Deck 27: Cardiovascular Diseases

Question 1

What type of physical activity would provide the greatest benefits in lowering risk factors for CHD?

A)horseback riding
B)brisk walking
C)bicep curls
D)sit-ups

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Arterial macrophages engulf oxidized LDL and become ____.

A)foam cells
B)a thrombus
C)an embolus
D)clots

Answer 2

A

Question 3

About ____ of plant sterols daily can lower cholesterol by up to 10 percent.

A)500 milligrams
B)2 grams
C)5 grams
D)8 grams

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The stress of blood flow along the artery walls is known as ____.

A)shear stress
B)metabolic stress
C)inflammatory stress
D)thrombotic stress

Question 5

In women, high risk of CHD occurs when HDL levels are below ____.

A)50
B)125
C)175
D)200

Question 6

What describes the relationship of over-the-counter (OTC)fish oil supplements to the treatment of hypertriglyceridemia?

A)OTC supplements typically provide 4 grams of combined EPA and DHA.
B)OTC supplements require 10-13 pills daily to get enough EPA and DHA.
C)OTC supplements contain so much EPA and DHA that the patient would be at risk of toxicity.
D)OTC supplements provide enough EPA and DHA, but they are also often contaminated and should be avoided.

Question 7

Factors that generally worsen atherosclerosis or lead to complications are those that cause plaque rupture or ____.

A)severe bleeding
B)red blood cell formation
C)blood coagulation
D)decreased inflammation

Question 8

The subtle damage caused by disturbed blood flow initially leads to which response when atherosclerosis begins to develop? inflammation

A)inflammation
B)platelet aggregation
C)enzyme accumulation
D)foam cell development

Question 9

Impaired blood circulation in the legs that can cause fatigue and pain while walking is called ____.

A)angina pectoris
B)shearing
C)intermittent claudication
D)an aneurysm

Question 10

The most common cause of aneurysms is ____.

A)genetic defects
B)external injury
C)advancing age
D)atherosclerosis

Question 11

Cholesterol carried by oxidized ____ is embedded in artery walls.

A)chylomicrons
B)MCT
C)LDL
D)HDL

Question 12

The American Heart Association recommends eating at least ____ servings of fatty fish per week for CHD risk reduction.

A)two
B)three
C)four
D)five

Question 13

What condition that is associated with atherosclerosis and diabetes is most likely to lead to HDL dysfunction and increased CHD risk?

A)elevated glucose levels
B)decreased liver enzymes
C)chronic inflammation
D)platelet aggregation and thrombosis

Question 14

Medications used to reduce LDL levels include ____.

A)aspirin
B)antihypertensives
C)statins
D)diuretics

Question 15

What is the term for an accumulation of fatty deposits, smooth muscle cells, and fibrous connective tissue in blood vessels?

A)plaque
B)platelets
C)thrombosis
D)embolism

Question 16

Martha has been advised to limit trans fats in her diet. Which snack food would this most likely include?

A)chocolate
B)skim milk
C)French fries
D)pretzels

Question 17

What is a nonmodifiable risk factor for CHD?

A)diabetes mellitus
B)male gender
C)alcohol overconsumption
D)low HDL cholesterol

Question 18

What best describes lipoprotein(a)?

A)a lipoprotein that transports triglycerides to the liver
B)a variant form of LDL that speeds the progression of atherosclerosis
C)a lipoprotein that removes cholesterol from the bloodstream
D)a compound that is formed after glucose combines with protein

Question 19

When a portion of a clot travels through the bloodstream, lodges in a narrow artery, and causes sudden tissue death, it is called a(n)____.

A)embolism
B)platelet
C)aneurysm
D)thrombus

Question 20

Ms. Thomas has blood work done as ordered by her physician. Her total cholesterol level is 240 mg/dL and HDL is 35 mg/dL. Ms. Thomas' total cholesterol and HDL indicate she ____.

A)has a desirable blood lipid profile
B)is at borderline risk for CHD
C)is at high risk for CHD
D)requires more testing

Question 21

Hypertension affects nearly ____ of adults in the United States.

