Deck 26: Nutrition:Gene Interactions in Health and Disease

Question 1

Most single-gene defects are rare.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

It is estimated that 90% of DNA alterations associated with disease are due to genes rather than gene switches.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Increased intake of omega-6 fatty acids combined with a reduction of intake of omega-3 fatty acids decreases inflammatory gene expression.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Genetic traits are the cause of the recent obesity epidemic.

Question 5

Sitosterolemia is treated by low-phenylalanine diets.

Question 6

Some people get genes that make them highly sensitive to bitter-tasting foods.

Question 7

Knowledge of an individual's genetic makeup does not provide enough information to reliably indicate disease risk.

Question 8

Personalized modifications of dietary intake based on genotypes will most likely become standard practice in clinical dietetics and medicine.

Question 9

Disease development among people with certain genetic traits can sometimes be lowered by medications.

Question 10

Humans have 30 pairs of chromosomes.

Question 11

DNA is placed in the endoplasmic reticulum.

Question 12

Most disorders are related to multiple genes and interactions among gene function and environmental factors.

Question 13

Enzymes and other proteins produced as a result of genetic codes are central to life and health because they determine which chemical changes will take place within the body.

Question 14

Genetic traits do not affect a person's perception of sweet and savory.

Question 15

Individuals with hemochromatosis absorb more calcium than normal.

Question 16

Hemochromatosis is a fairly common single-gene defect disorder.

Question 17

All segments of DNA code for protein formation.

Question 18

The genes individuals inherit at birth from their mother and father affect disease susceptibility.

Question 19

Genes replicate themselves exactly over generations,and lasting modifications in them almost never occur.

Question 20

Humans all share 99.9% of the same DNA.​

Question 21

Genomics includes the scientific study of complex diseases such as heart disease,diabetes,cancer,and _____.

A)celiac disease
B)osteoporosis
C)anemia
D)asthma
E)scurvy

Question 22

Hemochromatosis is treated with medications and a diet low in _____.

A)sodium and potassium
B)milk and milk products
C)gluten and plant sterols
D)calcium and vitamin D
E)iron and vitamin C

Question 23

Noncoding segments of DNA contain _____.

A)​genetic codes for protein formation
B)genetic codes for enzyme production
C)instructions for the regulation of gene activity
D)instructions for growth
E)instructions for healing

Question 24

Which structure in the nuclei of cells contains your genes?

A)membrane
B)endoplasmic reticulum
C)chromosomes
D)ribosome
E)cytoplasm

Question 25

A child with galactosemia can eat _____.

A)whey
B)yogurt
C)beef
D)cheese
E)nonfat dry milk

Question 26

A gene variant is also called a(n)_____.

A)chromosome
B)base
C)codon
D)pair
E)allele

Question 27

What is the combined term for "genes" and "chromosomes"?

A)genome
B)genes
C)genotype
D)genomics
E)epigenetics

Question 28

How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?

A)19
B)23
C)27
D)31
E)35

Question 29

The DNA base pairs are adenine,thymine,guanine,and _____.

A)glutamic acid
B)proline
C)glutamine
D)choline
E)cytosine

Question 30

A nucleotide consists of a base plus a molecule of _____ and one of phosphoric acid.

A)sugar
B)water
C)fat
D)nitrate
E)phosphate

Question 31

Noncoding segments of DNA vary in composition based on _____.

A)changes in chromosomes
B)increased or decreased circulation
C)other genes
D)environmental factors
E)weight

Question 32

Among individuals with particular gene types,high-fat diets increase insulin resistance and fat stores in the liver,and increase the risk of _____.

A)​heart disease only
B)obesity only
C)type 2 diabetes only
D)heart disease and obesity
E)​obesity and type 2 diabetes

Question 33

The human genome is estimated to contain _____ genes.

A)10,000
B)13,000
C)16,000
D)19,000
E)22,000

Question 34

PKU causes _____ to build up in the blood.

A)lysine
B)threonine
C)phenylalanine
D)methionine
E)valine

Question 35

What percentage of an individual's DNA is unique?

A)0.1%
B)0.9%
C)1%
D)2%
E)9%

Question 36

How is PKU treated?

A)medication
B)surgery
C)elimination of milk and milk products
D)low-phenylalanine diet
E)high-protein diet

Question 37

Which substances,produced as a result of genetic codes,are central to life and health because they determine which chemical changes will take place within the body?

