Deck 16: Earth and Moon: Bases for Comparative Planetology

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Question
Which of the following is NOT one of the four stages in the development of a terrestrial planet?

A) flooding
B) cratering
C) slow surface evolution
D) fusion of hydrogen to helium
E) differentiation
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Question
Slow surface evolution on the Moon is limited to

A) low-density masses of rock rising from the interior.
B) low level meteorite impacts.
C) moonquakes disturbing the surface features.
D) motion along a network of small faults.
E) All of the other choices are correct.
Question
In the development of a terrestrial planet, the stage of ___________ when dense material settled to the core and less dense to the outer parts.

A) differentiation
B) cratering
C) glaciation
D) accretion
E) flooding
Question
Which of these gases is most responsible for the greenhouse effect on Earth?

A) oxygen (O2)
B) nitrogen (N2)
C) carbon dioxide (CO2)
D) ozone (O3)
E) ammonia (NH3)
Question
The Himalayan Mountains are rugged, jagged peaks and the Appalachians are smooth and rolling. Why is there a difference?

A) The Himalayas are much older and the rocks have begun breaking off.
B) The Himalayas are volcanic mountains and the Appalachians are not.
C) The Appalachians are much older and have been smoothed by erosion.
D) The Appalachians are younger and just started to be thrust upward by plate tectonics.
E) a and d
Question
Motion of the plates of Earth's crust is thought to be due to

A) the solar wind.
B) convection from the hot interior.
C) tides in the oceans.
D) friction between wind and the land surface.
E) Earth's magnetic field.
Question
Slow surface evolution is caused by

A) wind erosion.
B) plate tectonics.
C) differentiation.
D) wind erosion, plate tectonics, and differentiation.
E) wind erosion and plate tectonics.
Question
In the development of a terrestrial planet, the stage of ___________ occurred when molten rock flowed through fissures and filled deep basins.

A) differentiation
B) cratering
C) glaciation
D) accretion
E) flooding
Question
Earth's core is mostly ___________ as indicated by the absence of S waves.

A) solid
B) liquid
C) gas
D) solid and gas
E) solid, liquid, and gas
Question
Earth possesses few visible craters and the Moon possesses many. This is because

A) Earth formed later than the Moon and, therefore hasn't encountered as many meteoroids.
B) the Moon doesn't have an atmosphere that could burn up many of the meteorites before impacting.
C) erosion and plate tectonics have slowly removed evidence of past cratering on Earth.
D) Earth formed later than the Moon and, therefore hasn't encountered as many meteoroids; the Moon doesn't have an atmosphere that could burn up many of the meteorites before impacting; and erosion and plate tectonics have slowly removed evidence of past cratering on Earth.
E) the Moon doesn't have an atmosphere that could burn up many of the meteorites before impacting and erosion and plate tectonics have slowly removed evidence of past cratering on Earth.
Question
Which of the following is not produced by plate tectonics?

A) mid-ocean rifts
B) rift valleys
C) the ring of fire
D) the Appalachian Mountains
E) Earth's magnetic field
Question
The lunar maria are

A) the lava plains of the lunar lowlands.
B) the smooth plateaus of the lunar highlands.
C) less than one billion years old.
D) moving plates of lunar crust.
E) older than the lunar highlands.
Question
That Earth ___________, evidence that Earth differentiated.

A) rotates slowly
B) has an average density that is higher than the density of the crust
C) has a no magnetic field
D) has a surface that is 75% water
E) all of these
Question
The oxygen in Earth's atmosphere

A) was manufactured inside stars.
B) was added to the atmosphere by plant life.
C) has grown more abundant since the origin of Earth.
D) was manufactured inside stars, was added to the atmosphere by plant life, and has grown more abundant since the origin of Earth.
E) None of the other choices are correct.
Question
Earth's magnetic field is generated by the dynamo effect in the

A) molten metallic core.
B) solid central core.
C) plastic mantle.
D) crust.
E) aurora.
Question
In contrast to the outer solid mantle, parts of the central regions of Earth's interior are thought to be fluid because

A) P seismic waves cannot make it through those regions.
B) S seismic waves cannot make it through those regions.
C) neither P nor S seismic waves can make it through those regions.
D) both P and S seismic waves easily make it through those regions.
Question
Why would a decrease in the density of the ozone layer create a public health concern?