A)one-fourth
B)one-third
C)one-half
D)two-thirds

Question 22

The main source of trans fat in baked goods is ____.

A)milk or other dairy products
B)eggs
C)partially hydrogenated vegetable oil
D)tropical oils

Question 23

Hypertension caused by a known physical or metabolic disorder is termed ____ hypertension.

A)primary
B)secondary
C)essential
D)regulatory

Question 24

What is an example of a bile acid sequestrant medication?

A)Lipitor
B)Repatha
C)Colestid
D)Crestor

Question 25

What is the significance of a transient ischemic attack (TIA)? ​

A)It is a warning sign that a severe stroke will follow.
B)It causes permanent damage to the neurological system.
C)It requires intravenous tissue plasminogen activator.
D)It requires frequent monitoring, but no other treatment.

Question 26

Which type of rehabilitation service would most likely be included for therapy after a stroke?

A)physical therapy
B)smoking cessation classes
C)fitness training
D)stress management

Question 27

Which blood pressure reading is indicative of prehypertension?

A)117/80 mm Hg
B)125/80 mm Hg
C)140/90 mm Hg
D)140/80 mm Hg

Question 28

Which condition has been identified as a nonmodifiable contributing risk factor for hypertension?

A)obesity
B)BMI > 30
C)genetics
D)alcoholism

Question 29

Hemorrhagic strokes occur in about ____ percent of cases.

A)5
B)13
C)56
D)87

Question 30

Which medication is prescribed to treat hypertension?

A)nicotinic acid
B)diuretics
C)thrombolytics
D)biguanides

Question 31

What is a primary risk factor associated with development of hypertension?

A)age over 45 years
B)female gender
C)Asian ethnicity
D)heavy alcohol intake

Question 32

Prior to feeding someone who has had a stroke, the health care professional should assess the client for ____.

A)food intolerance
B)salt sensitivity
C)swallowing ability
D)hydration status

Question 33

Harry has a doctor's appointment for his annual physical. The doctor has determined that he is at risk for a stroke and prescribes a(n)____.

A)anticoagulant
B)statin
C)diuretic
D)low-sodium diet

Question 34

Following stroke, rehabilitation programs begin ____.

A)within 24 hours of the stroke
B)as soon as possible after stabilization
C)48 hours after stabilization
D)72 hours after stabilization

Question 35

Following a heart attack, what type of diet would a patient most likely require?

A)low-carbohydrate diet
B)high-protein, high-energy diet
C)low-fiber diet
D)sodium-restricted diet

Question 36

Patients taking warfarin should be told to ____.

A)avoid St. John's wort, as it may increase the effects of warfarin
B)consume a moderate amount (one drink for women, two for men)of alcohol daily
C)keep their vitamin K intake consistent
D)avoid glucosamine, as it may decrease the effectiveness of warfarin

Question 37

Which item is a good source of unsaturated fats?

A)avocados
B)tropical oils
C)cheese
D)organ meats

Question 38

Dietary guidelines for the management of hypertension emphasize ____.

A)avoidance of calcium-rich foods
B)a diet rich in fresh fruits and vegetables
C)6 oz. wine per day
D)avoidance of starchy foods

Question 39

Ideally, thrombolytic drugs should be used within ____ hours following an ischemic stroke.

A)4.5
B)5.5
C)6.5
D)7.5

Question 40

Which individual is at the highest risk for stroke?

A)a 65-year-old Caucasian with family history of heart disease
B)a 65-year-old obese African American with a history of hypertension
C)a 55-year-old African American with family history of hypertension
D)a 45-year-old Caucasian with family history of diabetes

Question 41

Left-sided heart failure often leads to ____. ​

A)pulmonary edema
B)ascites
C)esophageal varices
D)gastroparesis

Question 42

Monica is extremely weak following a bone marrow transplant to treat her cancer. She is anxious to regain her independence. Which item may help her drink beverages?

