Deck 12: Water and the Major Minerals

Question 1

The minimum amount of water that must be excreted by the body to dispose of its wastes is termed ____. ​

A)life supporting fluid loss
B)mandatory water fraction
C)obligatory water excretion
D)minimum daily water requirement

Answer 1

C

Question 2

What is a feature of water and nutrition? ​

A)Water intoxication is rare but can result in death.
B)Water losses from the body are highest through the feces.
C)Chronic high intakes increase the risk for bladder cancer.
D)Soft water has significant concentrations of magnesium and calcium.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

What is a feature of water?

A)​It is  not a vital nutrient.
B)​It is  not found in foods.
C)​It is  oxidized to yield energy.
D)​It is  generated from the oxidation of energy nutrients.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

What is the force that moves water into a space where a solute is more concentrated? ​

A)buffer action
B)osmotic pressure
C)permeable selectivity
D)electrolyte imbalance

Question 5

What is the major extracellular anion? ​

A)sodium
B)lactate
C)sulfate
D)chloride

Question 6

What is the sodium-potassium pump?

A)a cell membrane protein that uses energy to pump sodium into the cell
B)a cell membrane protein that uses energy to pump sodium out of the cell
C)a mechanism present throughout interstitial fluid for draining sodium from the circulation
D)a mechanism present in the kidneys that exchanges sodium with lactic acid in order to regulate organic acid concentration

Question 7

When a person loses fluid by sweating or bleeding, what minerals are lost in greatest quantity? ​

A)sodium and chloride
B)bicarbonate and sulfate
C)calcium and magnesium
D)potassium and phosphate

Question 8

The concentration of electrolyte charges is measured in ____.

A)solute minerals
B)milliequivalents
C)ionic dissociates
D)total atomic masses

Question 9

Approximately how much water (pounds)is found in a 134-lb person? ​

A)​34
B)​65
C)​80
D)​105

Question 10

Abnormally low blood sodium concentration is specifically  known   as ____.

A)hypertension
B)hyponatremia
C)hyperkalemia
D)water intoxication

Question 11

What organ provides the major control for homeostasis of body fluids? ​

A)liver
B)heart
C)kidneys
D)skeletal muscle

Question 12

Which group of people has the highest percentage of body water? ​

A)elderly
B)children
C)obese people
D)female adolescents

Question 13

In the body, water that resides between cells is known as ____ fluid. ​

A)diuretic
B)interstitial
C)edematous
D)intravascular

Question 14

Which neuronal structure helps to regulate thirst? ​

A)brain stem
B)cerebellum
C)optic nerve
D)hypothalamus

Question 15

The average daily loss of water via the kidneys, lungs, feces, and skin is approximately ____ liters. ​

A)0 to 0.5
B)0.5 to 1.5
C)2.0
D)4.0

Question 16

Approximately how many milliliters of water are produced by metabolism every day? ​

A)100
B)​250
C)​500
D)​750

Question 17

What is the body's most indispensable nutrient?

A)fat
B)water
C)protein
D)glucose

Question 18

What is the major intracellular cation? ​

A)sodium
B)calcium
C)phosphate
D)potassium

Question 19

Habitual intake of soft water is most likely to aggravate ____. ​

A)scurvy
B)diabetes
C)hypertension
D)megaloblastic anemia

Question 20

Which statement is a characteristic of caffeine intake and water balance? ​

A)Caffeine inhibits water absorption from the GI tract.
B)Caffeine is known to act as a diuretic only when consumed as coffee or tea.
C)Regular intake of caffeine promotes an increase in water retention of the interstitial fluid volume.
D)Habitual consumers of caffeine lose almost no more fluid from the body than when ingesting noncaffeinated beverages.

Question 21

What organ functions as the chief regulator of the body's acid-base balance by controlling the bicarbonate concentration? ​

A)skin
B)liver
C)kidneys
D)stomach

Question 22

Approximately what percentage of the body's calcium is found in the blood? ​

A)​1
B)​5
C)​15
D)​25

Question 23

What adverse response is known to occur in people who drink copious amounts of water while participating in intense physical activity? ​

A)dehydration
B)hyponatremia
C)metabolic alkalosis
D)elevated blood sodium

Question 24

The DASH diet plan was devised to prevent ____. ​

A)dehydration
B)constipation
C)osteoporosis
D)hypertension

Question 25

For which mineral would a patient with bulimia nervosa most likely be deficient?