A)glucose and hormones
B)enzymes and proteins
C)cholesterol and triglycerides
D)insulin and glucagon
E)glycogen and water

Question 38

People with galactosemia must avoid _____ for life.

A)fruits
B)vegetable oils
C)grains
D)milk and milk products
E)fish

Question 39

The influence of the gene variants on weight gain is decreased by _____.

A)an increased intake of omega-3 fatty acids
B)physical activity
C)medication
D)low-fat diets
E)low-carbohydrate diets

Question 40

All babies born in the United States and many other countries are tested for _____ after birth.​

A)PKU
B)galactosemia
C)hemochromatosis
D)sitosterolemia
E)cystic fibrosis

Question 41

How is sitosterolemia treated?

A)elimination of phenylalanine
B)elimination of gluten
C)diet low in lactose
D)diet low in plant sterols
E)diet low in sodium

Question 42

High levels of body iron have toxic effects on tissues such as the _____.

A)brain only
B)liver only
C)heart only
D)brain and liver
E)liver and heart

Question 43

Which food most likely contains plant sterols?

A)bacon
B)chicken
C)almonds
D)yogurt
E)cheese

Question 44

Increased intake of _____ combined with a reduction of intake of omega-6 fatty acids from oils decreases inflammatory gene expression.

A)fiber
B)calcium
C)vitamin C
D)vitamin D
E)omega-3 fatty acids

Question 45

Match each term with the appropriate definition.
a.represents all the genes and DNA contained in an organism
b.basic units of heredity that occupy specific places on chromosomes
c.study of the functions and interactions of all genes in the genome
d.structures in the nuclei of cells that contain genes
e.segments of genes that provide instructions for the synthesis,or production,of specific enzymes and other proteins needed by cells to carry out life- and health-sustaining processes
f.study of the effects of nutrients on gene expression,and the impact of nutrient-gene interactions on health and disease
g.rare disorder caused by lack of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase
h.heritable changes in gene function that do not entail a change in DNA sequence
i.alteration in the normal sequence of a gene due to a substitution of a set of bases
j.occurs due to a defect in a gene that produces a protein that controls how much iron is absorbed from food
k.disorders resulting from one abnormal gene
l.single-gene defect disorder that interferes with the body's utilization of the sugar galactose
m.one of the structural components,or building blocks,of DNA and RNA
n.rare disorder caused by a mutation in one of two genes that affect the ability of small intestine cells to dispose of plant sterols in the feces
o.specific genetic makeup of an individual as coded by DNA
​gene variant

Question 46

Which single-gene defect disorder is fairly common affecting 1 in 300 Caucasians?

A)galactosemia
B)hemochromatosis
C)sitosterolemia
D)muscular dystrophy
E)PKU

Question 47

Match each term with the appropriate definition.
a.represents all the genes and DNA contained in an organism
b.basic units of heredity that occupy specific places on chromosomes
c.study of the functions and interactions of all genes in the genome
d.structures in the nuclei of cells that contain genes
e.segments of genes that provide instructions for the synthesis,or production,of specific enzymes and other proteins needed by cells to carry out life- and health-sustaining processes
f.study of the effects of nutrients on gene expression,and the impact of nutrient-gene interactions on health and disease
g.rare disorder caused by lack of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase
h.heritable changes in gene function that do not entail a change in DNA sequence
i.alteration in the normal sequence of a gene due to a substitution of a set of bases
j.occurs due to a defect in a gene that produces a protein that controls how much iron is absorbed from food
k.disorders resulting from one abnormal gene
l.single-gene defect disorder that interferes with the body's utilization of the sugar galactose
m.one of the structural components,or building blocks,of DNA and RNA
n.rare disorder caused by a mutation in one of two genes that affect the ability of small intestine cells to dispose of plant sterols in the feces
o.specific genetic makeup of an individual as coded by DNA
​deoxyribonucleic acid

