Deck 21: Restoration, Reform, and Revolution, 1814-1848

Question 1

Define the following terms: Mazzini

Answer 1

Answer not provided.

Question 2

Define the following terms: Congress of Vienna

Answer 2

Answer not provided.

Question 3

Define the following terms: conservatism

Answer 3

Answer not provided.

Question 4

Define the following terms: Decembrists

Question 5

Define the following terms: George Sand

Question 6

Define the following terms: laissez faire

Question 7

Define the following terms: Chopin

Question 8

Define the following terms: Sir Walter Scott

Question 9

Define the following terms: Cheap Repository Tracts

Question 10

Define the following terms: Beethoven

Question 11

Define the following terms: Clemens von Metternich

Question 12

Define the following terms: Methodism

Question 13

Define the following terms: Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

Question 14

Define the following terms: Concert of Europe

Question 15

Define the following terms: Edmund Burke

Question 16

Define the following terms: romanticism

Question 17

Define the following terms: Victor Hugo

Question 18

Define the following terms: Schubert

Question 19

Define the following terms: nationalism

Question 20

Define the following terms: Joseph de Maistre

Question 21

Define the following terms: utopian socialism

Question 22

Define the following terms: Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel

Question 23

Define the following terms: "scientific socialism"

Question 24

Define the following terms: socialism

Question 25

Define the following terms: dialectical materialism

Question 26

Define the following terms: John Stuart Mill

Question 27

Define the following terms: liberalism

Question 28

Define the following terms: Chartism

Question 29

Define the following terms: Marxism

Question 30

Define the following terms: David Ricardo

Question 31

Define the following terms: utilitarianism

Question 32

Define the following terms: Engels

Question 33

Define the following terms: Grossdeutschland, Kleindeutschland

Question 34

Define the following terms: phalansteries

Question 35

Define the following terms: Mickiewicz

Question 36

Define the following terms: national workshops

Question 37

Define the following terms: July Revolution

Question 38

Define the following terms: Louis Napoleon

Question 39

Define the following terms: Corn Laws

Question 40

Define the following terms: Great Reform Bill

Question 41

Trace the course of reform in Britain from 1815 to 1848. What were some sources of discontent, and what reforms were made by the government? What were some goals of the Chartists and of the Anti-Corn Law League? Which group was successful?

Question 42

Fully discuss the political ideologies that were part of the legacy of the Age of Revolution, and show their role in the history of the West from 1815 to 1850.

Question 43

The Congress of Vienna attempted to reconstruct Europe after the Napoleonic War according to

A) "legitimacy and compensation;" the principle was scrupulously followed.
B) "legitimacy and compensation;" the principle was not consistently followed.
C) the Christian principles of the Holy Alliance.
D) Austrian supremacy.
E) military power of both Prussia and Great Britain as watch dogs.

Question 44

Considering the havoc caused by the French Revolution and the tremendous cost in lives and suffering, do you think the conservatives had a valid point in advocating traditional ways and careful changes? What did Edmund Burke mean by calling the arguments of the revolutionaries "abstract"?

Question 45

Explain nineteenth-century liberalism and compare it with contemporary liberalism.

Question 46

Discuss the waves of revolution that spread throughout Europe from France in 1830 and especially in 1848. How many reasons can you think of to explain why they occurred? For each type of cause, give examples drawn from the various European states.

Question 47

Conservatism in the early nineteenth century included the idea that

A) the rights of man and the principles of human equality must be preserved.
B) divine law guaranteed popular sovereignty.
C) romanticism threatened the established order and traditional values.
D) the longevity of institutions proved their legitimacy.
E) the use of the death penalty successfully discouraged rebellion.

Question 48

Summarize the main provisions of the Congress of Vienna settlement. How was France treated by the victorious powers? How did European statesmen plan to deal with issues of common interest before they became crises?

Question 49

Explain utopian socialism and other socialist ideologies prior to Marx.