A)calcium
B)chloride
C)potassium
D)phosphorus

Question 26

What is a feature of sodium and health? ​

A)Salt sensitivity is generally rare in African Americans.
B)High sodium intake is known to promote calcium excretion.
C)High sodium intake over many years leads to hypertension in most people.
D)Sodium alone and sodium in salt have nearly equivalent effects on blood pressure.

Question 27

Which statement describes  a general characteristic of sodium in processed foods? ​

A)Instant chocolate pudding is a low-sodium food.
B)Processed foods contribute less than half of the sodium in our diets.
C)Salted peanuts contain less sodium than cereals on a per-gram basis.
D)Dairy products and meats represent major sources of sodium in our diets.

Question 28

What is hydroxyapatite?

A)abnormal cellular structures seen in osteoporosis
B)the calcium-rich crystalline structure of teeth and bones
C)a calcium regulatory hormone secreted from the trabeculae region of bone
D)a compound in plant foods that binds to calcium and phosphorus and inhibits absorption

Question 29

Which group of people is at known risk for potassium depletion? ​

A)athletes who are body-builders
B)construction workers in cold climates
C)those who ingest low amounts of fresh fruits/vegetables
D)those who consume insufficient amounts of salted foods

Question 30

How much sodium is contained in a fast-food deluxe hamburger that lists a salt content of 2.5 g? ​

A)100 mg
B)125 mg
C)1000 mg
D)2500 mg

Question 31

What is the relationship of the amount of sodium excreted to the amount ingested in a normal day? ​

A)​I ntake is higher.
B)​E xcretion is higher.
C)​I ntake and excretion are equal.
D)​E xcretion is unrelated to intake.

Question 32

The normal blood pH range is approximately ____.

A)6.80-7.15
B)6.98-7.12
C)7.35-7.45
D)7.55-8.55

Question 33

What is a feature of sodium nutrition? ​

A)It has no AI because diets rarely lack sodium.
B)It has no AI because the kidneys are highly efficient at regulating sodium balance.
C)The AI is 3 g, an amount that has been shown to have little or no effect on blood pressure.
D)The AI for young adults is only 1500 mg because the body possesses an unusually efficient retention mechanism.

Question 34

Which reason is the least likely cause for an abnormal blood calcium level? ​

A)diseases of the liver
B)diseases of the kidney
C)insufficient dietary intake
D)altered secretion of parathyroid hormone

Question 35

Barbara has been healthy up to the past couple of weeks, but since then has been complaining of considerable muscle weakness. Her doctor just received the results of blood tests, which showed that she is deficient in potassium. If Barbara continues her current habits of consuming a diet low in potassium, which disorder is she most likely to be at risk for developing? ​

A)rickets
B)arthritis
C)low blood pressure
D)high blood pressure

Question 36

What is a general property of the minerals?

A)When a food is burned, all the minerals are found in the ash.
B)Absorption efficiency from foods is similar among the minerals.
C)Minerals in food can be degraded by certain processing methods.
D)Some minerals in food are destroyed by exposure to ultraviolet light.

Question 37

What is another term for hypertension? ​

A)high blood sodium
B)high blood pressure
C)excessive mental stress
D)excessive muscular contraction

Question 38

What is the greatest single source of sodium in the diet? ​

A)processed foods
B)unprocessed foods
C)natural salt content of foods
D)salt added during cooking and at the table

Question 39

Tiffany is a strict vegan and does not consume calcium-rich plant foods or take calcium supplements. Which molecule is most responsible for maintaining her blood calcium levels in the normal range? ​

A)calcitonin
B)calmodulin
C)hydroxyapatite
D)parathyroid hormone

Question 40

What is calmodulin?

A)a calcium-binding protein
B)a drug that treats osteoporosis
C)a calcium supplement with high bioavailability
D)a form of calcium used to fortify soy products

Question 41

At what age do adults normally begin to lose bone mass? ​

A)30-40 years
B)40-50 years
C)50-60 years
D)60-70 years

Question 42

What is a risk of consuming calcium supplements above the UL? ​

A)calcium tetany
B)atrophic gastritis
C)vitamin D deficiency
D)kidney stone formation

Question 43

What does a DEXA scan measure?

