Deck 14: Psychological Disorders

Question 1

Susan's psychologist tells her the probable course of her depression. In the medical model this is called

A) a diagnosis.
B) a prognosis.
C) the etiology.
D) stereotyping.

Answer 1

a prognosis.

Question 2

Betty has been depressed. She has been describing how she feels to her friends who recommended she seek out a therapist. Which of the following conclusions regarding Betty's behavior is appropriate?

A) It should not be considered abnormal, because her adaptive functioning is not impaired.
B) It should not be considered abnormal, because everyone experiences depression.
C) It can be considered abnormal, because she obviously feels great personal distress.
D) It can be considered abnormal, because the behavior meets the three criteria of the medical model.

Answer 2

It can be considered abnormal, because she obviously feels great personal distress.

Question 3

A prognosis 

A) is a plan for treating an illness.
B) involves distinguishing one illness from another.
C) is a forecast about the probable course of an illness.
D) refers to the apparent causation and developmental history of an illness.

Answer 3

is a forecast about the probable course of an illness.

Question 4

The judgment of the normality of an individual's behavior can be based on whether

A) he or she experiences personal distress.
B) the behavior deviates from accepted social norms.
C) his or her everyday adaptive functioning is impaired.
D) any of these.

Question 5

Prior to the 18th century, most conceptions of abnormal behavior were based on superstition.

Question 6

Thomas Szasz has criticized the medical model because he believes that abnormal behavior

A) involves deviation from social norms rather than an illness.
B) does not really exist since it is society that has problems.
C) has a psychological rather than a physical cause.
D) is based on the individual's subjective experience and choice.

Question 7

One criticism of the medical model is that it converts moral and social questions into medical ones.

Question 8

_____is the apparent causation and developmental history of an illness.

A) Diagnosis
B) Etiology
C) Prognosis
D) None of these are true

Question 9

Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding the definition of abnormal behavior? 

A) Everyone acts in deviant ways once in a while.
B) It is often difficult to draw a line that clearly separates normality from abnormality.
C) People are judged to have psychological disorders only when their behavior becomes extremely deviant, maladaptive, or distressing.
D) For the most part, people with psychological disorders behave in bizarre ways that are very different from the behavior of normal people.

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT a criterion for abnormal behavior?

A) Deviance.
B) Maladaptive behavior.
C) Personal distress.
D) Bizarre behavior.

Question 11

Dr. Drew explained to his client that obsessive-compulsive disorder appears to be heavily influenced by biological causes. Dr. Drew is explaining the_____ of obsessive-compulsive disorder.

A) diagnosis
B) etiology
C) prognosis
D) none of the above

Question 12

In what year was the most recent version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM- 5) published? 

A) 1953.
B) 1975.
C) 1995.
D) 2013.

Question 13

The medical models of abnormal behavior

A) developed prior to the 18th century.
B) have eliminated the social stigma of having a mental illness.
C) became the dominant way of thinking during the 19th and 20th centuries.
D) All of the above are true.

Question 14

Bill has been stopping off at a bar every day on his way home from work. Lately, he has made up excuses to his wife as to why he is late. His behavior best satisfies which of the following criteria of abnormality? 

A) Deviance.
B) Personal distress.
C) Physical discomfort.
D) Maladaptive behavior.

Question 15

The medical model posits that abnormal behavior is a disease.

Question 16

Kenny believes that his dog often tells him how to prepare his food. The dog's orders are not a problem for Kenny to carry out, and Kenny does not seem to mind the extra trouble. Under which criteria could Kenny's behaviors be considered a disorder?

A) Deviance.
B) Maladaptive behavior.
C) Personal distress.
D) Bizarre behavior.

Question 17

_____is a forecast about the probable course of an illness.

A) Diagnosis
B) Etiology
C) Prognosis
D) None of these are true

Question 18

The process of distinguishing one illness from another is called

A) diagnosis.
B) etiology.
C) prognosis.
D) somatization.

Question 19

Which of the following statements is true? 

A) It is usually not easy to divide people into distinct normal and abnormal groups.
B) People with psychological disorders usually behave in bizarre ways.
C) An abnormal behavior in one culture is always an abnormal behavior in other cultures.
D) The criteria for normal and abnormal behaviors are value-free.

Question 20

The DSM-5 

A) has multiple axes to make a distinction between disorders.
B) uses axes to make notations about physical illnesses, stressors, and global functioning.
C) uses a dimensional approach.
D) uses a categorical approach.