Question 48

Match each term with the appropriate definition.
a.represents all the genes and DNA contained in an organism
b.basic units of heredity that occupy specific places on chromosomes
c.study of the functions and interactions of all genes in the genome
d.structures in the nuclei of cells that contain genes
e.segments of genes that provide instructions for the synthesis,or production,of specific enzymes and other proteins needed by cells to carry out life- and health-sustaining processes
f.study of the effects of nutrients on gene expression,and the impact of nutrient-gene interactions on health and disease
g.rare disorder caused by lack of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase
h.heritable changes in gene function that do not entail a change in DNA sequence
i.alteration in the normal sequence of a gene due to a substitution of a set of bases
j.occurs due to a defect in a gene that produces a protein that controls how much iron is absorbed from food
k.disorders resulting from one abnormal gene
l.single-gene defect disorder that interferes with the body's utilization of the sugar galactose
m.one of the structural components,or building blocks,of DNA and RNA
n.rare disorder caused by a mutation in one of two genes that affect the ability of small intestine cells to dispose of plant sterols in the feces
o.specific genetic makeup of an individual as coded by DNA
​chromosomes

Question 49

​Catherine is a college senior who is taking a health and nutrition course.The class is studying family health history.After completing her family health history project,Catherine realizes that she has a family history of breast cancer and obesity.Catherine wants to continue to study and learn how she can reduce her risk of certain diseases through lifestyle changes.
​ What should Catherine do to decrease her chances of developing gene-related diseases?

A)Nothing,she can't change her genotype.
B)Talk to her doctor about having her genetic profile mapped and then altered accordingly.
C)Increase her physical activity and vegetable intake and avoid harmful environmental factors.
D)Talk to a genetic therapist.
E)Try vitamin and mineral supplements.

Question 50

Match each term with the appropriate definition.
a.represents all the genes and DNA contained in an organism
b.basic units of heredity that occupy specific places on chromosomes
c.study of the functions and interactions of all genes in the genome
d.structures in the nuclei of cells that contain genes
e.segments of genes that provide instructions for the synthesis,or production,of specific enzymes and other proteins needed by cells to carry out life- and health-sustaining processes
f.study of the effects of nutrients on gene expression,and the impact of nutrient-gene interactions on health and disease
g.rare disorder caused by lack of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase
h.heritable changes in gene function that do not entail a change in DNA sequence
i.alteration in the normal sequence of a gene due to a substitution of a set of bases
j.occurs due to a defect in a gene that produces a protein that controls how much iron is absorbed from food
k.disorders resulting from one abnormal gene
l.single-gene defect disorder that interferes with the body's utilization of the sugar galactose
m.one of the structural components,or building blocks,of DNA and RNA
n.rare disorder caused by a mutation in one of two genes that affect the ability of small intestine cells to dispose of plant sterols in the feces
o.specific genetic makeup of an individual as coded by DNA
​galactosemia

Question 51

Match each term with the appropriate definition.
a.represents all the genes and DNA contained in an organism
b.basic units of heredity that occupy specific places on chromosomes
c.study of the functions and interactions of all genes in the genome
d.structures in the nuclei of cells that contain genes
e.segments of genes that provide instructions for the synthesis,or production,of specific enzymes and other proteins needed by cells to carry out life- and health-sustaining processes
f.study of the effects of nutrients on gene expression,and the impact of nutrient-gene interactions on health and disease
g.rare disorder caused by lack of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase
h.heritable changes in gene function that do not entail a change in DNA sequence
i.alteration in the normal sequence of a gene due to a substitution of a set of bases
j.occurs due to a defect in a gene that produces a protein that controls how much iron is absorbed from food
k.disorders resulting from one abnormal gene
l.single-gene defect disorder that interferes with the body's utilization of the sugar galactose
m.one of the structural components,or building blocks,of DNA and RNA
n.rare disorder caused by a mutation in one of two genes that affect the ability of small intestine cells to dispose of plant sterols in the feces
o.specific genetic makeup of an individual as coded by DNA
​epigenetic

Question 52

Diseases such as diabetes and cancer are typically caused by a combination of genetic factors and _____.

A)psychological factors
B)smoking
C)dietary habits
D)environmental factors
E)physical inactivity

Question 53

Individuals with hemochromatosis absorb more _____ than normal and have excessive levels in their body.

A)iron
B)zinc
C)vitamin B12
D)folate
E)calcium

Question 54

​Catherine is a college senior who is taking a health and nutrition course.The class is studying family health history.After completing her family health history project,Catherine realizes that she has a family history of breast cancer and obesity.Catherine wants to continue to study and learn how she can reduce her risk of certain diseases through lifestyle changes.
Catherine knows she should eat more vegetables,but she cannot stand their bitter taste.What is most likely the reason that vegetables taste intensely bitter to Catherine?