A) The greenhouse effect would not be as efficient and the temperature of Earth would decrease.
B) The greenhouse effect would be more efficient and the temperature of Earth would increase.
C) Plant life would no longer have the ozone it needs for photosynthesis to create chlorophyll.
D) Ultraviolet radiation from the Sun would bombard Earth.
E) none of the above
Question
The greenhouse effect occurs on Earth because carbon dioxide is

A) transparent to visible light and opaque to infrared radiation.
B) opaque to visible light and transparent to infrared radiation.
C) totally opaque to both visible light and infrared radiation.
D) totally opaque to both visible light and infrared radiation.
Question
The ozone layer is

A) transparent to ultraviolet radiation.
B) opaque to ultraviolet radiation.
C) opaque to visible light.
D) opaque to infrared radiation.
E) responsible for producing most of the oxygen that animal life needs.
Question
The youngest parts of Earth's crust are

A) the bottom layer found in the walls of the Grand Canyon.
B) the continents.
C) the continental margins.
D) the Appalachian Mountains.
E) the mid-ocean rifts.
Question
In the giant impact theory of the Moon's origin,

A) the Moon broke from a rapidly spinning Earth.
B) Earth and its Moon formed from the same cloud of matter.
C) the Moon formed elsewhere in the solar nebula and was later captured by Earth.
D) the Moon formed when a very massive planetesimal smashed into the young Earth.
Question
The presence of vesicular basalts among the lunar rock samples shows that

A) the lunar surface was fragmented by meteorite impacts.
B) volcanism did not occur on the Moon.
C) the crust must have been made of anorthosite.
D) molten lava once flowed over the lunar surface.
E) the Moon was once hit by a very large meteorite.
Question
That the Moon has no magnetic field implies that

A) the Moon is spinning too slowly to produce a magnetic field.
B) the interior of the Moon is too hot to produce a magnetic field.
C) the crust of the Moon is so thick that the magnetic field cannot get out of the interior.
D) the Moon's core contains little if any molten iron.
E) the Moon is moving further from Earth.
Question
Evidence for the drifting of continents or plate tectonics on Earth is

A) the manner in which the outlines of continents fit together much like puzzle pieces.
B) the similarity of rocks found occurring along certain continental coastal areas.
C) the long, continuous ridges found in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean.
D) all of the other choices.
Question
The magnetic field of Earth is thought to be generated by motions in its

A) atmosphere.
B) liquid water oceans.
C) solid surface.
D) molten iron interior.
Question
The presence of breccias among the lunar rock samples shows that

A) volcanism did not occur on the Moon.
B) molten lava once flowed over the lunar surface.
C) the crust must have been made of anorthosite.
D) water once existed on the Moon in the form of small lakes and streams.
E) the lunar surface was fragmented by meteorite impacts.
Question
Which hypothesis concerning the formation of the Moon makes predictions that best fit the observed lunar data?

A) the large impact hypothesis
B) the fission hypothesis
C) the capture hypothesis
D) the condensation hypothesis
E) the regolith hypothesis
Question
<strong>  The four stages of planetary development are shown above. Which is the first one?</strong> A) differentiation B) cratering C) flooding D) slow surface evolution <div style=padding-top: 35px>
The four stages of planetary development are shown above. Which is the first one?

A) differentiation
B) cratering
C) flooding
D) slow surface evolution
Question
<strong>  The four stages of planetary development are shown above. Which is the last one?</strong> A) differentiation B) cratering C) flooding D) slow surface evolution <div style=padding-top: 35px>
The four stages of planetary development are shown above. Which is the last one?

