Deck 25: War and Revolution, 1914-1919

Question 1

Define the following terms: East Prussia

Answer 1

Answer not provided.

Question 2

Define the following terms: "mobilization of enthusiasm"

Answer 2

Answer not provided.

Question 3

Define the following terms: Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

Answer 3

Answer not provided.

Question 4

Define the following terms: "the Great War"

Question 5

Define the following terms: Woodrow Wilson's "Fourteen Points"

Question 6

Define the following terms: Kriegsrohstoffabteilung (KRA)

Question 7

Define the following terms: Philippe Pétain

Question 8

Define the following terms: total war

Question 9

Define the following terms: Rasputin

Question 10

Define the following terms: Big Bertha

Question 11

Define the following terms: Lusitania

Question 12

Define the following terms: provisional government

Question 13

Define the following terms: Sacred Union

Question 14

Define the following terms: British blockade

Question 15

Define the following terms: Schlieffen Plan

Question 16

Define the following terms: Vladimir Lenin

Question 17

Define the following terms: Treaty of London

Question 18

Define the following terms: Verdun

Question 19

Define the following terms: Easter Rebellion

Question 20

Define the following terms: Petrograd Soviet

Question 21

Define the following terms: The Economic Consequences of the War

Question 22

Describe the effects of the war on domestic affairs in the various countries. What were the consequences of the shortages and economic dislocation? What was the German response to the British naval blockade? What role did women play in the war effort?

Question 23

Define the following terms: Spanish flu

Question 24

Define the following terms: League of Nations

Question 25

Define the following terms: All Quiet on the Western Front

Question 26

Using all that you have learned about the history of the West, explain the reactions to the declarations of war in 1914. Why was war greeted with such enthusiasm?

Question 27

Define the following terms: "stab in the back" myth

Question 28

Define the following terms: Béla Kun

Question 29

Explain the events leading up to the end of the First World War. How was the long stalemate broken?

Question 30

Define the following terms: Treaty of Versailles

Question 31

Describe the alignment of states in the early days of World War I. Why did so many countries end up participating in the war? What were the expectations of both sides as to the length and results of the war? How did the stalemate on the western front alter the original mood of optimism?

Question 32

Define the following terms: George Clemenceau

Question 33

Explain the phenomenon of "total war" in the First World War.

Question 34

Discuss the year 1917 as a turning point in the war. Why did the United States declare war on Germany in that year? Summarize the events of the Russian Revolution and how they affected the war in 1917.

Question 35

Define the following terms: Balfour Declaration

Question 36

Define the following terms: Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia

Question 37

Define the following terms: the mandate system

Question 38

Analyze the various attitudes of participants in the war toward ending it. What was the argument of those who wanted a negotiated "white peace"? How did others justify continuing the war until total victory was achieved?

Question 39

Define the following terms: Second Battle of the Marne

Question 40

Define the following terms: Palestine

Question 41

In Ireland during the war

A) loyalty to Britain prevailed.
B) full independence was achieved for the whole island.
C) German occupation of the north caused unrest.
D) the Easter Rebellion was brutally suppressed by Britain.
E) support for the Central Powers grew with the hope that Germany would defeat the Entente.

Question 42

World War I was fundamentally

A) a naval war.
B) decided by air power.
C) a land war.
D) characterized by rapid troop movements.
E) based on the techniques of Blitzkrieg.

Question 43

What were the domestic consequences for Germany's defeat? Consider the political upheaval, the influence of the Bolshevik Revolution, and the unwillingness of the German people to admit defeat.

Question 44

Create an inventory of the costs and consequences of the First World War. To what extent is the Titanic analogy from the previous chapter relevant?

Question 45

Which of the following statements is not true?

A) The Great War eventually strained the whole fabric of life in Europe.
B) The entry of the Ottoman Empire and the colonial empires of the belligerents helped to make the war into a world war.
C) World War I made the world safe for democracy.
D) The Great War undermined European hegemony in the world.
E) Many thought a major war was impossible in rational and civilized Europe.

Question 46

Which of the following statements is not true?

A) The intervention of America into the war added an increased sense of brutality.
B) The geographic scope of the war was unprecedented.
C) The war actually gave birth to nationalism in the post-war years.
D) The war put an end to European hegemony.
E) Both the Entente and Alliance believed that war would be over in six months.

Question 47

What role did non-Western peoples play in the war? What hopes did they have for the postwar settlement, and what satisfaction did they receive?

Question 48

"This is not a peace. It is an armistice for twenty years." Describe the peace settlements and other consequences of the First World War in light of this assessment by Marshal Foch.

Question 49

The world of the trenches for the ordinary soldier did not include

A) having to climb over barb wire to get to the enemy lines.
B) being mowed down by machine guns.
C) bombardment by new and heavier forms of artillery.
D) effects of gas attacks.
E) disastrous air attacks.