A)Catherine may have a set of genes that make her nose extremely sensitive to the smell of vegetables.
B)Catherine may have a set of genes that make her highly sensitive to bitter tastes.
C)Catherine's mother never liked vegetables and did not eat many when she was pregnant with Catherine; therefore,Catherine developed a genetically sensitive palate.
D)Catherine simply believes vegetables are bitter tasting and it is all in her head.
E)Catherine has a single-gene defect.

Question 55

​Catherine is a college senior who is taking a health and nutrition course.The class is studying family health history.After completing her family health history project,Catherine realizes that she has a family history of breast cancer and obesity.Catherine wants to continue to study and learn how she can reduce her risk of certain diseases through lifestyle changes.
How can Catherine modify her diet to lower her risk of developing breast cancer?

A)Eliminate caffeine.
B)Eliminate fried foods.
C)Increase her folate intake.
D)Regularly consume cruciferous vegetables.
E)Regularly consume calcium and vitamin D.

Question 56

High blood levels of phenylalanine during growth lead to _____.

A)mental retardation
B)hyperactivity
C)poor vision
D)asthma
E)a compromised immune system

Question 57

Accumulation of plant sterols in the body increases the risk of _____.

A)obesity
B)heart disease
C)diabetes
D)cancer
E)chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Question 58

DNA is _____.

A)a single helix
B)a double helix
C)a triple helix
D)disc shaped
E)non-helical

Question 59

People who prefer sweet and savory tastes tend to have a higher _____ than people who do not.

A)body mass index
B)blood pressure
C)waist circumference
D)body fat percentage
E)heart rate

Question 60

People born with a high sensitivity to bitter tastes tend to dislike _____.

A)milk
B)canola oil
C)spinach
D)apples
E)tomatoes

Question 61

Match each term with the appropriate definition.
a.represents all the genes and DNA contained in an organism
b.basic units of heredity that occupy specific places on chromosomes
c.study of the functions and interactions of all genes in the genome
d.structures in the nuclei of cells that contain genes
e.segments of genes that provide instructions for the synthesis,or production,of specific enzymes and other proteins needed by cells to carry out life- and health-sustaining processes
f.study of the effects of nutrients on gene expression,and the impact of nutrient-gene interactions on health and disease
g.rare disorder caused by lack of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase
h.heritable changes in gene function that do not entail a change in DNA sequence
i.alteration in the normal sequence of a gene due to a substitution of a set of bases
j.occurs due to a defect in a gene that produces a protein that controls how much iron is absorbed from food
k.disorders resulting from one abnormal gene
l.single-gene defect disorder that interferes with the body's utilization of the sugar galactose
m.one of the structural components,or building blocks,of DNA and RNA
n.rare disorder caused by a mutation in one of two genes that affect the ability of small intestine cells to dispose of plant sterols in the feces
o.specific genetic makeup of an individual as coded by DNA
​hemochromatosis

Question 62

Match each term with the appropriate definition.
a.represents all the genes and DNA contained in an organism
b.basic units of heredity that occupy specific places on chromosomes
c.study of the functions and interactions of all genes in the genome
d.structures in the nuclei of cells that contain genes
e.segments of genes that provide instructions for the synthesis,or production,of specific enzymes and other proteins needed by cells to carry out life- and health-sustaining processes
f.study of the effects of nutrients on gene expression,and the impact of nutrient-gene interactions on health and disease
g.rare disorder caused by lack of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase
h.heritable changes in gene function that do not entail a change in DNA sequence
i.alteration in the normal sequence of a gene due to a substitution of a set of bases
j.occurs due to a defect in a gene that produces a protein that controls how much iron is absorbed from food
k.disorders resulting from one abnormal gene
l.single-gene defect disorder that interferes with the body's utilization of the sugar galactose
m.one of the structural components,or building blocks,of DNA and RNA
n.rare disorder caused by a mutation in one of two genes that affect the ability of small intestine cells to dispose of plant sterols in the feces
o.specific genetic makeup of an individual as coded by DNA
​sitosterolemia