Question 21

Recent research has related disturbances in the neurotransmitter_____to anxiety disorders.

A) GABA
B) serotonin
C) epinephrine
D) dopamine

Question 22

The anxiety disorder brought on by specific stimuli is

A) obsessive-compulsive disorder.
B) generalized anxiety disorder.
C) phobic disorder.
D) stress disorder.

Question 23

The idea that people are biologically prepared by their evolutionary history to acquire some fears more easily than others helps explain why people are more often afraid of having a car accident than are afraid of heights.

Question 24

Which of the following categories of psychological disorders includes phobic disorders in the DSM-5?

A) Mood disorder.
B) Anxiety disorder.
C) Obsessive-compulsive disorder.
D) Somatoform disorder.

Question 25

The class of disorders marked by feelings of excessive apprehension and anxiety is called

A) anxiety disorders.
B) somatoform disorders.
C) affective disorders.
D) phobic disorders.

Question 26

_____are chemicals that carry signals from one neuron to another.

A) Neurochemicals
B) Poly-transmitters
C) Neurotransmitters
D) Psychoactive drugs

Question 27

An unwanted thought that repeatedly intrudes upon an individual's consciousness is called a(n) 

A) delusion.
B) obsession.
C) compulsion.
D) hallucination.

Question 28

One common criticism about the DSM-5 is that it

A) avoids giving people potentially stigmatizing diagnostic labels.
B) contains fewer disorders than previous systems, making it easier to use.
C) labels everyday adjustment problems as a medical or mental illness.
D) provides specific criteria that allow therapists to classify individuals simply as normal or abnormal.

Question 29

Jerry is terrified of snakes and refuses to read nature books to his son if there are pictures of snakes. He is probably suffering from

A) panic disorder.
B) phobic disorder.
C) generalized anxiety disorder.
D) no disorder since this is a normal fear.

Question 30

The genetic predisposition to anxiety disorders can be characterized as

A) weak to moderate.
B) moderate to strong.
C) strong to very strong.
D) nonexistent.

Question 31

Vinnie dislikes leaving his home and has gradually become more fearful whenever he has to go somewhere. Lately, he has decided to have his groceries delivered and do all his work online. Vinnie may be suffering from

A) arachnophobia.
B) generalized anxiety disorder.
C) stress disorder.
D) agoraphobia.

Question 32

Jenny cannot quit wondering if she unplugged her iron this morning. Jenny is experiencing

A) a compulsion.
B) panic ideation.
C) an obsession.
D) a delusion.

Question 33

Research suggests that a(n)_____ temperament in infants is a risk factor for the development of anxiety disorders later in life. 

A) difficult
B) inhibited
C) outgoing
D) slow-to-warm-up

Question 34

A phobic disorder is a persistent fear when there is a realistic danger. 

Question 35

Lila believes that worrying will help her avoid negative events. She will usually find a reason to worry about something - her schoolwork, her boss, her parents, and whether the bus will come on time. Lila may be suffering from

A) panic disorder.
B) phobic disorder.
C) generalized anxiety disorder.
D) obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Question 36

Compulsion is to "action", obsession is to

A) fear.
B) thought.
C) emotion.
D) behavior.

Question 37

Repetitive handwashing is an example of a common compulsive behavior. 

Question 38

A person who checks his alarm clock twenty times before going to sleep is being

A) phobic.
B) amnesic.
C) obsessive.
D) compulsive.

Question 39

The famous industrialist Howard Hughes devised extraordinary rituals to minimize the possibility of being contaminated by germs. For example, he would sometimes spend hours methodically cleaning a telephone. Hughes's behavior exemplifies which of the following disorders? 

A) Agoraphobia.
B) Panic disorder.
C) Generalized anxiety disorder.
D) Obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Question 40

Which of the following is an anxiety disorder marked by a chronic, high level of anxiety that is not tied to any specific threat?

A) Panic disorder.
B) Phobic disorder.
C) Generalized anxiety disorder.
D) Obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Question 41

Which of the following statements best reflects the relationship between stress and anxiety disorders?

A) High stress may help precipitate the onset of anxiety disorders.
B) People with anxiety disorders tend to be unaffected by stress.
C) The relationship between stress and anxiety disorders is largely a myth.
D) Stress appears to exert its influence on the severity, rather than the onset, of anxiety disorders.