Question 50

The "mobilization of enthusiasm" meant

A) unprecedented use of propaganda, portraying the enemy as so evil that only total victory could bring peace.
B) providing entertainment for troops to keep up their morale.
C) writing new patriotic songs.
D) picturing the war as a holy war, especially against the Muslims of the Ottoman Empire.
E) live uncensored news from the front.

Question 51

The appeal of war in 1914 included

A) an exciting escape from stifling middle-class life.
B) the prospect of a renewal of society.
C) the exhilarating sense of national unity and purpose.
D) relief, because a war was the only way to solve past issues.
E) All of these

Question 52

Total war meant

A) that all branches of the armed services were involved in the war.
B) that all citizens became soldiers.
C) unprecedented governmental mobilization of society.
D) wholehearted determination to win the war.
E) a sharp increase in diseases for civilians because of food scarcities.

Question 53

The First World War accelerated the socioeconomic changes associated with industrialization in the following way(s)

A) the expanding economic role of women fueled the suffrage debate.
B) the demands of war spurred technological advancements with peacetime applications.
C) overall industrial production increased because of military needs.
D) women played an essential role by replacing men in factories and businesses.
E) All of these

Question 54

Air attacks during World War One

A) were used primarily against submarines at sea.
B) were used primarily by the English.
C) were used to demoralize civilian populations.
D) did very little to damage factories.
E) were a major weapon in affecting the course of the war.

Question 55

Over the course of the First World War

A) the Central Powers achieved victory on the eastern front.
B) for nearly four years, the front stretching from Switzerland to the North Sea barely moved.
C) Italy changed sides.
D) England imposed a blockade of Germany.
E) All of these

Question 56

The outbreak of war in August 1914 was met with

A) pacifist revolts in most countries.
B) deep political divisions.
C) fear and bitterness.
D) enthusiasm, euphoria, and patriotism.
E) deep resentment from the socialists.

Question 57

Discuss the terms of the peace settlement for Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire. What new states in eastern Europe were recognized? What was Woodrow Wilson's main concern?

Question 58

In areas where the military momentum was lost, all of the following happened except

A) early and frequent mutinies.
B) armies dug extensive trench systems defended by barbed wire and machine guns.
C) each side mounted increasingly large and costly land attacks.
D) a war of attrition ensued.
E) trenches became filthy, foul vermin ridden networks for millions of soldiers.

Question 59

For ordinary Germans, the war and the naval blockade resulted in

A) little suffering, because of large stockpiles of supplies.
B) food shortages and increases in some diseases.
C) a surplus of food and supplies, captured from enemies.
D) support of the civilian population by Germany's more agrarian partner, Austria-Hungary.
E) an increased resolve of the German people to fight to victory.

Question 60

Referring to the chapter feature, "The Visual Record: Max Beckmann's The Night ," choose three moods, themes, individuals, actions, or anything in this painting that mirrors the war and post-war eras.

Question 61

All of the following were consequences of the war except

A) the creation of independent states by a number of nationalities.
B) ten to thirteen million military deaths.
C) an economic dislocation that would contribute to the Great Depression.
D) relatively lenient treatment of the losing side.
E) lack of food in the defeated nations after the war produced disease and malnutrition.

Question 62

The Balfour Declaration

A) specified the boundaries of the new state of Israel.
B) cautiously favored a "Jewish home" in Palestine, where 90 percent of the population was Arab.
C) assigned Syria and Lebanon to the French and Palestine and Mesopotamia (Iraq) to Britain.
D) planned a joint Arab-Jewish state.
E) was used by Britain to stop Arab nationalism, which threatened British interests in the area.

Question 63

All of the following are true of Lenin in 1917 except that he

A) was transported back to Russia with German help.
B) held that the time had come for a dictatorship of the proletariat.
C) had no problem persuading his party to seize power.
D) opposed continuing the war.
E) believed that the strains of war made the world ripe for a wider proletarian revolution.

Question 64

Which of the following did not contribute to the failure of the Russian military effort?

A) Tsar Nicholas II's well-meaning but incompetent leadership
B) Limited industrialization
C) The traditional passivity of the Russian peasantry
D) An incompetent and scandal-ridden government under Alexandra and influenced by Rasputin
E) The fall of Moscow to the Germans

Question 65

As negotiations for an armistice proceeded in October and November 1918

A) Austria-Hungary was no longer a military threat to the allies.
B) Wilhelm II abdicated and went into exile; Germany became a republic.
C) workers' and soldiers' councils appeared throughout Germany.
D) Prince Max von Baden became chancellor.
E) All of these

Question 66

Use the map (or maps) referenced in each question for your answer. What new states appear on Map 25.3 that have appeared on no previous maps? What other states had their boundaries altered and were given independence from the empires that formerly governed them? What is the demilitarized zone shown in Germany? What was the status of the territory taken from the Ottoman Empire?