A)cut-out plastic cup
B)slotted cup
C)two-handed cup
D)covered cup

Question 43

Which intervention would be most successful in reducing sodium intake with eating and preparing foods? ​

A)​S elect mostly packaged foods and canned goods.
B)​D rink 1 to 3 glasses of water each night before bed.
C)S ubstitute chicken broth for wine, milk, or water in recipes.
D)​A void putting salt on foods while at the table.

Question 44

Which of the following health care professionals evaluates the chewing and swallowing abilities of patients?

A)occupational therapist
B)registered dietitian
C)speech-language pathologist
D)physical therapist

Question 45

The term for malnutrition associated with chronic heart failure is ____.

A)cardiac cachexia
B)anorexia nervosa
C)dyspnea
D)tachycardia

Question 46

Ms. Conley has congestive heart failure with cardiac cachexia. What should she avoid?

A)liquid supplements
B)high-fiber foods
C)alcohol
D)exercise

Question 47

Which medication reduces blood pressure by inhibiting vasoconstriction?

A)diuretics
B)ACE inhibitors
C)beta-blockers
D)calcium channel blockers

Question 48

What feeding intervention would be most appropriate for a patient with impaired vision?

A)Help the patient assume correct posture while eating.
B)Place foods between teeth to promote chewing.
C)Provide plates with food guards to prevent spilling.
D)Make sure the patient's lips and jaw are closed while chewing.

Question 49

Tina has an uncontrolled tremor as a result of traumatic brain injury. Which item may help her feed herself independently?

A)rocker or roller knives
B)flatware with built-up handles
C)flatware with utensil holders
D)weighted utensils

Question 50

The DASH Eating Plan limits total cholesterol to less than ____ mg per day. ​

A)150
B)200
C)300
D)350

Question 51

According to the DASH Eating Plan, a person on a 2000 kcalorie diet should include how many servings of milk products each day? ​

A)2 to 3
B)3 to 4
C)4 to 5
D)5 to 6

Question 52

When clients have edema associated with chronic heart failure, physicians usually order ____.

A)cholesterol restriction and bile acid sequestrants
B)saturated fat restriction and corticosteroids
C)sodium restriction and diuretics
D)carbohydrate restriction and insulin

Question 53

Michael, who was right handed, suffered the traumatic amputation of his right arm below the elbow in an industrial accident. Which item may help him feed himself independently?

A)rocker or roller knives
B)flatware with built-up handles
C)flatware with utensil holders
D)weighted utensils

Question 54

Generally, patients with heart failure benefit from a daily sodium restriction of ____ gram(s).

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)4

Question 55

Moderate-to-vigorous aerobic activity, lasting 40 minutes per session, 3 to 4 times per week can potentially result in a decrease in systolic blood pressure of ____ mm Hg. ​

A)1-2
B)2-5
C)5-8
D)8-10

Question 56

Which type of utensil may be helpful for an individual with extreme muscle weakness?

A)rocker or roller knives
B)flatware with built-up handles
C)flatware with utensil holders
D)weighted utensils

Question 57

Which medication reduces blood pressure by reducing blood volume?

A)diuretics
B)ACE inhibitors
C)beta -blockers
D)calcium  channel blockers

Question 58

Mr. Silvestri is not able to grasp his utensils, nor can he feed himself. Which professional can best help him?

A)registered dietitian
B)registered nurse
C)occupational therapist
D)physical therapist

Question 59

Margaret Leland is 76 years old; she is retired and lives alone. Her only daughter lives two hours away. She has a past medical history of heart attack, smoking for 20 years, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes. She complains of decreased appetite and disinterest in food. Ms. Leland is admitted to the cardiac unit with shortness of breath and fluid retention in her extremities. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A)stroke
B)heart failure
C)COPD
D)myocardial infarction

Question 60

Doyle experiences great difficulty moving his neck because of degenerative disc disease. Which item may help him drink beverages?

A)cut-out plastic cup
B)slotted cup
C)two-handed cup
D)covered cup

Question 61

Margaret Leland is 76 years old; she is retired and lives alone. Her only daughter lives two hours away. She has a past medical history of heart attack, smoking for 20 years, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes. She complains of decreased appetite and disinterest in food. Over time, Ms. Leland suffers from cardiac cachexia and must decide whether she will have ____ to help meet her nutritional needs.