A) differentiation
B) cratering
C) flooding
D) slow surface evolution
Question
In the fission theory of the Moon's origin,

A) the Moon broke from a rapidly spinning Earth.
B) Earth and its Moon formed from the same cloud of matter.
C) the Moon formed elsewhere in the solar nebula and was later captured by Earth.
D) the Moon formed when a very massive planetesimal smashed into the young Earth.
Question
<strong>  When plates spread apart and magma rises, what forms in the above labeled map of Earth?</strong> A) mountains B) seas C) mid-ocean rises D) subduction zones <div style=padding-top: 35px>
When plates spread apart and magma rises, what forms in the above labeled map of Earth?

A) mountains
B) seas
C) mid-ocean rises
D) subduction zones
Question
The Earth is about ___________ years old by ___________.

A) 4 billion years old: radioactive dating
B) 4 million; measuring Earth's orbital period around the Sun
C) 4 billion; measuring Earth's orbital period around the Sun
D) 4 million; radioactive dating
Question
Compared to Earth, wind and water erosion on our Moon is

A) more evident.
B) less evident.
C) the same.
D) not present.
Question
The interior of Earth is studied by using

A) infrared light waves.
B) yellow light waves.
C) seismic waves.
D) gamma waves.
Question
Compared to the Earth, the Moon is no longer geologically active because

A) it is rotating too slowly.
B) its radioactive elements were never abundant.
C) it is much smaller in mass.
D) its crust is too thin.
E) it does not have water on its surface.
Question
The Moon's distance from Earth is measured very accurately by bouncing a laser beam off of a small mirror left on the surface of the Moon. If a laser is fired at the Moon and the signal returns in 2.6 seconds, what is the distance to the Moon?

A) 390,000 km
B) 390,000 m
C) 780,000 km
D) 780,000 m
Question
Which of these does Earth's Moon NOT have because of its weaker gravity/smaller mass than Earth?

A) thick atmosphere
B) liquid water oceans
C) solid surface
D) thick atmosphere and liquid water oceans
E) liquid water oceans and solid surface
Question
On Earth, according to current ideas about plate tectonics, ____________ were once together.

A) Africa and South America
B) Africa and North America
C) North America and Europe
D) Africa and South America; Africa and North America; and North American and Europe
Question
In the condensation theory of the Moon's origin,

A) the Moon broke from a rapidly spinning Earth.
B) Earth and its Moon formed from the same cloud of matter.
C) the Moon formed elsewhere in the solar nebula and was later captured by Earth.
D) the Moon formed when a very massive planetesimal smashed into the young Earth.
Question
What causes erosion?

A) wind
B) water
C) glacier ice
D) all of the other choices.
Question
____________________ is responsible for absorbing ultraviolet radiation in Earth's upper atmosphere.
Question
<strong>  Which stage of planetary formation is shown above for the surface of the Moon?</strong> A) differentiation B) cratering C) flooding D) slow surface evolution <div style=padding-top: 35px>
Which stage of planetary formation is shown above for the surface of the Moon?

A) differentiation
B) cratering
C) flooding
D) slow surface evolution
Question
_____________, or dried seas of dark basalt, are only seen on the near side of the Moon, the side that faces Earth.
Question
____________________ waves are seismic waves that do not travel through Earth's liquid core.
Question
____________________ are great lava flows covering 17% of the lunar surface.
Question
<strong>  What is the above graph showing?</strong> A) when the ozone hole formed B) how the industrial revolution contributed to global warming C) how the industrial revolution contributed to greenhouses gasses in Earth's atmosphere D) None of the other choices are correct. <div style=padding-top: 35px>
What is the above graph showing?

A) when the ozone hole formed
B) how the industrial revolution contributed to global warming
C) how the industrial revolution contributed to greenhouses gasses in Earth's atmosphere
D) None of the other choices are correct.
Question
Earth's primary atmosphere was probably mostly ____________, ____________, and ______________.
Question
In the diagram below label each of the major divisions of Earth's interior. In the diagram below label each of the major divisions of Earth's interior.  <div style=padding-top: 35px>
Question
<strong>  The dark features on the Moon as shown in the above photo are _________________.</strong> A) mare B) craters C) the man on the Moon D) maria <div style=padding-top: 35px>
The dark features on the Moon as shown in the above photo are _________________.