Question 42

The fear of snakes and spiders is very common in people. Seligman (1971) would probably explain this with the idea of

A) experience.
B) learning history.
C) ego comparison history.
D) preparedness.

Question 43

Ernest is deeply sad. He does not eat much, does not seem to want to take care of himself, and believes his life's work is useless. You think this is strange because several weeks ago, Ernest was very excited about his life. He talked and talked about his new book and even seemed to stay up an entire week writing. Ernest probably has

A) major depression.
B) schizophrenia.
C) obsessive-compulsive disorder.
D) bipolar disorder.

Question 44

One of the differences between depressive and bipolar disorders is that

A) people with major depressive disorder experience periodic bouts of depression.
B) people with bipolar disorders experience emotional extremes of both depression and mania.
C) people with major depressive disorder experience anhedonia.
D) all of the above are true.

Question 45

Anhedonia is

A) a sign of mania.
B) a diminished ability to experience pleasure.
C) used to treat bipolar disorders.
D) none of these are true.

Question 46

Some theorists speculate that people with_____are more susceptible to dissociative disorders. 

A) certain cognitive traits
B) fantasy proneness
C) a tendency to be absorbed in others' experiences
D) none of these are true

Question 47

In_____ disorders, people show persistent feelings of sadness and despair and a loss of interest in previous sources of pleasure.

A) manic
B) phobic
C) depressive
D) conversion

Question 48

Which of the following statements regarding the prevalence of bipolar disorders is accurate?

A) Bipolar disorders are seen more frequently in women than in men.
B) Bipolar disorders are much more common than major depressive disorders.
C) Research indicates that bipolar disorders affect about 10% of the population.
D) The peak of vulnerability for bipolar disorders is late teens or early twenties.

Question 49

According to your textbook, Abraham Lincoln, Ted Turner, and Kurt Cobain all suffered from

A) schizophrenia.
B) severe mood disorders.
C) obsessive-compulsive disorder.
D) dissociative identity disorder.

Question 50

Some clinicians maintain that most cases of dissociative identity disorder are rooted in

A) early reinforcement for avoiding reality.
B) a genetic predisposition for engaging in fantasy.
C) a deficiency in certain neurotransmitters in the brain.
D) severe emotional trauma that occurred during childhood.

Question 51

Research supports a link between anxiety disorders and stress.

Question 52

Kim is a successful lawyer who suddenly forgot who she is and most of the important details of her life after she survived a terrible car accident that killed three of her colleagues. Kim may be suffering from

A) bipolar disorder.
B) conversion disorder.
C) dissociative amnesia.
D) multiple-personality disorder.

Question 53

People are more likely to develop phobic responses to snakes and spiders than to hot irons or electrical outlets. This finding is MOST consistent with which of the following concepts?

A) Neuroticism.
B) Preparedness.
C) Classical conditioning.
D) Observational learning.

Question 54

Which of the following statements regarding the prevalence of depressive disorders is NOT accurate? 

A) Differences in gender prevalence are due to genetic makeup.
B) The prevalence of depression is about twice as high in women as it is in men.
C) Evidence indicates that the lifetime prevalence of depression may be as high as 14%.
D) Estimates of prevalence vary because it is difficult to determine normal dejection compared to abnormal depression.

Question 55

Experiences of depression or bipolar disorder come and go, because these disorders are often

A) episodic.
B) not serious.
C) cured without treatment.
D) related to natural occurrences such as phases of the moon.

Question 56

Which of the following is an old name for one dissociative disorder?

A) Schizophrenia.
B) Bipolar disorder.
C) Insanity.
D) Multiple-personality disorder.

Question 57

Which of the following disorders features the coexistence in one person of two or more largely complete, and usually very different, identities or personalities? 

A) Schizophrenia.
B) Dissociative amnesia.
C) Dissociative fugue.
D) Dissociative identity disorder.

Question 58

According to cognitive theorists, some people are prone to suffer from problems with anxiety because they tend to

A) focus excessive attention on perceived threats.
B) misinterpret harmless situations as threatening.
C) selectively recall information that seems threatening.
D) all of these are true.

Question 59

Phobic responses tend to be acquired through operant conditioning and maintained through classical conditioning.

Question 60

People who lose contact with portions of their consciousness or memory and experience disruptions in their sense of identity would most likely be considered as having which of the following types of disorders?

