Deck 9: The Quest for Peace Through International Law and Collective Security

Question 1

Liberal and constructivist theorists often look to the rules, norms, and institutions in the international system as an explanation for war and peace.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

When President George W. Bush entered office in 2001, he strengthened the 1972 Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty by agreeing to reduce the number of U.S. nuclear warheads even further than the treaty required.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Liberal theorists believe that coercive diplomacy tactics often end up escalating violence in war, and states should instead attempt diplomatic negotiations to solve conflicts.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

The Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) is an example of a regional collective defense organization.

Question 5

In recent years there have been approximately 90 civilian deaths for every 10 military deaths, an exact reversal of the ratio from World War I.

Question 6

The idea that international law should sometimes be used to protect individuals from the state is a realist idea.

Question 7

Collective security relies on participation from all members of the state system.

Question 8

Just war doctrine refers to the moral criteria identifying when a war may be undertaken and how it should be fought once it begins.

Question 9

The UN was designed to manage wars between states, it was not organized or legally authorized to intervene in civil wars.

Question 10

Peacemaking is the process of diplomacy, mediation, negotiation, or other forms of peaceful settlement.

Question 11

The League of Nations never became an effective collective security organization largely because the United States refused to join.

Question 12

Prisoner's Dilemma is a metaphor intended to illustrate the difficulty of cooperation among nations regarding military armaments.

Question 13

The antiwar feminist tradition shares the constructivist view that weapons of mass destruction cannot secure global security.

Question 14

Disarmament and arms control mean essentially the same thing in that both refer to reduction in armaments.

Question 15

Liberals believe that transparency and communication can ensure trust and compliance with nonproliferation and disarmament treaties.

Question 16

Liberal theory holds that increased war preparations increase the likelihood of war.

Question 17

NATO's noninvolvement with civil unrest in Bosnia-Herzegovina showed the organization it must not interfere with regional and civil conflicts.

Question 18

The security dilemma refers to the difficulty in achieving peace in a nuclear age.

Question 19

The United Nations often acts as a buffer, attempting to intervene in civil or interstate wars and prevent hostilities from escalating.

Question 20

U.S. President Woodrow Wilson was strongly in favor of balance-of-power politics as a way to ensure peace.

Question 21

The realist argument that said peace was a by-product of a stable balance of power was replaced with

A) an arms race.
B) collective security.
C) the long peace.
D) alliance politics.

Question 22

The theory that stresses states' customs and habitual ways of behaving as the most important source of law is called _________.

A) positivist legal theory
B) ubi societas , ibi jus
C) structural violence
D) soft power

Question 23

Weaknesses of the International Court of Justice include

A) that it can rule in cases that states do not bring to it.
B) that it can make rulings only on disputes freely submitted by states exercising their sovereign rights.
C) that it does not protect state sovereignty.
D) All of these are true.

Question 24

Diplomatic actions taken in advance of a predictable crisis to prevent or limit violence is called __________.

A) preventive diplomacy
B) collective security
C) conciliation
D) peacekeeping

Question 25

Which of the following best describes the difference between the realist and liberal views on the prospects of conflict and peace?

A) Realists view international relations with a moral lens; liberals view international relations as amoral.
B) Realists focus on the pursuit of self-interest; liberals focus on the possibilities for cooperation.
C) Realists see norms and values as guiding principles in world politics; liberals see institutional rules as the primary force.
D) Realists make normative judgments about the outcomes of war; liberals view war as inevitable.

Question 26

The International Criminal Court (ICC) was established to prosecute

A) states that violate international law.
B) individuals accused of interstate crimes, like money laundering.
C) NGOs that violate international law.
D) individuals charged with war crimes.

Question 27

Which is NOT considered one of the most important arms control treaties between superpowers?

A) SALT
B) START
C) NATO
D) SORT

Question 28

Agreements to reduce or destroy weapons or other means of attack is known as _____.

A) arms control
B) collective security
C) disarmament
D) peacekeeping

Question 29

Since 1948, the United Nations has been involved in ________ peacekeeping operations.

A) 48
B) 5
C) 67
D) 17

Question 30

Which of the following is true of NATO?

A) Article 5 was invoked after 9/11 for the first time.
B) Many European nations have been reluctant participants in Afghanistan, restricting the extent to which their forces can participate in military operations.
C) Its mission is expanding to include the encouragement of the spread of democracy.
D) All of these are true.

Question 31

Which type of agreement between countries is easiest to negotiate and enforce, and why?

A) Bilateral, because it occurs between only two participants.
B) Multilateral, because it occurs between only two participants.
C) Bilateral, because it involves three or more participants.
D) Multilateral, because it involves three or more participants.