A) mare
B) craters
C) the man on the Moon
D) maria
Question
The ____________________ hypothesis for the formation of the Moon suggests that the moon and Earth formed from the same cloud of material and coalesced as two separate objects.
Question
A plate sliding into a(n) ____________________ can trigger volcanism.
Question
Three major greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere are ___________, ___________, and ____________, but ____________ is believed to contribute most to global warming.
Question
<strong>  In the above cartoon, infrared radiation is bouncing around in the atmosphere of a planet. Which wavelength band of photons passes through the planet's atmosphere as shown above by the longest wave?</strong> A) radio B) infrared C) visual D) ultraviolet <div style=padding-top: 35px>
In the above cartoon, infrared radiation is bouncing around in the atmosphere of a planet. Which wavelength band of photons passes through the planet's atmosphere as shown above by the longest wave?

A) radio
B) infrared
C) visual
D) ultraviolet
Question
The ____________________ of Earth is composed of rocks at high density that behave as a plastic.
Question
<strong>  For which decade is the ozone concentration above Halley Bay Station highest?</strong> A) 1960-1970 B) 1970-1980 C) 1980-1990 D) 1990-2000 <div style=padding-top: 35px>
For which decade is the ozone concentration above Halley Bay Station highest?

A) 1960-1970
B) 1970-1980
C) 1980-1990
D) 1990-2000
Question
By combining three oxygen atoms, a/an ________________ layer formed in Earth's atmosphere, which absorbs UV photons.
Question
<strong>  As shown in the above cartoon plot, infrared radiation is bouncing off of _______________ in the atmosphere of a planet.</strong> A) atoms B) molecules C) ions D) None of the other choices are correct. <div style=padding-top: 35px>
As shown in the above cartoon plot, infrared radiation is bouncing off of _______________ in the atmosphere of a planet.

A) atoms
B) molecules
C) ions
D) None of the other choices are correct.
Question
The separation between Africa and the Arabian peninsula is a(n) ____________________ valley.
Question
Earth's secondary atmosphere occurred when _____________ was added to the carbon dioxide, water vapor, and nitrogen mix by plant life, and _____________ was removed from the carbon dioxide, water vapor, and nitrogen mix by dissolution in seawater.
Question
Colliding plates can generate _____________________ ranges.
Question
The greenhouse effect occurs because carbon dioxide is opaque to infrared radiation.
Question
Earth's magnetic field is generated in the iron-rich mantle.
Question
Earth's magnetic field has reversed itself.
Question
The first Apollo missions to the Moon found the maria to be plains of solid lava.
Question
The Moon stopped evolving because it is too small to have kept its internal heat.
Question
Human output of carbon dioxide is small compared to natural output by volcanoes, for example.
Question
The greenhouse effect is bad for Earth.
Question
Fragmenting during meteorite impacts caused the vesicular basalts found among the lunar samples.
Question
Earth and the Moon could not have condensed from the same materials because they have different densities and compositions.
Question
The Earth is geologically dead and the Moon is geologically active.
Question
The ozone layer is produced by oxygen atoms that link to form O3.
Question
Volcanism can occur in a mid-ocean rift, above a hot spot in the mantle, or where one tectonic plate slides below another.
Question
Earth never passed through the cratering stage in planetary development.
Question
The oldest parts of Earth's crust are located along the mid-ocean rifts.
Question
On the Moon, the maria are younger than the highlands.
Question
The central part of Earth's core is solid.
Question
Oxygen in Earth's atmosphere is outgassed in volcanic eruptions.
Question
Pressure (P) waves can travel through a liquid, but shear (S) waves cannot.
Question
Fragmenting during meteorite impacts caused the breccias found among the lunar samples.
Question
On the Moon, the maria have fewer craters than the highlands.
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Deck 16: Earth and Moon: Bases for Comparative Planetology
1
Which of the following is NOT one of the four stages in the development of a terrestrial planet?

