Deck 40: Latin America From Independence to Dependent States

Question 1

The main goal of the criollos who participated in Latin America's independence movements during the 1800s was

A) to seize some power from the Catholic church.
B) to replace the peninsulares who had always held the highest governmental positions.
C) to improve the lives of the poor.
D) to introduce Enlightenment ideas into their countries.
E) to make major changes in society in order to provide greater equality.

Answer 1

to replace the peninsulares who had always held the highest governmental positions.

Question 2

Discuss the rationale behind the Latin American wars for independence. Assess the immediate results.

Answer 2

Answer not provided.

Question 3

Manuel Rosas' most ironic legacy was

A) unification of Argentineans against him.
B) peace out of chaos.
C) persecution by his secret police.
D) the end of despotism.
E) the disapproval of international leaders.

Answer 3

unification of Argentineans against him.

Question 4

In 19^th century Latin America, land was

A) the source of wealth for the majority of the population.
B) profitable even when used for mainly subsistence farming.
C) held in trust for the criollos.
D) the means of making a living for most people.
E) distributed according to land grants passed down from the era of the conquistadores.

Question 5

Criollos summoned the town councils after Napoleon defeated Spain and Portugal in order to

A) raise an army to fight attempts by Napoleon to take their land.
B) assemble as many companies as possible to go and fight along with Spain.
C) decide their course of action should Europeans try to change the status quo.
D) plan diplomatic overtures to the Americans in the absence of their king.
E) name a new leader, since their king was in France.

Question 6

The usual scenario in 19^th century Latin America was for a caudillo, or military strongman, to

A) initiate widespread economic reforms.
B) enlarge the voting population.
C) curtail the Catholic Church's powers.
D) make deals with the landlords and criollos, who usually ran the government.
E) assume supreme power.

Question 7

The conservatives in the new Latin American states most strongly desired

A) land redistribution.
B) political equality.
C) social reform.
D) protection of property.
E) international trade rights.

Question 8

In most Central American states, pure-blooded Indians

A) participated fully in cultural life but not in politics.
B) refused to participate in political life.
C) had no experience or interest in national politics.
D) began to show an interest in national politics almost immediately.
E) shared their cultural heritage with the colonizing Europeans.

Question 9

Describe and discuss the influence that the Catholic Church has exerted on Latin American culture.

Question 10

Mexico's leader known for his work in trying to liberalize his country during the 19^th century was

A) Pedro Cabrero.
B) Benito Juárez.
C) Domingo Sarmiento.
D) Miguel Hidalgo.
E) Juan Rosas.

Question 11

Except for the slave revolt in French Haiti, all of the 19^th century Latin American revolutions were led by

A) the criollos.
B) the castas.
C) the landowners.
D) the peons.
E) priests.

Question 12

Explain "caudillo" politics in 19^th century Latin America, and evaluate the prevalence and rate of success of this system.

Question 13

What steps were taken to reform the colonial system during the reign of Carlos III? How effectively were these implemented?

Question 14

Independence movements throughout the Latin American colonies were set in motion by

A) Spain's war of succession with France.
B) the French Revolution.
C) the ouster of the criollos from their seats of power.
D) the American Revolution.
E) Napoleon's invasion of Spain and Portugal.

Question 15

Analyze reasons for and methods used in European exploration and settlement of Latin America.

Question 16

Latin American politics in the 19^th century revolved around power struggles between

A) liberals and socialists.
B) Catholics and socialists.
C) liberals and conservatives.
D) peasants and nobles.
E) nobles and socialists.

Question 17

Juan Manuel Rosas came to power in Argentina

A) as a result of a national coup.
B) as a true federalist.
C) after a series of destructive civil wars.
D) with the support of the intellectuals.
E) and proved to be a good leader.

Question 18

The liberation of Mexico was begun by

A) Simón Bolívar.
B) Dom Pedro.
C) Father Miguel Hidalgo.
D) Bernardo O'Higgins.
E) José de San Martín.

Question 19

The beloved liberator of South America was

A) Father Miguel Hidalgo.
B) José San Martín.
C) Simón Bolívar.
D) Manuel Rosas.
E) Agustín Morelos.

Question 20

The Spanish crown treated its Latin American colonies as

A) sources of wealth for the Mother Country.
B) areas for resettlement and recreation.
C) regions where Enlightenment ideas could be advanced.
D) backward, because the people refused to convert to Christianity.
E) areas to send convicts to relieve conditions in overcrowded prisons.

Question 21

With the exception of ____________________, the newly-independent Latin American countries opted to become republics.

Question 22

Mestizo culture results from

A) social stratification.
B) conversion to Christianity.
C) intermarriage.
D) maintenance of class distinctions.
E) class warfare.

Question 23

Most of the social welfare initiatives in Latin America were handled by the

A) criollos.
B) audencia.
C) Catholic church.
D) liberals.
E) caudillos.

Question 24

Spain's hope of recovering its colonies with help from other European powers was squelched in 1823 by the ____________________ ____________________.

