Deck 16: Life Cycle Nutrition: Adulthood and the Later Years

Question 1

What is the life expectancy of black males and females in the United States?

A)72 (males), 78 years (females)
B)78 (males), 85 years (females)
C)85 (males), 89 years (females)
D)90 (males), 93 years (females)

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which statement best describes a feature of the stress response in men and women?

A)Women's general reactions to stress are different than those of men.
B)The ability to respond is weaker in older women compared with older men.
C)The secretion of epinephrine is suppressed in elderly women compared with elderly men.
D)Psychological stressors such as divorce or death of a loved one are handled better by older women than by older men.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

What is sarcopenia?

A)loss of central visual activity
B)loss of muscle mass and strength
C)aging-induced chronic inflammation of the stomach
D)intestinal dysmotility from excessive use of laxatives

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Approximately how many years is the maximum human life span?

A)75
B)100
C)115
D)130

Question 5

Which condition in older adults causes an inflamed stomach, bacterial overgrowth, and a lack of hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor?

A)chronic constipation
B)gastroesophageal reflux
C)atrophic gastritis
D)diverticulitis

Question 6

Approximately what fraction of the U.S. population is at least 65 years old?

A)1/100
B)1/30
C)1/8
D)1/3

Question 7

What is an example of an activity that would improve balance in an older adult?

A)Attach 2-pound ankle weights and perform leg lifts.
B)Walk 6 blocks at a brisk pace.
C)Hold onto a chair and stand on one foot.
D)Reach down and touch the toes, holding the stretch for 10 seconds.

Question 8

Body weight, body fat, inflammatory proteins, and blood pressure drop when people cut back on their usual energy intake by ____ percent.

A)1 to 3
B)5
C)7 to 10
D)10 to 20

Question 9

Malnutrition due to social changes is most likely to develop in which group of older adults?

A)those in assisted living facilities
B)those with the most education
C)those who own their own homes or apartments
D)those who live in federally funded housing

Question 10

The basal metabolic rate declines 1 to 2 percent per decade in part because ____.

A)lean muscle mass and thyroid hormones decrease
B)blood pressure generally increases
C)lipid oxidation is increased
D)the immune system becomes more active

Question 11

Longevity is defined as ____.

A)long duration of life
B)a person's age in years from date of birth
C)the maximum number of years of life attainable by a species
D)the average number of years lived by people in a given society

Question 12

A person with a pressure ulcer has damage to his or her ____.

A)skin
B)colon
C)mouth
D)stomach

Question 13

What is a characteristic of aging and the immune system?

A)Immunity in older people does not seem to be affected by regular exercise.
B)In the United States, infectious diseases are a minor cause of deaths in the elderly.
C)Immune function does not decline with age in people who maintain good nutrition.
D)Antibiotics are often ineffective in treating infections in older people who have deficient immune systems.

Question 14

What was the average life expectancy of a person born in the year 1900?

A)47 years
B)55 years
C)61 years
D)68 years

Question 15

Which statement best describes the relationship between late-life depression and nutrition?

A)Depressed people frequently lose their appetites and motivation to cook.
B)The neurotransmitter fluctuations with depression impact how the body digests food.
C)Depression in older age and its associated malnutrition is often inevitable.
D)Increased intake of vitamins A and E has been shown to improve symptoms of depression.

Question 16

A person's age as estimated from his or her body's health and probable life expectancy is known as____.

A)quality of life
B)physiological age
C)longevity
D)chronological age

Question 17

What is an accurate statement about strength training in older adults?

A)Older adults can practice strength training exercises until age 85, when the effects damage muscle mass.
B)Strength training in older adults decreases energy expenditure and energy intake.
C)Strength training helps older adults to maintain independence by improving muscle strength to perform tasks.
D)Older adults who practice strength training must also perform aerobic exercise to prevent weight gain.

Question 18

For adults older than 65, the lowest mortality correlates with a BMI of ____.

A)18.5 to 20.5
B)21 to  25
C)23.5 to  27.5
D)28 to  30

Question 19

Which is the fastest growing age group in the United States?