A)tube feedings
B)dialysis
C)a liver transplant
D)parenteral nutrition

Question 62

Brian Schmidt is a 58-year-old lawyer with a history of hypertension. His blood pressure has been under fairly good control with prescription medication. His secretary notices that he had a period of confusion and difficulty speaking at a meeting. She advises him to see his doctor. What best explains Brian's symptoms?

A)transient ischemic attack
B)myocardial infarction
C)hypoglycemia
D)thrombosis

Question 63

Margaret Leland is 76 years old; she is retired and lives alone. Her only daughter lives two hours away. She has a past medical history of heart attack, smoking for 20 years, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes. She complains of decreased appetite and disinterest in food. Ms. Leland is discharged from the hospital and returns for her follow-up appointment complaining of continued constipation. What is likely contributing to her change in bowel pattern?

A)increased activity
B)diuretic usage
C)increased intake of food
D)increased intake of water

Question 64

Brian Schmidt is a 58-year-old lawyer with a history of hypertension. His blood pressure has been under fairly good control with prescription medication. His secretary notices that he had a period of confusion and difficulty speaking at a meeting. She advises him to see his doctor. Brian's diet has been advanced. However, he has lost twenty pounds since his admission into the hospital. What is a likely cause?

A)an inability to voice his food preferences
B)cardiac cachexia
C)family interference
D)poorly prepared food

Question 67

Margaret Leland is 76 years old; she is retired and lives alone. Her only daughter lives two hours away. She has a past medical history of heart attack, smoking for 20 years, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes. She complains of decreased appetite and disinterest in food. The prognosis for cardiac cachexia is ____.

A)generally good
B)fair
C)fair, with prompt intervention
D)poor

Question 70

Brian Schmidt is a 58-year-old lawyer with a history of hypertension. His blood pressure has been under fairly good control with prescription medication. His secretary notices that he had a period of confusion and difficulty speaking at a meeting. She advises him to see his doctor. Brian is stable and will be transferred to a rehabilitation center. He has developed dysphagia as a result of his stroke. What is the best way to meet his nutritional needs?

A)Apply downward pressure to the tongue with a spoon.
B)Provide plates with food guards.
C)Provide thickened liquids and pureed foods.
D)Place foods in similar locations on the plate at each meal.

Question 73

Margaret Leland is 76 years old; she is retired and lives alone. Her only daughter lives two hours away. She has a past medical history of heart attack, smoking for 20 years, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes. She complains of decreased appetite and disinterest in food. Ms. Leland has developed constipation. What nutrition intervention is most appropriate?

A)high-calorie, high-protein diet
B)low-sodium diet
C)low-carbohydrate diet
D)high-fiber diet

Question 77

Margaret Leland is 76 years old; she is retired and lives alone. Her only daughter lives two hours away. She has a past medical history of heart attack, smoking for 20 years, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes. She complains of decreased appetite and disinterest in food. Which medication is appropriate to improve Ms. Leland's fluid status?

A)diuretic
B)vasodilator
C)insulin
D)anticoagulant

Question 79

Brian Schmidt is a 58-year-old lawyer with a history of hypertension. His blood pressure has been under fairly good control with prescription medication. His secretary notices that he had a period of confusion and difficulty speaking at a meeting. She advises him to see his doctor. Brian ignores these warning signs and does not see his physician. Eight months later, Brian's son finds him lying on the floor of his bathroom. Brian most likely has ____.

A)heart failure
B)angina
C)suffered a stroke
D)an acutely bleeding ulcer

Question 80

Brian Schmidt is a 58-year-old lawyer with a history of hypertension. His blood pressure has been under fairly good control with prescription medication. His secretary notices that he had a period of confusion and difficulty speaking at a meeting. She advises him to see his doctor. The physician informs the family that Brian has an obstruction of blood flow to the brain, also known as ____.

A)a myocardial infarction
B)angina
C)a hemorrhagic stroke
D)an ischemic stroke