A) flooding
B) cratering
C) slow surface evolution
D) fusion of hydrogen to helium
E) differentiation
D
2
Slow surface evolution on the Moon is limited to

A) low-density masses of rock rising from the interior.
B) low level meteorite impacts.
C) moonquakes disturbing the surface features.
D) motion along a network of small faults.
E) All of the other choices are correct.
B
3
In the development of a terrestrial planet, the stage of ___________ when dense material settled to the core and less dense to the outer parts.

A) differentiation
B) cratering
C) glaciation
D) accretion
E) flooding
A
4
Which of these gases is most responsible for the greenhouse effect on Earth?

A) oxygen (O2)
B) nitrogen (N2)
C) carbon dioxide (CO2)
D) ozone (O3)
E) ammonia (NH3)
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5
The Himalayan Mountains are rugged, jagged peaks and the Appalachians are smooth and rolling. Why is there a difference?

A) The Himalayas are much older and the rocks have begun breaking off.
B) The Himalayas are volcanic mountains and the Appalachians are not.
C) The Appalachians are much older and have been smoothed by erosion.
D) The Appalachians are younger and just started to be thrust upward by plate tectonics.
E) a and d
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6
Motion of the plates of Earth's crust is thought to be due to

A) the solar wind.
B) convection from the hot interior.
C) tides in the oceans.
D) friction between wind and the land surface.
E) Earth's magnetic field.
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7
Slow surface evolution is caused by

A) wind erosion.
B) plate tectonics.
C) differentiation.
D) wind erosion, plate tectonics, and differentiation.
E) wind erosion and plate tectonics.
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8
In the development of a terrestrial planet, the stage of ___________ occurred when molten rock flowed through fissures and filled deep basins.

A) differentiation
B) cratering
C) glaciation
D) accretion
E) flooding
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9
Earth's core is mostly ___________ as indicated by the absence of S waves.

A) solid
B) liquid
C) gas
D) solid and gas
E) solid, liquid, and gas
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10
Earth possesses few visible craters and the Moon possesses many. This is because

A) Earth formed later than the Moon and, therefore hasn't encountered as many meteoroids.
B) the Moon doesn't have an atmosphere that could burn up many of the meteorites before impacting.
C) erosion and plate tectonics have slowly removed evidence of past cratering on Earth.
D) Earth formed later than the Moon and, therefore hasn't encountered as many meteoroids; the Moon doesn't have an atmosphere that could burn up many of the meteorites before impacting; and erosion and plate tectonics have slowly removed evidence of past cratering on Earth.
E) the Moon doesn't have an atmosphere that could burn up many of the meteorites before impacting and erosion and plate tectonics have slowly removed evidence of past cratering on Earth.
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11
Which of the following is not produced by plate tectonics?

A) mid-ocean rifts
B) rift valleys
C) the ring of fire
D) the Appalachian Mountains
E) Earth's magnetic field
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12
The lunar maria are

A) the lava plains of the lunar lowlands.
B) the smooth plateaus of the lunar highlands.
C) less than one billion years old.
D) moving plates of lunar crust.
E) older than the lunar highlands.
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13
That Earth ___________, evidence that Earth differentiated.

A) rotates slowly
B) has an average density that is higher than the density of the crust
C) has a no magnetic field
D) has a surface that is 75% water
E) all of these
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14
The oxygen in Earth's atmosphere

A) was manufactured inside stars.
B) was added to the atmosphere by plant life.
C) has grown more abundant since the origin of Earth.
D) was manufactured inside stars, was added to the atmosphere by plant life, and has grown more abundant since the origin of Earth.
E) None of the other choices are correct.
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15
Earth's magnetic field is generated by the dynamo effect in the

A) molten metallic core.
B) solid central core.
C) plastic mantle.
D) crust.
E) aurora.
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16
In contrast to the outer solid mantle, parts of the central regions of Earth's interior are thought to be fluid because

A) P seismic waves cannot make it through those regions.
B) S seismic waves cannot make it through those regions.
C) neither P nor S seismic waves can make it through those regions.
D) both P and S seismic waves easily make it through those regions.
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17
Why would a decrease in the density of the ozone layer create a public health concern?

