infant develops before birth
C)the developing infant from the eighth week after conception until birth
D)the developing infant during its second through eighth week after conception

Question 16

What label describes an infant born during the 35th week of pregnancy? ​

A)term
B)preterm
C)post-term
D)small for gestational age

Question 17

The process by which maternal nutrient intake affects the child's development of diseases later in life is known as ____. ​

A)retrogenetics
B)reverse genetics
C)fetal programming
D)postpartum degenerative expression

Question 18

What is the most reliable indicator of an infant's future health status?

A)infant birthweight
B)prepregnancy weight
C)weight gain during pregnancy
D)nutrition status prior to pregnancy

Question 19

What effect on fertility has been seen in overweight and obese men? ​

A)decreased sperm counts
B)elevated testosterone levels
C)loss of body hair
D)erectile dysfunction

Question 20

Anencephaly is characterized by ____. ​

A)an absence of a brain
B)incomplete closure of the spinal cord
C)paralysis
D)abnormal facial features and intellectual developmental delays

Question 21

Which nutrients are required in higher amounts during pregnancy due to their roles in the synthesis of red blood cells? ​

A)protein and chromium
B)folate and vitamin B ₁₂
C)calcium and vitamin A
D)vitamin E and vitamin C

Question 22

What describes a characteristic of vegetarian diets during pregnancy or lactation?

A)Vegan diets require supplements of selenium, zinc, and manganese.
B)Breast milk from vegetarian women is lower in protein but higher in fiber.
C)It is possible that a vegetarian diet can support a healthy pregnancy and normal lactation.
D)The increase in appetite during pregnancy allows a vegan pregnant woman to easily meet or exceed her energy requirements.

Question 23

What is the minimum recommended weight gain for the obese pregnant woman?

A)​11 pounds
B)​18 pounds
C)​25 pounds
D)​35 pounds

Question 24

In obese pregnant women, the risk for neural tube defects in the infant is believed to result from ____. ​

A)insufficient exercise
B)poor glycemic control
C)insufficient vitamin B₁₂ intake
D)higher prevalence of cesarean section

Question 25

What describes a feature of calcium nutrition in pregnancy? ​

A)The RDA for calcium increases by over 100 percent.
B)Intestinal absorption increases substantially.
C)Supplements are required for most women due to the increased needs.
D)Transfer of calcium from maternal stores to the fetus increases rapidly at the beginning of the second trimester and falls during the last trimester.

Question 26

What is the recommended increase in daily energy intake, in kcalories, for the third trimester of pregnancy?

A)​200
B)​300
C)​450
D)​540

Question 27

The amount of vitamin D needed in pregnancy can be obtained by consumption of fortified milk and ____. ​

A)low-mercury fish
B)exposure to the sun
C)tropical fruit juices
D)vitamin D supplements

Question 28

What describes a reflection of body weight changes associated with pregnancy? ​

A)Weight gain is generally steady throughout pregnancy for normal-weight women.
B)Most women are unable to lose all of the weight that is gained during pregnancy.
C)Sudden, large weight gain in pregnancy may signal the development of hypotension.
D)Overweight pregnant women should gain as much weight as underweight pregnant women.

Question 29

Which statement describes a relationship between body weight and pregnancy? ​

A)Overweight women bear the greatest number of low-birthweight infants.
B)Weight gain during pregnancy is the sole determinant of infant birthweight.
C)The increased incidence of neural tube defects of infants born to obese women is due primarily to folate insufficiency.
D)The rates of preterm births and infant deaths are higher for underweight women.

Question 30

Examine the following menu for a pregnant woman. ​ Breakfast
• 2 scrambled eggs
• 1 wheat English muffin
• 1 cup orange juice    
Lunch
• 2 pieces (4 oz)fried chicken
• 2 wheat rolls w/butter
• 1/2 cup mashed potatoes and gravy
• Iced tea         
Supper
• 3 oz pork chop
• 1 ear corn on the cob
• Lettuce and tomato salad with 2 tbs. dressing
• 1 slice bread
According to the recommended food intake for pregnancy, which food group is the only one that is provided in sufficient amounts by this menu?

A)milk products
B)protein foods
C)vegetables
D)grains

Question 31

Jenny has just learned that she is 4 weeks pregnant (first trimester). She has been looking forward to all the ice cream, chips, and cakes she has seen women on TV and in the movies eating when they are pregnant. What is the most appropriate advice for Jenny? ​

A)She can eat these foods, but only up to 340 kcalories extra per day.
B)She can eat these foods, but only up to 550 kcalories extra per day.
C)She does not have increased energy needs in the first trimester and should not indulge herself.
D)She should avoid these foods and instead, include one extra serving from each food group per day.