Question 63

Match each term with the appropriate definition.
a.represents all the genes and DNA contained in an organism
b.basic units of heredity that occupy specific places on chromosomes
c.study of the functions and interactions of all genes in the genome
d.structures in the nuclei of cells that contain genes
e.segments of genes that provide instructions for the synthesis,or production,of specific enzymes and other proteins needed by cells to carry out life- and health-sustaining processes
f.study of the effects of nutrients on gene expression,and the impact of nutrient-gene interactions on health and disease
g.rare disorder caused by lack of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase
h.heritable changes in gene function that do not entail a change in DNA sequence
i.alteration in the normal sequence of a gene due to a substitution of a set of bases
j.occurs due to a defect in a gene that produces a protein that controls how much iron is absorbed from food
k.disorders resulting from one abnormal gene
l.single-gene defect disorder that interferes with the body's utilization of the sugar galactose
m.one of the structural components,or building blocks,of DNA and RNA
n.rare disorder caused by a mutation in one of two genes that affect the ability of small intestine cells to dispose of plant sterols in the feces
o.specific genetic makeup of an individual as coded by DNA
​genes

Question 64

Match each term with the appropriate definition.
a.represents all the genes and DNA contained in an organism
b.basic units of heredity that occupy specific places on chromosomes
c.study of the functions and interactions of all genes in the genome
d.structures in the nuclei of cells that contain genes
e.segments of genes that provide instructions for the synthesis,or production,of specific enzymes and other proteins needed by cells to carry out life- and health-sustaining processes
f.study of the effects of nutrients on gene expression,and the impact of nutrient-gene interactions on health and disease
g.rare disorder caused by lack of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase
h.heritable changes in gene function that do not entail a change in DNA sequence
i.alteration in the normal sequence of a gene due to a substitution of a set of bases
j.occurs due to a defect in a gene that produces a protein that controls how much iron is absorbed from food
k.disorders resulting from one abnormal gene
l.single-gene defect disorder that interferes with the body's utilization of the sugar galactose
m.one of the structural components,or building blocks,of DNA and RNA
n.rare disorder caused by a mutation in one of two genes that affect the ability of small intestine cells to dispose of plant sterols in the feces
o.specific genetic makeup of an individual as coded by DNA
​single-gene defects

Question 65

Match each term with the appropriate definition.
a.represents all the genes and DNA contained in an organism
b.basic units of heredity that occupy specific places on chromosomes
c.study of the functions and interactions of all genes in the genome
d.structures in the nuclei of cells that contain genes
e.segments of genes that provide instructions for the synthesis,or production,of specific enzymes and other proteins needed by cells to carry out life- and health-sustaining processes
f.study of the effects of nutrients on gene expression,and the impact of nutrient-gene interactions on health and disease
g.rare disorder caused by lack of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase
h.heritable changes in gene function that do not entail a change in DNA sequence
i.alteration in the normal sequence of a gene due to a substitution of a set of bases
j.occurs due to a defect in a gene that produces a protein that controls how much iron is absorbed from food
k.disorders resulting from one abnormal gene
l.single-gene defect disorder that interferes with the body's utilization of the sugar galactose
m.one of the structural components,or building blocks,of DNA and RNA
n.rare disorder caused by a mutation in one of two genes that affect the ability of small intestine cells to dispose of plant sterols in the feces
o.specific genetic makeup of an individual as coded by DNA
​genotype

Question 66

Match each term with the appropriate definition.
a.represents all the genes and DNA contained in an organism
b.basic units of heredity that occupy specific places on chromosomes
c.study of the functions and interactions of all genes in the genome
d.structures in the nuclei of cells that contain genes
e.segments of genes that provide instructions for the synthesis,or production,of specific enzymes and other proteins needed by cells to carry out life- and health-sustaining processes
f.study of the effects of nutrients on gene expression,and the impact of nutrient-gene interactions on health and disease
g.rare disorder caused by lack of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase
h.heritable changes in gene function that do not entail a change in DNA sequence
i.alteration in the normal sequence of a gene due to a substitution of a set of bases
j.occurs due to a defect in a gene that produces a protein that controls how much iron is absorbed from food
k.disorders resulting from one abnormal gene
l.single-gene defect disorder that interferes with the body's utilization of the sugar galactose
m.one of the structural components,or building blocks,of DNA and RNA
n.rare disorder caused by a mutation in one of two genes that affect the ability of small intestine cells to dispose of plant sterols in the feces
o.specific genetic makeup of an individual as coded by DNA
​nutrigenomics