A) The greenhouse effect would not be as efficient and the temperature of Earth would decrease.
B) The greenhouse effect would be more efficient and the temperature of Earth would increase.
C) Plant life would no longer have the ozone it needs for photosynthesis to create chlorophyll.
D) Ultraviolet radiation from the Sun would bombard Earth.
E) none of the above
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18
The greenhouse effect occurs on Earth because carbon dioxide is

A) transparent to visible light and opaque to infrared radiation.
B) opaque to visible light and transparent to infrared radiation.
C) totally opaque to both visible light and infrared radiation.
D) totally opaque to both visible light and infrared radiation.
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19
The ozone layer is

A) transparent to ultraviolet radiation.
B) opaque to ultraviolet radiation.
C) opaque to visible light.
D) opaque to infrared radiation.
E) responsible for producing most of the oxygen that animal life needs.
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20
The youngest parts of Earth's crust are

A) the bottom layer found in the walls of the Grand Canyon.
B) the continents.
C) the continental margins.
D) the Appalachian Mountains.
E) the mid-ocean rifts.
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21
In the giant impact theory of the Moon's origin,

A) the Moon broke from a rapidly spinning Earth.
B) Earth and its Moon formed from the same cloud of matter.
C) the Moon formed elsewhere in the solar nebula and was later captured by Earth.
D) the Moon formed when a very massive planetesimal smashed into the young Earth.
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22
The presence of vesicular basalts among the lunar rock samples shows that

A) the lunar surface was fragmented by meteorite impacts.
B) volcanism did not occur on the Moon.
C) the crust must have been made of anorthosite.
D) molten lava once flowed over the lunar surface.
E) the Moon was once hit by a very large meteorite.
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23
That the Moon has no magnetic field implies that

A) the Moon is spinning too slowly to produce a magnetic field.
B) the interior of the Moon is too hot to produce a magnetic field.
C) the crust of the Moon is so thick that the magnetic field cannot get out of the interior.
D) the Moon's core contains little if any molten iron.
E) the Moon is moving further from Earth.
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24
Evidence for the drifting of continents or plate tectonics on Earth is

A) the manner in which the outlines of continents fit together much like puzzle pieces.
B) the similarity of rocks found occurring along certain continental coastal areas.
C) the long, continuous ridges found in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean.
D) all of the other choices.
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25
The magnetic field of Earth is thought to be generated by motions in its

A) atmosphere.
B) liquid water oceans.
C) solid surface.
D) molten iron interior.
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26
The presence of breccias among the lunar rock samples shows that

A) volcanism did not occur on the Moon.
B) molten lava once flowed over the lunar surface.
C) the crust must have been made of anorthosite.
D) water once existed on the Moon in the form of small lakes and streams.
E) the lunar surface was fragmented by meteorite impacts.
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27
Which hypothesis concerning the formation of the Moon makes predictions that best fit the observed lunar data?

A) the large impact hypothesis
B) the fission hypothesis
C) the capture hypothesis
D) the condensation hypothesis
E) the regolith hypothesis
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28
<strong>  The four stages of planetary development are shown above. Which is the first one?</strong> A) differentiation B) cratering C) flooding D) slow surface evolution
The four stages of planetary development are shown above. Which is the first one?

A) differentiation
B) cratering
C) flooding
D) slow surface evolution
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29
<strong>  The four stages of planetary development are shown above. Which is the last one?</strong> A) differentiation B) cratering C) flooding D) slow surface evolution
The four stages of planetary development are shown above. Which is the last one?