A)bone density
B)severity of bone microfractures
C)bioavailability of calcium supplements
D)calcium absorption and excretion balance

Question 44

Estrogen therapy for osteoporosis is often rejected because it may increase risk for ____. ​

A)cancer
B)heart disease
C)hypertension
D)diverticulosis

Question 45

The muscle stiffness that results from abnormally high calcium levels in the blood is termed ____. ​

A)calcium rigor
B)calcium tetany
C)myosinotoxicosis
D)calmodulin dysfunction

Question 46

The strongest predictor for loss of bone density is a person's ____. ​

A)sex
B)age
C)calcium intake
D)blood estrogen level

Question 47

What is a function of trabecular bone? ​

A)synthesis of vitamin D
B)synthesis of calcitonin
C)storage site for calcium
D)storage site for vitamin D

Question 48

Which mineral is involved in the transportation of lipids through the body's lymph and blood systems? ​

A)iron
B)sodium
C)calcium
D)phosphorus

Question 49

What is a feature of magnesium nutrition? ​

A)The average body contains about 100 grams.
B)Blood is a major reservoir of the mineral.
C)Deficiency is associated with hypertension.
D)Dietary intake data are the sum of the amounts from food and water.

Question 50

Which mineral is required for the enzymatic phosphorylation of ADP?

A)iron
B)copper
C)sodium
D)magnesium

Question 51

Which foods are significant sources of oxalates? ​

A)seeds and nuts
B)processed cheeses
C)fermented dairy products
D)spinach and sweet potatoes

Question 52

What is the major source of dietary sulfur? ​

A)fats
B)protein
C)mineral salts
D)carbohydrates

Question 53

Where is the majority of the body's magnesium found? ​

A)bones
B)teeth
C)fatty tissue
D)cells of soft tissue

Question 54

What is a feature of osteoporosis?

A)It is most common in men over 45 years of age.
B)It has virtually no effect on blood calcium levels.
C)It results from short-term deprivation of dietary calcium.
D)It causes significant alterations in the blood levels of parathyroid hormone and calcitonin.

Question 55

On a per kcalorie basis, which foods are the best sources of calcium? ​

A)meats
B)fruits
C)breads
D)vegetables

Question 56

At what age does a person reach his/her highest bone density?

A)​18
B)​30
C)​55
D)​70

Question 57

The magnesium present in mineral water has a bioavailability of about ____ percent. ​

A)​5
B)​25
C)​50
D)​90

Question 58

Calcium-binding protein acts within the ____. ​

A)kidneys
B)intestine
C)cortical bone
D)trabecular bone

Question 59

The disorder "dowager's hump" is associated with a long-term deficiency of ____. ​

A)calcium
B)potassium
C)magnesium
D)phosphorus

Question 60

At what age do men develop osteoporosis relative to women?

A)10  years later
B)​4  years later
C)3 years later
D)​at nearly the same age

Question 61

Which calcium supplement contains the lowest percentage of calcium?

A)calcium citrate
B)calcium lactate
C)calcium carbonate
D)calcium gluconate

Question 67

Which calcium supplement is most likely to be contaminated with toxic minerals? ​

A)oyster shells
B)calcium lactate
C)calcium citrate
D)calcium carbonate

Question 70

What is a characteristic of calcium supplement use? ​

A)Taking them with a meal enhances absorption of calcium.
B)Taking them with iron supplements enhances absorption of iron.
C)Supplements of calcium carbonate show higher bioavailability than calcium citrate.
D)Small pills containing a large amount of calcium salt show faster dissolution in the stomach.

Question 72

What is most likely to occur when a calcium supplement and an iron supplement are taken simultaneously? ​

A)​Iron a bsorption is reduced.
B)Iron a bsorption is improved.
C)​​Iron e xcretion in the urine is reduced.
D)​Iron excretion in urine is enhanced.

Question 75

What is a feature of calcium supplements? ​

A)Common antacids are used as a source of calcium.
B)The bioavailability of calcium from most supplements is significantly lower than from milk.
C)There are large differences in the efficiency of calcium absorption from various supplements.
D)The calcium in supplements made from oyster shell and bone meal is more absorbable than the calcium in calcium citrate and calcium lactate.

Question 78

What is a characteristic of calcium nutrition in teenagers? ​

A)The recommended intake is higher for girls than boys.
B)The recommended intake is 800-1000 mg for this population group.
C)The intake of calcium is higher in boys than girls because they eat more food.
D)The dietary intakes of calcium are similar for girls and boys of this population group.

Question 80

What is a feature of physical activity and bone health?

A)Dancing is not an effective activity for helping maintain bone density.
B)Weight training improves bone density in young but not older women.
C)Working the muscles places stress on bones, which promotes bone density.
D)Weight-bearing activities are effective in maintaining bone mass in adults but not in adolescents.