A)21 to 30 years
B)35 to 50 years
C)Over 65 years
D)Over 85 years

Question 20

What fraction of eligible seniors participates in the SNAP?

A)1/3
B)1/2
C)3/4
D)9/10

Question 21

The elderly are especially vulnerable to suffer from reduced vision due to thickenings that occur to the lenses of the eye known as ____.

A)retinitis
B)keratoids
C)cataracts
D)rhodolipids

Question 22

Which type of diet has been shown to prevent or reduce arthritis inflammation? ​

A)high in simple sugars, low in canned fruit
B)high in animal protein, low in canned fruit
C)low in polyunsaturated fat, high in oleic acid
D)low in saturated fat, high in omega-3 fatty acids

Question 23

What is thought to be the most important nutrition concern for people with Alzheimer's disease? ​

A)maintenance of appropriate body weight
B)adequate intakes of antioxidant nutrients and DHA
C)intake of medications that may interfere with nutrient bioavailability
D)treatment for iron overload to prevent formation of new neurofibrillary tangles

Question 24

What factor increases the risk for macular degeneration?

A)oxidative stress from sunlight
B)excess vitamin C intake
C)obesity
D)viral infections

Question 25

Older adults are less likely to drink enough water because ____.

A)they have less access to clean, uncontaminated water
B)​the  changes in their senses alters how water tastes
C)they find it bothersome to get to the bathroom
D)they prefer coffee, tea, or colas to water

Question 26

What describes a characteristic of nutrition and cataract formation?

A)Obese and lean people have the same risk for cataracts.
B)Adequate intakes of biotin and inositol seem to delay the onset of cataract formation.
C)Nutrition is known to play little, if any, role in the onset or progression of cataracts.
D)Vitamin C supplements in doses of 1000 mg for several years appear to raise the risk for cataracts.

Question 27

Which sign seen with aging would most likely be a sign of developing Alzheimer's disease?

A)confusion with time, including the current season
B)making an error when balancing the checkbook
C)experiencing visual changes due to cataracts
D)being unable to find the right word to use

Question 28

What statement best describes the relationship between supplement use and older adults? ​

A)Supplements should replace nutritious foods whenever possible.
B)Supplements of vitamin K may prevent atrophic gastritis in some older adults.
C)Supplements are usually more likely to cause harm than to be beneficial in older adults.
D)Supplements of calcium and vitamin D may be recommended for osteoporosis in older adults.

Question 29

What is a characteristic of alcohol use in the elderly? ​

A)Adults aged 65 and older are most likely to binge drink.
B)The prevalence of regular  alcohol   intake is two-fold higher for women versus men.
C)Treatment for alcohol abuse in the elderly of both sexes is less effective than for young adults.
D)Excessive use impairs memory and cognition in ways much different than for standard age-related dementia.

Question 30

Which factor increases the risk of iron deficiency in older adults? ​

A)increased antacid use
B)menopause in older women
C)increased intake of vitamin C-rich foods
D)minimal outdoor activity

Question 31

What is the chief risk factor for Alzheimer's disease?

A)age
B)gender
C)low antioxidant intake
D)body weight

Question 32

Older adults with atrophic gastritis are more likely to develop vitamin B₁₂ deficiency because the ____. ​

A)bacterial overgrowth that accompanies this condition uses up the vitamin
B)condition almost always reduces exposure to sunlight
C)medication to treat atrophic gastritis destroys the vitamin
D)condition leads to decreased food intake and subsequent vitamin B₁₂ intake

Question 33

Which food seems to relieve rheumatoid arthritis in some people? ​

A)milk
B)olive oil
C)iodized salt
D)refined cereal

Question 34

Erica is an 81-year-old woman who lives in an assisted living facility. Her caregivers report that Erica does not seem to drink enough fluid and she has said that she does not like to drink plain water because of the taste. What alternative is an example that would most increase her fluid intake? ​

A)a bowl of cereal and a slice of toast
B)a cup of coffee with 2 cookies
C)a glass of wine with crackers and cheese
D)a bowl of vegetable soup with a slice of watermelon

Question 35

What is a feature of zinc nutrition in the elderly?