A) differentiation
B) cratering
C) flooding
D) slow surface evolution
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30
In the fission theory of the Moon's origin,

A) the Moon broke from a rapidly spinning Earth.
B) Earth and its Moon formed from the same cloud of matter.
C) the Moon formed elsewhere in the solar nebula and was later captured by Earth.
D) the Moon formed when a very massive planetesimal smashed into the young Earth.
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Unlock for access to all 98 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
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31
<strong>  When plates spread apart and magma rises, what forms in the above labeled map of Earth?</strong> A) mountains B) seas C) mid-ocean rises D) subduction zones
When plates spread apart and magma rises, what forms in the above labeled map of Earth?

A) mountains
B) seas
C) mid-ocean rises
D) subduction zones
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32
The Earth is about ___________ years old by ___________.

A) 4 billion years old: radioactive dating
B) 4 million; measuring Earth's orbital period around the Sun
C) 4 billion; measuring Earth's orbital period around the Sun
D) 4 million; radioactive dating
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33
Compared to Earth, wind and water erosion on our Moon is

A) more evident.
B) less evident.
C) the same.
D) not present.
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Unlock Deck
k this deck
34
The interior of Earth is studied by using

A) infrared light waves.
B) yellow light waves.
C) seismic waves.
D) gamma waves.
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Unlock Deck
k this deck
35
Compared to the Earth, the Moon is no longer geologically active because

A) it is rotating too slowly.
B) its radioactive elements were never abundant.
C) it is much smaller in mass.
D) its crust is too thin.
E) it does not have water on its surface.
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36
The Moon's distance from Earth is measured very accurately by bouncing a laser beam off of a small mirror left on the surface of the Moon. If a laser is fired at the Moon and the signal returns in 2.6 seconds, what is the distance to the Moon?

A) 390,000 km
B) 390,000 m
C) 780,000 km
D) 780,000 m
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37
Which of these does Earth's Moon NOT have because of its weaker gravity/smaller mass than Earth?

A) thick atmosphere
B) liquid water oceans
C) solid surface
D) thick atmosphere and liquid water oceans
E) liquid water oceans and solid surface
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38
On Earth, according to current ideas about plate tectonics, ____________ were once together.

A) Africa and South America
B) Africa and North America
C) North America and Europe
D) Africa and South America; Africa and North America; and North American and Europe
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39
In the condensation theory of the Moon's origin,

A) the Moon broke from a rapidly spinning Earth.
B) Earth and its Moon formed from the same cloud of matter.
C) the Moon formed elsewhere in the solar nebula and was later captured by Earth.
D) the Moon formed when a very massive planetesimal smashed into the young Earth.
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40
What causes erosion?

A) wind
B) water
C) glacier ice
D) all of the other choices.
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41
____________________ is responsible for absorbing ultraviolet radiation in Earth's upper atmosphere.
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42
<strong>  Which stage of planetary formation is shown above for the surface of the Moon?</strong> A) differentiation B) cratering C) flooding D) slow surface evolution
Which stage of planetary formation is shown above for the surface of the Moon?

A) differentiation
B) cratering
C) flooding
D) slow surface evolution
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43
_____________, or dried seas of dark basalt, are only seen on the near side of the Moon, the side that faces Earth.
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44
____________________ waves are seismic waves that do not travel through Earth's liquid core.
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45
____________________ are great lava flows covering 17% of the lunar surface.
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46
<strong>  What is the above graph showing?</strong> A) when the ozone hole formed B) how the industrial revolution contributed to global warming C) how the industrial revolution contributed to greenhouses gasses in Earth's atmosphere D) None of the other choices are correct.
What is the above graph showing?