Question 50

Discuss the characteristics of romanticism and the ways in which it represented a reaction against the Enlightenment. What were some of its effects on literature, art, and religion?

Question 51

Referring to the chapter feature, "The Visual Record: Raft of Medusa," how is this painting representative of both Romanticism and the political turmoil of its time?

Question 52

Discuss the theories of Karl Marx and their appeal for industrial workers.

Question 53

Explain nineteenth-century nationalism, and compare and contrast it both with traditional patriotism and with nationalism in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries.

Question 54

Which of the following is not a true statement about the 1848 revolutions?

A) The revolutions followed a similar pattern as they spread through Europe.
B) Their ideological origins lay largely in late-eighteenth-century revolutions.
C) The revolutions, on the whole, were successful.
D) The revolutions came after a major population increase and the start of the industrial transformation.
E) Revolutions involved workers, artisans, and even members of the middle classes.

Question 55

Define the following terms: Frankfurt Assembly

Question 56

Territorial agreements at the Congress included all of the following except

A) enlargement of Prussia.
B) granting Russia part of Poland.
C) transferring parts of the Belgian and French coasts to British control.
D) joining the Netherlands (Holland) and Belgium.
E) stripping Britain of naval out posts and colonies.

Question 57

The Concert of Europe

A) was indicative of France's international rehabilitation.
B) successfully resolved international crises.
C) revealed an awareness of a common European destiny.
D) eventually included France as one of the five Great Powers
E) All of these

Question 58

Trace the process by which France, having lost an emperor and received a constitutional monarchy in return, ended up with another Emperor Napoleon. Cite events leading to the revolutions of 1830 and 1848, and account for the great popularity and election victory of Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte.

Question 59

All of the following were features of romanticism except

A) a reaction against Enlightenment rationalism.
B) an emphasis on emotion and sentiment.
C) it lionized Napoleon for his military defeats and ability to overthrow kings and states.
D) an interest in the Middle Ages, rustic life, and exotic places.
E) an objective analysis of natural phenomena.

Question 60

Discuss the Greek revolt. Do you think it posed a dilemma for the Great Powers committed to the Congress of Vienna settlement? Why or why not?

Question 61

As an extreme conservationist, the ultra royalist Count Joseph de Maiste did not propose which of the following?

A) The separation of church and state
B) Monarchies ruled by divine law
C) Only the church and the state could prevent humans falling into evil ways
D) The sterner the government the safer was society
E) The death penalty should be used to keep people loyal to throne and altar

Question 62

The French socialist Louis Blanc believed

A) that workers should win control over the state through the ballot box.
B) that the state should establish worker-controlled social workshops.
C) in the principle, "Let each produce according to his aptitudes and strengths; let each consume according to his need."
D) that universal suffrage would allow the common man to seize control of the state.
E) All of these

Question 63

A feature of modern nationalism is the belief that

A) people acquire their identity from their nation.
B) a nation is merely a political construct, with no particular spirit.
C) the identity of a people is always mainly cultural and ethnic.
D) local and regional loyalties are more important than devotion to the nation.
E) religion is not an important factor.

Question 64

Which of the following did not support conservatisms?

A) Supporters of relaxed gender rules
B) Individuals or groups who believed in the organic unity of a society
C) Those that rebelled against rationalism and enlightened ideas
D) Those that had a strong sense of the past
E) Those that valued the priority of family stability

Question 65

Utopian socialism

A) originated with Karl Marx.
B) advocated the violent overthrow of the government.
C) was responsible for the great success of Robert Owen's commune.
D) held that society should be based on cooperation rather than competitive individualism.
E) imagined an ideal world.

Question 66

The goals of Chartism included all of the following except

A) universal male suffrage.
B) job security for both skilled and unskilled workers.
C) electoral districts with equal populations.
D) salaries and abolition of the property qualification for members of Parliament.
E) the "people's charter," which called for the abdication of the king.