A) Schizophrenia.
B) Anxiety disorders.
C) Dissociative disorders.
D) Somatoform disorders.

Question 61

Richard is a clerk who works at a music store. He believes that the CIA can pick up his thoughts using the frequency on the store radio. Richard is exhibiting

A) delusions.
B) repression.
C) hallucinations.
D) displacement.

Question 62

Seligman's learned helplessness model

A) is based primarily on human research.
B) posits active giving up as a cause of depression.
C) posits that pessimistic explanatory style is related to depression.
D) all of these are true.

Question 63

Depressed people who_____ tend to remain depressed longer than those who don't.

A) try to distract themselves
B) engage in passive attribution
C) ruminate about their depression
D) discuss their depression with family members

Question 64

Bipolar disorder was formerly known as_____disorder.

A) manic-depressive
B) multiple personality
C) schizophrenic
D) major depressive

Question 65

Hallucinations and delusions are classified as_____ of schizophrenia.

A) negative symptoms
B) positive symptoms
C) temporary symptoms
D) dangerous symptoms

Question 66

Which of the following groups of psychological disorders is characterized by irrational thinking, poor reality contact, disturbed emotion, and hallucinations?

A) Mood disorders.
B) Anxiety disorders.
C) Somatoform disorders.
D) Schizophrenic disorders.

Question 67

Manic states can

A) be scary and disturbing.
B) increase energy and optimism.
C) be deceptively appealing.
D) be all of the above.

Question 68

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of schizophrenia?

A) Irrational thought.
B) Deterioration of adaptive behavior.
C) Distorted perception.
D) Consistently fearful emotions.

Question 69

Which of the following statements is NOT true about suicide? 

A) About 90% of people who complete suicide suffered from a psychological disorder.
B) More men than women complete suicide.
C) Bipolar and depressive disorder account for about 70 to 80% of completed suicides.
D) Suicide attempts outnumber completed suicides by a ratio of 25 to 1.

Question 70

Sarah hears voices that tell her to shoot Dr. Laura. She is experiencing

A) delusions.
B) compulsions.
C) a phobic reaction.
D) hallucinations.

Question 71

Correlational studies between mood disorders and structural abnormalities in the brain have found that

A) depressed patients generally have enlarged brain ventricles.
B) mood disorders are related to abnormally high levels of neurotransmitters in the brain.
C) the hippocampus tends to be smaller in depressed people than in normal people.
D) the pleasure center of the brain tends to be undeveloped in people with mood disorders.

Question 72

Research suggests that heredity can create

A) a predisposition to mood disorders.
B) the hormonal imbalance associated with depression.
C) a genetic "map" that determines the onset of mood disorders.
D) a cognitive mind-set that fosters the development of bipolar disorder.

Question 73

Suicide is the_____leading cause of death in the United States.

A) 20th
B) 10th
C) 7th
D) 3rd

Question 74

Interpersonal roots of depression include all of the following EXCEPT

A) inadequate social skills.
B) attracting a supportive social network.
C) alienating others by asking for reassurances about their relationships and self-worth.
D) gravitating toward partners who view them unfavorably.

Question 75

Which of the following is NOT a helpful suicide prevention tip?

A) Provide empathy and support.
B) Identify and clarify the crucial problem.
C) In an acute crisis, do not leave a suicidal person alone.
D) Promise to keep the person's suicidal thoughts secret.

Question 76

Which of the following statements regarding neurochemical and neuroanatomical factors in the development of mood disorders is accurate?

A) Correlations have been found between mood disorders and levels of several neurotransmitters in the brain.
B) Most of the drugs that are effective in the treatment of mood disorders are known to affect the availability of specific neurotransmitters.
C) Depression has been correlated with reduced hippocampal volume.
D) All of the above statements are accurate.

Question 77

Phil has been talking to Bill about contemplating suicide. Bill can help Phil most by

A) taking Phil's talk seriously.
B) telling Phil to get over it since men are much less likely to commit suicide than women.
C) promising not to tell anyone so Phil will remain his friend.
D) leaving to get help.

Question 78

The DSM-5 no longer lists subtypes of schizophrenia.

Question 79

The evidence available today suggests that there is_____ between stress and the onset of mood disorders.

A) no relationship
B) a moderately strong link
C) a curvilinear relationship
D) a weak negative correlation

Question 80

Schizophrenia means split personality.