A)Zinc intake is insufficient in older people.
B)Excess zinc from supplements blunts the taste buds.
C)Zinc deficiency stimulates the appetite for high-fat foods.
D)Most medications affect zinc excretion but not absorption.

Question 36

What is a feature of calcium nutrition in the elderly? ​

A)The DRI is 800 to 1000 mg.
B)Calcium intakes are well below recommendations.
C)Calcium supplements are not effective sources of calcium due to poor digestibility.
D)Calcium from food is not well absorbed due to the intake of calcium-binding laxatives.

Question 37

What disorder is associated with the body's breakdown of purines? ​

A)gout
B)dysphagia
C)sarcopenia
D)senile dementia

Question 38

What describes the nutrient needs of older people? ​

A)They vary according to individual histories.
B)They remain the same as in young adult life.
C)They increase; therefore, supplementation is required.
D)They decrease for vitamins and minerals due to changes in body composition.

Question 39

Which describes a research finding on vitamin D nutrition in the elderly? ​

A)Self-synthesis capacity is high.
B)The skin's capacity to synthesize the vitamin is reduced.
C)The presence of atrophic gastritis reduces bioavailability of the vitamin.
D)Symptoms of deficiency include dermatitis and diminished taste acuity.

Question 40

John is 60 years old and has been experiencing numbness in his hands for the past 3 months. His doctor suspects that John is not producing enough hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor and encourages him to eat more foods containing vitamin B ₁₂ . What is wrong with this suggestion?

A)People missing intrinsic factor cannot digest foods containing vitamin B ₁₂ and will develop diarrhea.
B)Intrinsic factor is not associated with vitamin B ₁₂ and eating more foods containing it would have no effect on John's health.
C)It is improbable that a lack of hydrochloric acid production and intrinsic factor are associated with the numbness that John is experiencing.
D)Because John has no intrinsic factor, he cannot efficiently utilize vitamin B ₁₂ from natural sources and would need a vitamin B ₁₂ -fortified food or supplement.

Question 41

What percentage of the U.S. population lives in poverty? ​

A)​5
B)​15
C)​19
D)​25

Question 42

What term is descriptive of most older people? ​

A)mentally lucid
B)unhappy and unhealthy
C)dependent on caregivers
D)longing for isolation

Question 43

What is a congregate meal? ​

A)​a  meal provided for the elderly in a place such as a community center
B)​a  meal prepared for the elderly that meets one-third of the Dietary Recommended Intakes
C)​a  meal prepared for disadvantaged people of all ages to encourage communal gathering of diverse groups
D)​a  meal provided through the Nutrition Screening Initiative for the elderly and served primarily to church congregations

Question 44

What is a characteristic of Alzheimer's disease? ​

A)It affects 95 percent of those over 80 years of age.
B)It is responsive to dietary choline supplementation.
C)It is associated with stability of brain nerve cell number.
D)It is associated with clumps of beta-amyloid protein in the brain.

Question 45

Rose is a 73-year-old energetic woman who is wheelchair bound. She cannot go to the grocery store and has no family nearby. What would be the most appropriate suggestion for ensuring that Rose obtains adequate nutrition? ​

A)​S uggest she attend congregate meals.
B)​S ign her up for the Meals on Wheels program.
C)​S uggest that Rose enter a nursing home that will cater to her every need.
D)​H ave a volunteer buy in bulk from a grocery warehouse once a month and deliver the food to Rose.

Question 46

The Meals on Wheels program ____.

A)is administered by paid professionals
B)operates at least 2 days a week
C)provides the same social benefits as congregate meals
D)serves only those over 60 years of age

Question 47

Which tactic should an older adult employ to spend wisely on food when he lives alone? ​

A)​S hop at convenience stores instead of large, warehouse grocery chains.
B)​A lways shop on an empty stomach.
C)​M ake a grocery list and take it to the store when shopping.
D)​A void buying food from the very low or very high areas of grocery shelves.

