Deck 9: Friendship and Love

Question 1

The matching hypothesis suggests that people of similar _____gravitate toward each other.

A) intellectual ability
B) personal warmth
C) physical attractiveness
D) academic accomplishment

Answer 1

physical attractiveness

Question 2

Evolutionary explanations for dating and mating habits include

A) familiarity.
B) the matching hypothesis.
C) parental investment theory.
D) all of these.

Answer 2

parental investment theory.

Question 3

Which of the following combinations of physical characteristics has been empirically supported in the attraction literature?

A) Women with large eyes, high cheekbones, and a wide smile.
B) Women with a broad forehead and a wide face.
C) Women with a large nose, small cheekbones, and small lips.
D) Women with a large body type and strong jaw.

Answer 3

Women with large eyes, high cheekbones, and a wide smile.

Question 4

refers to geographic, residential, and other forms of spatial closeness. 

A) Proximity
B) Familiarity
C) Similarity
D) Personal space

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT necessarily true about close relationships?

A) Close relationships are important.
B) Close relationships are long lasting.
C) Close relationships are interdependent.
D) Close relationships can be interchangeable.

Question 6

Close relationships can arouse both positive and negative feelings. This phenomenon is termed

A) bipolar personality.
B) paradox of close relationships.
C) poetic license.
D) attraction paradox.

Question 7

Susan recognized the face of someone she often sees at work. She smiled when she saw the person despite not knowing who the person was. This is an example of

A) proximity.
B) mere exposure effect.
C) physical attractiveness.
D) personal space.

Question 8

Which of the following combinations of physical characteristics has been found, empirically, to evoke higher attractiveness ratings?

A) Men with large eyes, high cheekbones, and a small nose
B) Men with prominent cheekbones and a broad smile
C) Men with a broad forehead and wide faces
D) Men with a large nose, small cheekbones, and large lips

Question 9

Which of the following facial features is NOT associated with physical attractiveness in women?

A) Large eyes.
B) Small nose.
C) Thin lips.
D) Prominent cheekbones.

Question 10

In an international Internet survey, Lippa found all of the following EXCEPT

A) intelligence and humor were ranked higher than good looks by men and women.
B) men ranked good looks higher than kindness or intelligence.
C) men ranked good looks higher than women.
D) honesty was ranked lower than humor by men and women.

Question 11

According to evolutionary psychologists, women seeking a prospective mate are likely to display the most interest in characteristics that denote a man's

A) intelligence.
B) financial prospects.
C) reproductive capacity.
D) capacity for resource acquisition.

Question 12

Attraction is the initial desire to form a relationship. 

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT a factor influencing the nature of initial encounters between two people?

A) Proximity.
B) Familiarity.
C) Resource exchange.
D) Physical attractiveness.

Question 14

Elena is very caring toward her friend Monique. She spends a lot of time texting with her, especially when Monique was going through a rough time in her marriage. When Monique forgave her husband for bad behavior, Elena felt despair and anger with Monique for giving in. These feelings exemplify

A) a bad friendship.
B) an intradependent relationship.
C) the paradox of close relationships.
D) the end of a friendship.

Question 15

The largest group of college students identified which of the following as the person to whom they felt the closest?

A) Friend.
B) Coworker.
C) Family member.
D) Romantic partner.

Question 16

Which of the following statements is NOT true about the role of physical attractiveness in relationships?

A) Good looks play a role in friendships.
B) Its importance is different for a life partner than a casual relationship.
C) Males prefer attractiveness in both same- and other-gender friends.
D) The importance of physical attractiveness in a dating partner has decreased in the last 50 years.

Question 17

According to evolutionary psychologists, men seeking a prospective mate are likely to display the most interest in characteristics that denote a woman's

A) intelligence.
B) financial prospects.
C) reproductive capacity.
D) capacity for resource acquisition.

Question 18

Which of the following statements about physical attractiveness is NOT true?

A) Attractiveness is an important factor in dating.
B) Males in particular reportedly prefer attractiveness in their same- and other-gender friends.
C) Judgments about physical attractiveness change as one learns about the person's personality.
D) Homosexuals place more importance on the physical attractiveness of their dating partners than heterosexuals do.

Question 19

Physical attractiveness

A) plays a major role in dating.
B) is only important to men.
C) is only important in heterosexual relationships.
D) is not important in friendships.