Question 67

Match each term with the appropriate definition.
a.represents all the genes and DNA contained in an organism
b.basic units of heredity that occupy specific places on chromosomes
c.study of the functions and interactions of all genes in the genome
d.structures in the nuclei of cells that contain genes
e.segments of genes that provide instructions for the synthesis,or production,of specific enzymes and other proteins needed by cells to carry out life- and health-sustaining processes
f.study of the effects of nutrients on gene expression,and the impact of nutrient-gene interactions on health and disease
g.rare disorder caused by lack of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase
h.heritable changes in gene function that do not entail a change in DNA sequence
i.alteration in the normal sequence of a gene due to a substitution of a set of bases
j.occurs due to a defect in a gene that produces a protein that controls how much iron is absorbed from food
k.disorders resulting from one abnormal gene
l.single-gene defect disorder that interferes with the body's utilization of the sugar galactose
m.one of the structural components,or building blocks,of DNA and RNA
n.rare disorder caused by a mutation in one of two genes that affect the ability of small intestine cells to dispose of plant sterols in the feces
o.specific genetic makeup of an individual as coded by DNA
​genomics

Question 68

Match each term with the appropriate definition.
a.represents all the genes and DNA contained in an organism
b.basic units of heredity that occupy specific places on chromosomes
c.study of the functions and interactions of all genes in the genome
d.structures in the nuclei of cells that contain genes
e.segments of genes that provide instructions for the synthesis,or production,of specific enzymes and other proteins needed by cells to carry out life- and health-sustaining processes
f.study of the effects of nutrients on gene expression,and the impact of nutrient-gene interactions on health and disease
g.rare disorder caused by lack of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase
h.heritable changes in gene function that do not entail a change in DNA sequence
i.alteration in the normal sequence of a gene due to a substitution of a set of bases
j.occurs due to a defect in a gene that produces a protein that controls how much iron is absorbed from food
k.disorders resulting from one abnormal gene
l.single-gene defect disorder that interferes with the body's utilization of the sugar galactose
m.one of the structural components,or building blocks,of DNA and RNA
n.rare disorder caused by a mutation in one of two genes that affect the ability of small intestine cells to dispose of plant sterols in the feces
o.specific genetic makeup of an individual as coded by DNA
​nucleotide

Question 69

Match each term with the appropriate definition.
a.represents all the genes and DNA contained in an organism
b.basic units of heredity that occupy specific places on chromosomes
c.study of the functions and interactions of all genes in the genome
d.structures in the nuclei of cells that contain genes
e.segments of genes that provide instructions for the synthesis,or production,of specific enzymes and other proteins needed by cells to carry out life- and health-sustaining processes
f.study of the effects of nutrients on gene expression,and the impact of nutrient-gene interactions on health and disease
g.rare disorder caused by lack of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase
h.heritable changes in gene function that do not entail a change in DNA sequence
i.alteration in the normal sequence of a gene due to a substitution of a set of bases
j.occurs due to a defect in a gene that produces a protein that controls how much iron is absorbed from food
k.disorders resulting from one abnormal gene
l.single-gene defect disorder that interferes with the body's utilization of the sugar galactose
m.one of the structural components,or building blocks,of DNA and RNA
n.rare disorder caused by a mutation in one of two genes that affect the ability of small intestine cells to dispose of plant sterols in the feces
o.specific genetic makeup of an individual as coded by DNA
​phenylketonuria

Question 70

Match each term with the appropriate definition.
a.represents all the genes and DNA contained in an organism
b.basic units of heredity that occupy specific places on chromosomes
c.study of the functions and interactions of all genes in the genome
d.structures in the nuclei of cells that contain genes
e.segments of genes that provide instructions for the synthesis,or production,of specific enzymes and other proteins needed by cells to carry out life- and health-sustaining processes
f.study of the effects of nutrients on gene expression,and the impact of nutrient-gene interactions on health and disease
g.rare disorder caused by lack of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase
h.heritable changes in gene function that do not entail a change in DNA sequence
i.alteration in the normal sequence of a gene due to a substitution of a set of bases
j.occurs due to a defect in a gene that produces a protein that controls how much iron is absorbed from food
k.disorders resulting from one abnormal gene
l.single-gene defect disorder that interferes with the body's utilization of the sugar galactose
m.one of the structural components,or building blocks,of DNA and RNA
n.rare disorder caused by a mutation in one of two genes that affect the ability of small intestine cells to dispose of plant sterols in the feces
o.specific genetic makeup of an individual as coded by DNA
​genome