Question 32

Which statement characterizes energy needs during pregnancy?

A)The need for energy is proportionally greater than for most other nutrients.
B)The increased needs are similar at the beginning and end of pregnancy.
C)The needs increase by similar amounts in teenagers and 30-year-old women.
D)The enhanced work of pregnancy raises the woman's basal metabolic rate dramatically and demands extra energy.

Question 33

Since repeated pregnancies occurring within short time frames lead to depletion of the mother's nutrient reserves, what is the optimal interval between pregnancies?

A)6 months
B)12 months
C)18-23 months
D)24-35 months

Question 34

Which nutrient would most likely need to be supplemented for a pregnant woman who is a vegan? ​

A)vitamin A
B)potassium
C)vitamin B₁₂
D)sodium

Question 35

Joan is 24 weeks pregnant and wants to start exercising. She admits that she has been inactive most of her adult life. What exercise option is best for Joan to start? ​

A)playing doubles tennis
B)walking 25 minutes a day
C)participating in an hour-long aerobics class
D)weight lifting at the gym

Question 36

Sarah is a pregnant patient who is at a prenatal care appointment. She asks about how much exercise she can take part in while she is pregnant. What recommendation is most appropriate for Sarah? ​

A)Water activities, such as scuba diving, are often beneficial for pregnant women.
B)Warm up with 5 to 10 minutes of light activity before working out.
C)A pregnant woman should exercise when she feels tired, as the activity can promote energy and strength .
D)The pregnant mother should avoid drinking water until after completing exercise.

Question 37

What type of exercise would be most appropriate for a pregnant woman? ​

A)racquetball
B)horseback riding
C)skiing
D)swimming

Question 38

For the normal-weight woman, weight gain ideally follows a pattern of 3.5 pounds during the first trimester and ____ pound(s)per week thereafter.

A)1
B)2
C)3.5 ​
D)​5

Question 39

Elizabeth is a pregnant patient who tells her physician that she has been following a low - carbohydrate diet so that she does not gain too much weight during pregnancy. Her physician recommends including carbohydrates into her diet. What purpose do carbohydrates serve during pregnancy?

A)They provide fuel for the fetal brain .
B)They support blood flow to the placenta.
C)They prevent neural tube defects.
D)They support fetal lung development prior to birth.

Question 40

Of the following nutrient needs, which is considered the most difficult to meet during pregnancy, often because of low body stores? ​

A)iron
B)protein
C)vitamin D
D)vitamin B ₆

Question 41

The number of extra kcalories per day needed to produce a normal supply of milk during the first six months of lactation is approximately ____. ​

A)​100
B)​250
C)​500
D)​1000

Question 42

What recommendation is most appropriate to help a pregnant woman alleviate heartburn?  ​

A)Eat dry toast or crackers between meals.
B)Drink carbonated beverages instead of juice or water.
C)Drink liquids with meals.
D)Avoid spicy or greasy foods.

Question 43

Jane is visiting with her doctor during her second trimester of pregnancy and has just revealed her strange cravings. The doctor declared that Jane is experiencing pica, which is causing her intense craving for ____.

A)dirt
B)garlic
C)pickles
D)pepperoni

Question 44

What statement explains a feature of the WIC program? ​

A)​It caps the  number of children in the program at 2 million.
B)It is strictly remedial and available chiefly to women living in the inner city.
C)It offers assistance to all at-risk pregnant women regardless of economic means.
D)It saves an estimated $3 in medical costs in the first two months after birth for every dollar spent.

Question 45

What is a distinguishing characteristic of eclampsia? ​

A)convulsions in the mother
B)convulsions in the newborn
C)low blood pressure in the mother
D)low blood pressure in the newborn

Question 46

Which hormone is responsible for the let-down reflex?

A)oxytocin
B)estrogen
C)progesterone
D)luteinizing hormone

Question 47

What best describes the cause of food cravings that develop during pregnancy?

A)hormone-induced changes in sensitivity to taste and smell
B)the pressure of the growing fetus on the lower esophageal sphincter
C)physiological vitamin or mineral deficiencies
D)the increased blood volume in the mother's body

Question 48

What is the risk of giving birth to a child with Down syndrome for a woman who is 40 years old?  ​

A)1 in 25
B)1 in 100
C)1 in 300
D)1 in 10,000

Question 49

What is a characteristic of gestational diabetes? ​

A)It predicts risk of diabetes for the infant.
B)It leads to type 2 diabetes in some women.
C)It occurs in over one-half of normal weight women.
D)It occurs more often in women with a history of having premature births.