Question 20

Marge associates positive attributes with being underweight. She

A) is unlikely to have an eating disorder unless she is white.
B) is in danger of having an eating disorder.
C) will be healthier than the average American.
D) understands the benefits of being thin.

Question 21

Encouraging your partner to disclose his or her thoughts and feelings to you illustrates which of the following relationship maintenance strategies?

A) Positivity.
B) Assurances.
C) Openness.
D) Social networking.

Question 22

is an active relationship maintenance process that emphasizes the commitment one has to the partner.

A) Reciprocity
B) Fundamental attribution error
C) Social exchange
D) Assurance

Question 23

The rule of reciprocity predicts that we like others who did not initially like us.

Question 24

Basically, social exchange (or interdependence) theory is a(n)_____ model of relationship satisfaction.

A) economic
B) comparison level
C) proximity level
D) relational

Question 25

Which of the following BEST depicts the purported evolutionary implications associated with women's wearing the color red?

A) Women look more attractive in red because the shade increases youthfulness.
B) Men experience increased aggression when women wear red.
C) Women are more apt to wear red when they are ovulating.
D) Less attractive women wear red because it increases their perceptual visibility to men.

Question 26

In terms of romantic relationships, the old adage "opposites attract," continues to enjoy the most empirical support.

Question 27

According to Clark and Mills, social exchange principles usually apply to _____relationships, but these principles don't operate as consistently in _____relationships.

A) sexual; close
B) close; business
C) communal; romantic
D) exchange; communal

Question 28

involves the actions one takes to sustain the desirable qualities of a relationship.

A) Social exchange
B) Relationship maintenance
C) Reciprocity
D) Attribution

Question 29

Heterosexual women's preferences for a physically attractive man

A) are not influenced by her economic power.
B) appear to increase along with her economic power.
C) appear to decrease along with her career opportunities.
D) are determined by biological factors.

Question 30

If you want to have a friend, be a friend. This statement is most consistent with which of the following concepts?

A) Proximity.
B) Reciprocity.
C) Matching hypothesis.
D) Mere exposure effect.

Question 31

Young (2015) found that a red background increased men's ratings of unattractive faces, but not for the attractive faces.

Question 32

Reciprocal exchange of personal information contributes to

A) the recognition of the degree of similarity between potential partners.
B) increased attraction between partners.
C) more negative attitude between potential partners.
D) reduced interdependence between partners.

Question 33

Suppose you have two close friends who are getting ready to go out on Thursday night: Yolanda (who is not classically beautiful and has to work hard to get romantic attention) and Xochitl (who is classically attractive and has no difficulty in attracting potential suitors). Based on the Spotlight on Research study by Young (2015), which of the following dress recommendations is MOST consistent with the research findings?

A) Neither Yolanda nor Xochitl should wear red dresses to the bar.
B) Yolanda should wear a red dress but Xochitl should not.
C) Xochitl should wear a red dress but Yolanda should not.
D) The study showed no conclusive results, and so Xochitl and Yolanda should wear what they like.

Question 34

The Spotlight on Research Study is representative of a great deal of research that suggests that

A) red enhances subjective evaluations of physical attractiveness.
B) red reduces subjective evaluations of physical attractiveness.
C) women use red clothing as an unambiguous signal of their sexual receptivity.
D) red is simply a fashion norm demonstrated by single women.

Question 35

Heterosexual married and dating couples tend to be similar in all of the following ways EXCEPT

A) physical attractiveness.
B) intelligence.
C) attitudes.
D) personality.

Question 36

Interdependence theory is based on B.F. Skinner's principle of reinforcement.

Question 37

Eight-year-old Cindy has to decide whether to be best friends with Jillian, who has lots of toys to play with, or with Kaitlin, whose family has invited Cindy to go camping with them. According to social exchange theory, Cindy's choice will most likely be influenced by her consideration of which of the following?

A) Comparison level for alternatives.
B) Evaluation of the matching hypothesis.
C) Relative proximity of the two possible friends.
D) The socioeconomic status of the girls' families.

Question 38

The idea that interpersonal relationships are governed by perceptions of rewards and costs is a key premise in

A) social exchange theory.
B) the matching hypothesis.
C) social comparison theory.
D) the theory of cognitive dissonance.

Question 39

Kelly thinks she works hard to make sure that her relationship with her boyfriend Michael is fulfilling and fun. However, lately she has begun to think that Michael doesn't appreciate her efforts. According to_____  , this relationship might not last.