Question 25

Juan Manuel Rosas, dictator of Argentina until 1852, was deposed by

A) disaffected gauchos.
B) exiled intellectuals.
C) concerned priests.
D) disaffected gauchos, along with exiled intellectuals.
E) exiled intellectuals, along with concerned priests.

Question 26

With a growing economy based on the export of their livestock, food products, and minerals, the once-idle criollos in Mexico, Argentina, and a few other countries, in the late 1800s became

A) concerned about government restrictions on their finances.
B) concerned that dictators within their countries would seize control of their property in the name of the state.
C) fearful that the United States would place unfair trade restrictions on their goods
D) involved in every aspect of politics in order to protect their interests.
E) wealthy enough to emulate American and British society.

Question 27

Brazil was the last country in the Western hemisphere to

A) end dictatorships as a form of government.
B) abolish slavery.
C) install a democratically elected president.
D) establish public schools.
E) implement trade agreements with European countries.

Question 28

Even before becoming president of Mexico, Benito Juárez angered his country's conservatives by

A) working to help the aristocrats retain power.
B) being the person most responsible for the liberal Constitution of 1857.
C) challenging the Catholic church to interfere less in Mexican politics.
D) revealing that he was a full-blood Zapotec Indian.
E) pushing for the enfranchisement of all of Mexico's Indian population.

Question 29

Debt labor in Latin America has been termed ____________________.

Question 30

The most important decision during the early years of the Latin American revolutions was whether, after independence, the new countries would be

A) dictatorships or aristocracies.
B) republics or dictatorships.
C) republics or monarchies.
D) monarchies or aristocracies.
E) aristocracies or republics.

Question 31

The original cash crops of Latin America were

A) sugar and rice.
B) coffee and bananas.
C) coffee and sugar.
D) sugar and cotton.
E) sugar and bananas.

Question 32

Which of the following does not describe the conditions under which the Latin Americans gained independence?

A) In the wake of the Napoleonic invasion of Spain
B) As a result of the Spanish king's intolerable tyranny
C) As a counter to a feared movement toward racial democracy
D) Inspired by the successful North American and French revolutions
E) The criollos' resentment at being always subordinated to the peninsulares

Question 33

The newly independent Latin American countries differed from their young neighbor, the United States, by lacking all of the following except

A) a middle class with a strong work ethic.
B) experience in self government.
C) a population that shared many of the same traits.
D) economic stability.
E) a large labor pool.

Question 34

Encouraging immigration in order to improve the racial makeup of the country; fashioning their society after that of the Americans and the British; and achieving the highest literacy rates in the Western Hemisphere: These were characteristics of which Latin American country?

A) Brazil
B) Argentina
C) Chile
D) Mexico
E) Panama

Question 35

In a Latin American context, conservatives were mainly ____________________ or connected with the ____________________ ____________________.

Question 36

Brazil avoided a violent transition from colony to nation because

A) the plantation slaves, although numerous, were prevented from fighting.
B) the colonial Brazilians had plenty of experience with self-governance.
C) Brazil, by choice, operated as a constitutional monarchy for much of the 19^th century.
D) the Brazilian criollos were more interested in fiestas than in politics.
E) the British intervened and stopped the budding revolution.

Question 37

Which of the following statements is least descriptive of Latin American and Caribbean culture?

A) The ideas and values were, for the most part, Roman Catholic, patriarchal, and either Spanish or Portuguese.
B) Until the 1920s, Latin America had no feminist writers.
C) The African origin of the black populations is much more in evidence in the Caribbean islands than on the mainland.
D) The Caribbean culture is so different from the Iberian culture that predominates on the mainland that the Caribbean is not really considered to be a part of Latin America.
E) The Catholic Church, has been the region's official church from the beginning of European colonization.

Question 38

Early feminist writers in Latin America, unknown by the outside world until fairly recently, were in their own lifetimes

A) recognized as well-respected journalists and teachers.
B) scorned and shunned by the dominant male society.
C) famous for writing about the unfairness of the region's patriarchal society.
D) honored for their work in improving working conditions for women and children in the labor force.
E) devoted wives and mothers who believed that all women should have equality with men.

Question 39

Dependence on one crop in agriculture is termed ____________________.

Question 40

Caudillo is the Latin American term for

A) a retired general who has been honored in civil life.
B) an appointed governor of a province.
C) a usurping strongman.
D) a priest who has entered politics.
E) a person of mixed blood who rises to prominence.

Question 41

Peonage was a form of ____________________ ____________________ that was used to gain repayment of real or alleged debts.

Question 42

The dictator ____________________ ____________________ succeeded Benito Juárez as president of Mexico.

Question 43

The ____________________ invasion of ____________________ set in motion independence movements throughout the Latin American colonies.

Question 44

During the second half of the 19^th century, the ____________________ ____________________ were replaced by ____________________ leaders, such as Benito Juárez in Mexico.

Question 45

Latifundios were large ____________________ ____________________ where the landowners appeared like "____________________ ____________________."