A) when the ozone hole formed
B) how the industrial revolution contributed to global warming
C) how the industrial revolution contributed to greenhouses gasses in Earth's atmosphere
D) None of the other choices are correct.
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47
Earth's primary atmosphere was probably mostly ____________, ____________, and ______________.
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48
In the diagram below label each of the major divisions of Earth's interior. In the diagram below label each of the major divisions of Earth's interior.
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49
<strong>  The dark features on the Moon as shown in the above photo are _________________.</strong> A) mare B) craters C) the man on the Moon D) maria
The dark features on the Moon as shown in the above photo are _________________.

A) mare
B) craters
C) the man on the Moon
D) maria
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50
The ____________________ hypothesis for the formation of the Moon suggests that the moon and Earth formed from the same cloud of material and coalesced as two separate objects.
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51
A plate sliding into a(n) ____________________ can trigger volcanism.
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52
Three major greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere are ___________, ___________, and ____________, but ____________ is believed to contribute most to global warming.
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53
<strong>  In the above cartoon, infrared radiation is bouncing around in the atmosphere of a planet. Which wavelength band of photons passes through the planet's atmosphere as shown above by the longest wave?</strong> A) radio B) infrared C) visual D) ultraviolet
In the above cartoon, infrared radiation is bouncing around in the atmosphere of a planet. Which wavelength band of photons passes through the planet's atmosphere as shown above by the longest wave?

A) radio
B) infrared
C) visual
D) ultraviolet
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54
The ____________________ of Earth is composed of rocks at high density that behave as a plastic.
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55
<strong>  For which decade is the ozone concentration above Halley Bay Station highest?</strong> A) 1960-1970 B) 1970-1980 C) 1980-1990 D) 1990-2000
For which decade is the ozone concentration above Halley Bay Station highest?

A) 1960-1970
B) 1970-1980
C) 1980-1990
D) 1990-2000
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56
By combining three oxygen atoms, a/an ________________ layer formed in Earth's atmosphere, which absorbs UV photons.
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57
<strong>  As shown in the above cartoon plot, infrared radiation is bouncing off of _______________ in the atmosphere of a planet.</strong> A) atoms B) molecules C) ions D) None of the other choices are correct.
As shown in the above cartoon plot, infrared radiation is bouncing off of _______________ in the atmosphere of a planet.

A) atoms
B) molecules
C) ions
D) None of the other choices are correct.
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58
The separation between Africa and the Arabian peninsula is a(n) ____________________ valley.
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59
Earth's secondary atmosphere occurred when _____________ was added to the carbon dioxide, water vapor, and nitrogen mix by plant life, and _____________ was removed from the carbon dioxide, water vapor, and nitrogen mix by dissolution in seawater.
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60
Colliding plates can generate _____________________ ranges.
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61
The greenhouse effect occurs because carbon dioxide is opaque to infrared radiation.
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62
Earth's magnetic field is generated in the iron-rich mantle.
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63
Earth's magnetic field has reversed itself.
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64
The first Apollo missions to the Moon found the maria to be plains of solid lava.
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65
The Moon stopped evolving because it is too small to have kept its internal heat.
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66
Human output of carbon dioxide is small compared to natural output by volcanoes, for example.
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67
The greenhouse effect is bad for Earth.
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68
Fragmenting during meteorite impacts caused the vesicular basalts found among the lunar samples.
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69
Earth and the Moon could not have condensed from the same materials because they have different densities and compositions.
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70
The Earth is geologically dead and the Moon is geologically active.
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71
The ozone layer is produced by oxygen atoms that link to form O3.
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72
Volcanism can occur in a mid-ocean rift, above a hot spot in the mantle, or where one tectonic plate slides below another.
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73
Earth never passed through the cratering stage in planetary development.
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74
The oldest parts of Earth's crust are located along the mid-ocean rifts.
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75
On the Moon, the maria are younger than the highlands.
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76
The central part of Earth's core is solid.
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77
Oxygen in Earth's atmosphere is outgassed in volcanic eruptions.
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78
Pressure (P) waves can travel through a liquid, but shear (S) waves cannot.
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79
Fragmenting during meteorite impacts caused the breccias found among the lunar samples.
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80
On the Moon, the maria have fewer craters than the highlands.
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