A) social learning theory
B) social exchange theory
C) the matching hypothesis
D) the notion of reciprocal liking

Question 40

The "similarity principle" tends to be found most frequently in

A) heterosexual couples.
B) homosexual couples.
C) friendships.
D) all of the above.

Question 41

In the United States, women's friendships are more often_____ based, whereas men's tend to be_____ based.

A) activity; emotionally
B) emotionally; activity
C) socially; self-sufficient
D) self-sufficient; socially

Question 42

Conflicts in friendships can result from

A) changes in interests.
B) incompatible goals.
C) mismatched expectations.
D) all of these.

Question 43

Which of the following is the correct order for the three steps in friendship repair rituals?

A) Acknowledgement, remedy, reproach.
B) Reproach, remedy, acknowledgement.
C) Acknowledgement, reproach, remedy.
D) Reproach, acknowledgement, remedy.

Question 44

Harry assumes that all individuals and relationships are heterosexual until he is told otherwise. His attitude reflects

A) his sexism.
B) his heterosexism.
C) the reciprocity principle.
D) the fundamental attribution error.

Question 45

Christine is a senior member of the company, and ever since Gina was hired, Christine has taken her under her wing. Christine has been a mentor to Gina and has offered a number of suggestions on how to approach her new job, and continue to grow professionally over time. Which of the following friendship standards is being described here?

A) Agency.
B) Instrumental aid.
C) Similarity.
D) Symmetrical reciprocity.

Question 46

Which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding gender and e-mail communications?

A) Men and women are equally likely to discuss personal issues via e-mail.
B) Men and women are equally likely to focus on activities via e-mail as opposed to personal issues.
C) The gender differences associated with other forms of communication also appear in research on e-mail communication patterns.
D) Men are more likely to focus on personal problems and women are more likely to focus on activities in their communication via e-mail.

Question 47

Research finds that women, relative to men, are more likely to confess love first.

Question 48

Studies indicate that the most important element of friendship is

A) generosity.
B) emotional support.
C) physical attractiveness.
D) endorsing similar religious attitudes.

Question 49

According to Hall, all of the following are social expectations about friendships EXCEPT

A) Friends provide rewards.
B) Friends have shared interests in types of preferred activities.
C) Friends share similar levels of intellectual functioning.
D) Friends share similar attitudes.

Question 50

In terms of relationship commitment, things that people contribute in a relationship that they cannot get back if the relationship ends are called

A) gifts.
B) investments.
C) stocks.
D) exchanges.

Question 51

Most homosexual women prefer to call themselves

A) gay.
B) lesbians.
C) bisexuals.
D) homosexuals.

Question 52

In general, women's friendships are more likely to focus on_____  , whereas men's friendships tend to be based on_____.

A) shared interests; family events
B) family events; emotional intimacy
C) shared interests; financial matters
D) emotional intimacy; shared interests

Question 53

One possible problem with generalizing the results of research on romantic love and relationships is that

A) researchers tend to assume that subjects are heterosexual.
B) homosexuals don't volunteer enough for laboratory studies.
C) homosexuals tend to misrepresent their sexual orientation on surveys.
D) funding is only available for research on heterosexual relationships.

Question 54

Which of the following is NOT true about men's same-gender friendships?

A) Men's friendships tend to center around shared activities.
B) Men's friendships are influenced by the tendency for men to see themselves as competitors.
C) Men are socialized to be self-sufficient, which inhibits self-disclosure.
D) In all world cultures, men's friendships tend not to be emotionally intimate.

Question 55

Which of the following statements about gay and lesbian couples is NOT true?

A) Gay and lesbian people have a smaller dating pool relative to heterosexuals.
B) Gay and lesbian people are limited in their ways of meeting potential mates compared to heterosexuals.
C) Gay and lesbian relationships are significantly different from heterosexual relationships.
D) Gay and lesbian people often feel the need to hide their sexual orientation when in public.

Question 56

Several lines of research indicate that the most important element of friendship is

A) emotional support.
B) intellectual stimulation.
C) access to financial resources.
D) physical contact.

Question 57

Across cultures, the common thread to a good friend is providing emotional and social support.

Question 58

Which of the following is NOT true?

A) We tend to overestimate the importance of friends.
B) Across cultures, social rules that guide friendships are the same.
C) People with strong friendships deal better with stress.
D) Friendship quality is a predictor of happiness.

Question 59

Love is difficult to

A) define.
B) measure.
C) understand.
D) All of these are true.