Question 48

A principal reason that congregate meals are preferable to Meals on Wheels is that ____. ​

A)​t he cost of administering congregate meals is lower
B)​t here are more social benefits to congregate meals
C)​n utritional benefits are greater with congregate meals
D)​m ore meals per week are served with congregate meals

Question 49

Which statement is accurate regarding foodborne illness and older adults?

A)Older adults are less likely to get foodborne illnesses because they eat most meals at home.
B)Older adults have the same risks of foodborne illness as any other age group.
C)The risk of older adults getting a foodborne illness is greater than that for other adults.
D)The risk of older adults getting a foodborne illness is less because of the greater prevalence of atrophic gastritis in this population.

Question 50

Which describes a feature of food choices and eating habits of older people?

A)The quality of life among older people has not improved since 1995.
B)Older people spend less money on foods to eat at home than younger people.
C)People over 65 are less likely to diet to lose weight than are younger people.
D)Most older people think of themselves as generally unhappy and in poor health.

Question 51

Familiarity, taste, and ____ are most influential on older people's food choices. ​

A)individual nutrient composition
B)ethnicity
C)chewing abilities
D)health beliefs

Question 52

What is the primary cause for hunger in the United States? ​

A)poverty
B)high cost of food
C)excessive food waste
D)lack of nutrition education

Question 53

When buying fruits and vegetables for a single person, what would be the best option for an older adult to reduce waste? ​

A)​B uy fruits and vegetables in bulk to store for later.
B)​B uy fruits and vegetables at various stages of ripeness.
C)​A sk the grocer to break open a package of frozen fruit or vegetables to make it smaller.
D)​B uy a large can of fruit or vegetable and store it in the refrigerator for frequent use.

Question 54

Approximately what percentage of U.S. adults is affected by Alzheimer's disease after age 65? ​

A)​0.5
B)​5
C)​12
D)​33

Question 55

What is a program that provides low-income older adults with coupons that are exchangeable for fresh vegetables and fruits at community-supported farmers' markets and roadside stands? ​

A)Senior Farmers Market Nutrition Program
B)Food Security for the Disadvantaged Elderly
C)Old Age and Survivors Health Benefits Program
D)Elderly Nutrition and Maintenance Food Co-Op

Question 56

What would be the most effective substitute for fresh milk for the elderly person living alone?

A)UHT milk
B)low-cost expired milk
C)calcium carbonate tablets
D)greens with highly bioavailable calcium

Question 57

What is thought to promote the development of brain senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles? ​

A)oxidative stress
B)excess acetylcholine
C)dietary deficiency of choline
D)low blood levels of homocysteine

Question 58

Melissa works two jobs to support her three children. Her financial priorities are to pay the rent and utilities and provide food and medical necessities for the children. Melissa does not often eat three meals a day and worries about how and where she will get the next meal for herself. Melissa is experiencing which circumstance?

A)food insufficiency
B)food mismanagement
C)nonsustainable lifestyle
D)misallocation of resources

Question 59

Limited or doubtful availability of nutritionally adequate and safe foods is termed food ____. ​

A)insecurity
B)insufficiency
C)vulnerability
D)precariousness

Question 60

What is the main reason for dieting in the elderly?

A)to economize when food prices increase
B)to improve appearance among their peers
C)to pursue a medical goal such as reducing blood glucose
D)to reduce risks for development of atrophic gastritis and pernicious anemia

Question 62

Approximately what fraction of the world's food supply outside of the home is wasted? ​

A)​1/5
B)​1/4
C)​1/3
D)​1/2

Question 72

What is the largest federal food assistance program in the United States? ​

A)Women, Infants, and Children (WIC)
B)Older Americans Act (OAA)
C)National Food Resource Program (NFRP)
D)Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP)

Question 75

What fraction of the U.S. population receives food assistance of some kind?

A)​1/25
B)​1/15
C)​1/5
D)​1/3

Question 78

Feeding America coordinates the efforts of 200 food banks across the country that feed an estimated ____ million people a year. ​

A)​1
B)​5
C)​13
D)​25

Question 79

What is the name of the largest U.S. national food recovery program? ​

A)Feeding America
B)Goodwill Food Assistance
C)Salvation Army Ready-to-Eat Meals
D)Food Salvage and Rescue Organization