Question 67

When the tsarist government collapsed in the face of demonstrations demanding bread and widespread mutinies

A) a provisional government assumed temporary authority, while the capital came to be governed by the Petrograd Soviet.
B) the Bolsheviks under Lenin immediately staged a coup and established Soviet Russia.
C) the provisional government immediately took Russia out of the war in order to address the social and economic problems that had helped bring down Nicholas II.
D) Nicholas II and his family retired to the Crimea.
E) the new government took Russia out of the war.

Question 68

Which of the following describes the German allies as the war drew to an end?

A) Bulgaria was able to hold off Allied attacks in the Balkans.
B) With the Russians out of the war, the Ottoman military could now be used by Germany on the Western Front.
C) The Austrian defeat of the Italians at Caporetto took Italy out of the war.
D) The Habsburg dynasty was disintegrating along nationality lines.
E) After Russia left the war, it pledged support for the Germans in return for territory after the war.

Question 69

The initially successful German offensive in 1918 was launched

A) in part, because Russia had left the war and the Americans had not yet arrived.
B) when moderates, who wanted a compromise peace, were overruled by the military leadership.
C) in part, because Germany would be out of reserves by the summer.
D) because the German military convinced Kaiser Wilhelm that Germany could still win the war.
E) All of these

Question 70

Use the map (or maps) referenced in each question for your answer. On Map 25.1, where are the Marne and the Somme? Where is Verdun, and what is its significance? What invasion route was taken by German forces following the Schlieffen Plan, and how did this influence the entry of Britain into the war? Where did American troops fight when they first arrived in France?

Question 71

The most likely origin of the "stab in the back" theory associated with World War I was

A) genuine suspicion among the German population, which had been kept in the dark about Germany's faltering condition.
B) the bitterness of the tsar's supporters after the February (March) Revolution.
C) a growing awareness among citizens of France and Britain that their governments did not have their best interests in mind when they went to war.
D) Italy's failure to aid the other members of the Triple Alliance.
E) based on the alarm and surprise that Germany had actually been invaded, although the public felt victory was near.

Question 72

With the Tsar Nicholas II at the front

A) Alexandra attempted to create an effective duma.
B) Rasputin emerged as the key political power behind Alexandra.
C) pro-German elements at the court attempted a coup.
D) the prince and heir to the Russian throne, Alexis, died.
E) a military coup successfully overthrew the throne and surrendered to Germany.

Question 73

Use the map (or maps) referenced in each question for your answer. On Map 25.1, locate the main battle sites mentioned in the chapter. What is meant by the eastern and western fronts? Where was the only significant sea battle fought? What countries remained neutral? What side did the Iberian states take?

Question 74

The cultural impact of the Great War

A) produced a feeling of resignation and cynicism.
B) resulted in an accelerated pride in military victory.
C) increased the belief that the sacrifices made in the war had been worthwhile.
D) left a feeling of accomplishment by the elimination of European monarchs.
E) increased the sense of Western civilization's superiority.

Question 75

The term white peace referred to

A) the peace signed in the Hall of Mirrors at Versailles.
B) the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
C) unconditional surrender of the Germans.
D) a negotiated peace without clear victory for either side.
E) attempts to build a sense of fear in the civilian population.

Question 76

The Treaty of Versailles stipulated that Germany

A) was responsible for the war and would have to pay reparations.
B) would have to cede considerable territory and would need to demilitarize the Rhineland.
C) was severely limited in the military forces it could maintain.
D) and its allies would be treated on a moral basis.
E) All of these

Question 77

Opposing the view of the Russian government and others that the war was not worth continuing, Woodrow Wilson insisted that

A) the Bolsheviks must be overthrown.
B) allied victory was important for the emergence of a new, ideal international order.
C) the war should be continued only by Europeans, and the Americans should go home.
D) fourteen points should guide the new world order after an Allied victory.
E) Russia should re-enter the war.

Question 78

Lenin's aim in the October (November) Revolution was

A) limited to a seizure of power in the Russian cities; the peasants, he believed, were not ready for a revolution.
B) to create a bourgeois government as a necessary stage toward the socialist revolution.
C) to spark a worldwide revolution that would destroy capitalism.
D) to "build socialism in one country."
E) to restore the monarchy as a constitutional government with a strong Bolshevik duma.

Question 79

In January 1919, Prince Faisal ibn-Husayn argued for all of the following except that

A) Arab independence was mandated by Western principles.
B) some Arab regions would require substantial Western assistance but not a complete loss of sovereignty.
C) Arab civilization was superior and all Muslims should be united in a resurrected caliphate.
D) Jews are very close to Arabs in blood.
E) Arabs cannot be held responsible for the clashes between religions and races in Palestine.

Question 80

All of the following are true about the League of Nations except that

A) the League was established by the Treaty of Versailles.
B) its main purpose was to resolve international disputes without war.
C) the League was effective because of the strong leadership of the United States.
D) it created a system of mandates that recognized the gradual retreat from colonialism.
E) it failed to prevent the escalating violence that culminated in World War II.