Question 60

Friendship repair rituals include all of the following EXCEPT

A) reproach.
B) remedy.
C) reliability.
D) acknowledgment.

Question 61

Steve and Pat's relationship is marked by a high level of commitment but low passion and low intimacy. According to Sternberg, their relationship is best characterized as

A) fatuous love.
B) nonlove.
C) companionate.
D) empty love.

Question 62

fall in love more easily, but_____ fall out of love more easily.

A) There are no gender differences.
B) Men; women
C) Women; men
D) homosexual couples; heterosexual couples

Question 63

Which of the following is NOT one of the components in Robert Sternberg's triangular theory of love?

A) Passion.
B) Support.
C) Intimacy.
D) Commitment.

Question 64

attachment is promoted by a warm, responsive approach.

A) Secure
B) Avoidant
C) Inconsistent
D) Anxious-ambivalent

Question 65

According to Hazan and Shaver, the largest proportion of adults falls into which of the following categories?

A) Secure.
B) Avoidant.
C) Inconsistent.
D) Anxious-ambivalent.

Question 66

Romantic love as attachment is a relationship mode that is based on the work of 

A) Freud.
B) Sternberg.
C) Berscheid and Hatfield.
D) Bowlby and Ainsworth.

Question 67

Jennifer can be described as having an avoidant-fearful attachment style, thus it is likely that she

A) is uncomfortable in social situations and worries about rejection.
B) suffers extreme jealousy in her relationships.
C) wants more relationship closeness than her partner does.
D) is not worried about rejection and avoids social groups.

Question 68

Measures of__________    were the best predictors of whether dating couples continued their relationships.

A) commitment and intimacy
B) commitment and passion
C) intimacy and passion
D) financial security and sexual compatibility

Question 69

Adults who are obsessed and preoccupied with their relationships would be considered as belonging to which of the following categories?

A) Secure.
B) Avoidant.
C) Inconsistent.
D) Anxious-ambivalent.

Question 70

According to Hazan and Shaver, common elements in infant attachment and adult love include all but which of the following?

A) Distress at separation.
B) Efforts to spend time together.
C) Passion.
D) Intense fascination with the other person.

Question 71

According to Sternberg's triangular theory of love, companionate love can be divided into which of the following components?

A) Friendship and passion.
B) Intimacy and infatuation.
C) Commitment and intimacy.
D) Sexuality and commitment.

Question 72

The decline of romantic passion in a decades-old relationship is__________ .

A) consistent with Sternberg's research
B) consistent with Hazan and Shaver's research
C) consistent with the findings of the Boston Couples Study
D) consistent with Duck's model

Question 73

According to Hazan and Shaver,

A) adult romantic relationships are similar to attachment relationships in infancy.
B) those who had ambivalent attachments in infancy will probably never fall in love as adults.
C) those who had avoidant relationships in infancy often overcompensate by becoming excessively intimate in their adult love relationships.
D) all of these.

Question 74

Alicia and Michael have thought seriously about splitting up on several occasions. The fact that they're still together indicates a high level of _____in their relationship.

A) passivity
B) irrationality
C) commitment
D) stubbornness

Question 75

The main difference between the Hazan and Shaver's model of adult attachment styles from other models is their

A) consideration of only positive relationships.
B) distinction between two avoidant attachment styles.
C) emphasis of the "ideal" other.
D) consideration of homosexual as well as heterosexual relationships.

Question 76

Hazan and Shaver found that, like infants in their attachment relationships, adults fall into the following three categories in their love relationships:

A) secure, insecure, volatile.
B) ambitious, authentic, altruistic.
C) avoidant, anxious-ambivalent, secure.
D) intimate, approach-avoidant, secure.

Question 77

Susan and Manny's relationship is characterized by warmth, closeness, and sharing. Their relationship would be considered high in which of the following?

A) Sharing.
B) Passion.
C) Intimacy.
D) Commitment.

Question 78

According to Sternberg's triangular theory of love, when passion, intimacy, and commitment are all present in a relationship, then _____is said to exist.

A) liking
B) infatuation
C) fatuous love
D) consummate love

Question 79

Significant correlations have been found between attachment style and

A) mental health.
B) reactions to stress.
C) relationship quality.
D) all of these.

Question 80

According to Sternberg's triangular theory of love, the combination of intimacy and passion produces

A) liking.
B) infatuation.
C) romantic love.
D) companionate love.