Question 32

Advocates of collective security as a road to peace believe that

A) there should be multiple security alliances in the global system
B) all threats to peace must be a common concern for everyone
C) public condemnation and economic boycotts will be unsuccessful in deterring violations
D) All of these are true.

Question 33

Which of the following statements is most consistent with constructivist theory?

A) International law and collective security regimes mirror changes in the popular views on the way states should interact with one another.
B) Material underpinnings are the most important elements in understanding conflict and peace.
C) No international organization can or should be able to interfere with the decision-making processes within a sovereign state.
D) The most important thing is for everyone in the world to be happy.

Question 34

Collective security differs from balance-of-power theory because it

A) depends on a system of flexible alliances and counter-alliances.
B) creates an international organization to organize military responses to aggression.
C) abolishes state sovereignty.
D) relies on ad hoc security agreements.

Question 35

The process of diplomacy, mediation, negotiation, or other forms of peaceful settlement that arranges an end to a dispute and resolves the issues that led to conflict is known as _____.

A) peacemaking
B) peace enforcement
C) arms control
D) preventive diplomacy

Question 36

The difference between arms control and disarmament is that

A) arms control pertains to nuclear weapons, whereas disarmament pertains to conventional weapons.
B) arms control is designed to regulate arms levels, whereas disarmament seeks to reduce weapons drastically or eliminate them.
C) arms control has been used in the twentieth century, whereas disarmament was used in the nineteenth century.
D) arms control concerns the weapons of the great powers; disarmament concerns those of small and medium powers.

Question 37

Which of the following is a limitation of international law?

A) International law is universal.
B) Under international law, legality and legitimacy always go hand in hand.
C) International law is rarely used by the powerful to suppress the weak.
D) International law's ambiguity reduces law to a policy tool for propaganda purposes.

Question 38

Which two countries broke the NPT's barriers to nonproliferation to become nuclear states in 1998?

A) Iran and North Korea
B) India and Pakistan
C) Brazil and Libya
D) Saudi Arabia and Egypt

Question 39

A major criticism of antipersonnel landmines is

A) they do not discriminate between civilians and soldiers in their destructive powers.
B) they are located in only a very few countries, which limits access to them.
C) in 1994, every state banned them.
D) removal of them is too easy.

Question 40

Nuclear arsenals in the United States and Russia have declined by approximately __________ from Cold War highs.

A) 10 percent
B) 25 percent
C) 50 percent
D) 90 percent

Question 41

What is the "responsibility to protect" norm in world politics?

A) The idea that military only exists to protect the sovereign capacity of a state
B) The idea that war is only acceptable in response to an unprovoked attack on a state's own territory
C) The idea that states can protect their own borders and citizens through preemptive action
D) The idea that states must sometimes intervene when other states are failing to shield their citizens from mass atrocities

Question 42

What are the conditions that must be met in order for a war to be considered "just"?Based on these criteria, was the 2003 war that the United States waged against Iraq just? How does terrorism affect attempting to wage jus ad bellum ? How about jus in bello ?

Question 43

Your textbook mentions that diplomats can only be successful if they have the support and backing of the governments they represent.
(a) How could disagreement and dispute at the domestic level affect a diplomat's ability to negotiate?
(b) How might these constraints affect diplomats from democratic governments differently than those from autocracies?

Question 44

Public international law includes

A) relations between governments.
B) relations between governments and intergovernmental organizations.
C) transnational activities, like commerce.
D) Both statements A and B are true.

Question 45

Define arms race , arms control , and disarmament .  Each can be said to contribute to stability in the international system.  Which of the major theories of international relations (realism, liberalism, or constructivism) applies best to each? Why?  Which do you think would be most successful in ensuring a world without war and conflict?  Explain your answer.

Question 46

The legal criteria by which a leader may wage a war is known as _____.

A) ubi societas, ibi jus
B) jus cogens
C) jus ad bellum
D) jus in bello

Question 47

Just war doctrine is further complicated by

A) chemical weapons.
B) biological weapons.
C) the innovations of the revolution in military technology.
D) All of these are true.

Question 48

Describe the Prisoner's Dilemma and discuss how it relates to arms control. Do you see any practical methods for escaping this dilemma with regard to arms control agreements? How might nonstate organizations such as the United Nations change the nature of the game? How might the prisoner's decision be altered if he or she abides by realist theory? By liberal theory? By constructivist theory?

Question 49

An example of a diplomatic method used in world politics to reduce the threat of war is _____.

A) mediation
B) adjudication
C) arbitration
D) All of these are true.

Question 50

Compare the rules of statecraft of the League of Nations to that of the United Nations. Why did the League of Nations fail? What did the United Nations do differently compared to the disappointing League of Nations? What superpowers helped design a far different United Nations than the League of Nations?