Question 50

What statement best describes the relationship between malnutrition and fertility? ​

A)Starvation may be more likely to induce ovulation.
B)A woman with food deprivation may develop amenorrhea.
C)Malnutrition is associated with increased progesterone but decreased estrogen.
D)Men who are malnourished are more likely to suffer from hypogonadism.

Question 51

What is a function of prolactin? ​

A)It reverses the effects of certain mutagens.
B)It reverses the effects of certain teratogens.
C)It acts on mammary glands to stimulate milk release.
D)It acts on mammary glands to promote milk production.

Question 52

What condition is most likely to be a risk factor associated with a high-risk pregnancy?

A)prepregnancy BMI between 22 and 25
B)less than 24 months between pregnancies
C)excessive pregnancy weight gain
D)age over 32 years in the mother

Question 53

Which statement best describes the risk of foodborne illness during pregnancy?

A)The risk for listeriosis is substantially higher in pregnant women than in other healthy adults.
B)Consumption of smoked seafood is permitted due to the beneficial effects of smoke residue on microorganisms.
C)Fish intake should be minimized due to the high lead content and susceptibility of the fetal central nervous system.
D)Foodborne pathogenic organisms are less likely to cause infection during pregnancy if the dietary intake of calcium is adequate.

Question 54

What is an example of a consequence of malnutrition during pregnancy? ​

A)congenital malformations
B)maternal hypertension
C)fetal macrosomia
D)post-term birth

Question 55

Brenda is in her 26th week of gestation and has a family history of diabetes. Her pre-pregnancy BMI was 26, and she has gained 35 pounds. If she does not make appropriate dietary changes, she is at high risk for developing ____. ​

A)preeclampsia
B)gestational diabetes
C)iron deficiency anemia
D)osteomalacia

Question 56

What weight classifies an infant as being low birthweight? ​

A)3 ½ pounds  or less
B)​4  pounds or less
C)​5 ½  pounds or less
D)​6 ½  pounds or less

Question 57

What describes a feature of lactation?

A)Breast milk protein content may be enhanced by moderate exercise.
B)The volume of breast milk may be increased by drinking plenty of fluid.
C)The iron content of breast milk may be increased by taking iron supplements.
D)Breast milk quantity but not quality is most affected by nutritional inadequacies.

Question 58

In general, what are the chief consequences of nutritional deprivation in the lactating mother? ​

A)cessation of lactation
B)reduced quality of milk
C)reduced quantity of milk
D)an inability to pass antibodies to the infant

Question 59

What describes a characteristic associated with adolescent pregnancy?

A)The recommended weight gain is approximately 35 pounds.
B)The incidence of stillbirths and preterm births is 5 to 10 percent lower compared with adult women.
C)The incidence of pregnancy-induced hypertension is 5 to 10 percent lower compared with older women.
D)The time in labor is usually shorter than for older women because there are fewer overweight teenagers.

Question 60

One out of ____ pregnancies in older women produces an infant with genetic abnormalities. ​

A)​10
B)​25
C)​50
D)​100

Question 61

List potential complications of both mother and infant when pregnancy occurs in an older woman.

Question 62

According to many experts, what minimum level of alcohol intake increases the risk of giving birth to an infant with fetal alcohol syndrome?

A)1 drink/day
B)2 drinks/day
C)​4  drinks/day
D)​7  drinks/day

Question 64

Which statement describes an association between nutrient intake and lactation?

A)Milk production is increased by higher fluid intake.
B)Ingestion of garlic may lead to an off-flavor of the milk.
C)Inadequate protein intake lowers the protein concentration of the milk.
D)The energy RDA for milk production calls for an additional 1000 kcalories per day.

Question 66

What physical characteristic would most likely be seen in a child with FAS? ​

A)macrocephaly
B)flattened nose bridge
C)upward slant of the eyes
D)protruding tongue and chin

Question 68

Define gestational diabetes and list risk factors.

Question 74

Discuss the term "critical periods" in relation to pregnancy.

Question 76

The most severe abnormalities at the end of the spectrum of fetal alcohol disorder are classified as ____.  ​

A)prenatal alcohol exposure
B)fetal alcohol syndrome
C)alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder
D)alcohol-related birth defect disorder

Question 79

What explains the effects of alcohol intake on lactation? ​

A)It does not pass into the breast milk.
B)It hinders the infant's ability to breastfeed.
C)It mildly stimulates breast milk production.
D)It passes into the breast milk but is degraded by enzymes in breast tissue.