Question 67

The Latin American independence movements

A) were mostly failures.
B) were repressed by Portugal and Spain.
C) established monarchies in all the new states.
D) were back and militarily supported by the United States.
E) set up republics in most of Latin America.

Question 68

The Great Reform Bill of 1832 resulted in

A) a full-blown British democracy.
B) increased royal control.
C) more votes for the upper middle class than for the lower classes.
D) a system closely resembling a welfare state.
E) the ability of the English government to repress social grievances.

Question 69

After the revolution of 1830, the July Monarchy

A) established liberal institutions but blocked all further significant reforms.
B) reimposed the 1815 settlement accepted by Louis XVIII.
C) survived until it was overthrown by Louis Napoleon.
D) established the Second French Republic.
E) lifted all restrictions on artistic production.

Question 70

Which of the following statements is correct in reference to the Corn Laws?

A) The repeal of the Corn Laws demonstrated the extent to which organized groups could bring change.
B) The government used troops to put down public demonstrations.
C) The actions of parliament caused massive hunger and famine.
D) The Anti-Corn League's goals were higher tariffs.
E) Manufacturers wanted higher prices for imports to avoid having to pay more taxes.

Question 71

The social class most attracted to liberalism was the

A) guild.
B) industrial working class.
C) nobility.
D) peasantry.
E) bourgeoisie.

Question 72

The first rupture of the European political order established by the Congress of Vienna was

A) the resignation of Metternich in 1848.
B) a revolt by the Hungarians in 1848.
C) the revolution in France in 1830.
D) a military mutiny and provincial uprising in Spain in 1820.
E) the result of the abdication of Charles X of Great Britain.

Question 73

Economic liberalism as espoused by Adam Smith did not include

A) economies, free from the fetters of the state.
B) economic self interest and the general good were compatible.
C) entrepreneurs who sold at high prices sold less, but made more profit.
D) supported governments need to prevent monopolies.
E) the government and not the market should provide for education, road systems, and a system of justice.

Question 74

Karl Marx agreed with Hegel that

A) a world spirit operates in history.
B) history is a dialectical process with a goal.
C) history is a gradual unfolding of eternal ideas.
D) all of history is class struggle.
E) communism and socialism theories were the same and should combine their groups.

Question 75

Discontent in England between 1815 and 1848

A) caused a major revolution.
B) centered on economic problems and the composition of Parliament.
C) resulted in the abdication of the king.
D) led to the dissolution of Parliament.
E) was the result of labor organizations demanding better working and living conditions.

Question 76

Which of the following would not be considered a Romantic of the period between 1814 and 1848?

A) Count Joseph de Maistre
B) Sir Walter Scott
C) Theodore Gericault
D) Victore Hugo
E) Franz Schubert

Question 77

Liberals who opposed the ideas of Mills believed in all of the following except

A) democracy was a vulgarized despotism.
B) the uneducated masses were a danger to the nation.
C) property requirement should be part of voting requirements.
D) suffrage should be extended to the lower classes.
E) despots to garner power might use the lower classes to attack the privileges of the wealthy.

Question 78

In the mid-nineteenth century, communism

A) was equivalent to socialism.
B) differed from socialism as to the means by which a just society would be achieved.
C) was a major and immediate threat to capitalism.
D) based itself on early Christianity as described in the Acts of the Apostles.
E) was labeled as a religious movement to gain supporters.

Question 79

The ultimate result of the class struggle, according to Marx, would be

A) victory for the capitalists.
B) total control of society by the state.
C) the socialist revolution.
D) the withering away of the state.
E) the beginning of a new human history.

Question 80

After the final defeat of Napoleon, revolutions

A) would not return to Europe until the twentieth century.
B) no longer plagued France but broke out periodically throughout the rest of the Continent.
C) swept through Europe in at least two waves: one in 1830, another in 1848.
D) lost their liberal and nationalist character.
E) would completely destroy the thrones of Russia and the Ottoman Empire.