Deck 14: Endocrine System

Question 1

Steroids

A) are secreted by the adrenal medulla.
B) include the glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and androgens.
C) stimulate the membranes of the target cells to produce the second chemical messenger, cAMP.
D) are secreted by the pancreas.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

What is the stimulus for the release of insulin?

A) Low plasma levels of calcium
B) High plasma levels of potassium
C) High plasma levels of glucose
D) Low blood volume

Answer 2

High plasma levels of glucose

Question 3

"Sugar,salt,and sex" is descriptive of

A) ACTH, TSH, and somatotropic hormone.
B) cortisol, aldosterone, and testosterone.
C) epinephrine, norepinephrine, and estrogen.
D) insulin, glucagon, and cortisol.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which of the following is least associated with the adrenal medulla?

A) Catecholamines
B) Epinephrine and norepinephrine
C) Fight-or-flight response
D) Sugar, salt, and sex

Question 5

Insulin,cortisol,thyroxine,and oxytocin

A) are hypothalamic-releasing hormones.
B) are secreted by the adenohypophysis.
C) increase blood glucose levels.
D) are hormones.

Question 6

Which gland is associated with "sugar,salt,and sex"?

A) Adrenal cortex
B) Pancreas
C) Parathyroid gland
D) Neurohypophysis

Question 7

The adenohypophysis

A) secretes ADH and oxytocin.
B) refers to the anterior pituitary gland.
C) secretes releasing hormones.
D) secretes glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and androgens.

Question 8

Iodine-containing hormones

A) include thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).
B) are secreted by the hypothalamus as releasing hormones.
C) are steroids.
D) regulate the metabolic rate.

Question 9

The adrenal cortex

A) is the target gland of ACTH.
B) secretes catecholamines.
C) is an extension of the sympathetic nervous system.
D) secretes ADH and oxytocin.

Question 10

Portal capillaries carry releasing hormones from the brain to the

A) neurohypophysis.
B) pancreas.
C) anterior pituitary gland.
D) posterior pituitary gland.

Question 11

Which of the following is the response to low plasma levels of calcium?

A) Secretion of calcitonin
B) Secretion of the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans
C) Inhibition of the adenohypophyseal release of ACTH
D) Secretion of PTH

Question 12

Catecholamines

A) include cortisol, aldosterone, and testosterone.
B) are secreted by the adrenal cortex.
C) lower plasma glucose levels.
D) include epinephrine (adrenalin) and norepinephrine.

Question 13

The islets of Langerhans

A) are cells found in the adenohypophysis.
B) secrete insulin and glucagon.
C) secrete steroids.
D) secrete releasing hormones.

Question 14

The adrenal medulla

A) is controlled primarily by ACTH.
B) secretes steroids.
C) is part of the fight-or-flight response.
D) secretes iodine-containing hormones.

Question 15

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)and oxytocin

A) are secreted by the neurohypophysis.
B) are mineralocorticoids.
C) are secreted by the islets of Langerhans.
D) stimulate the kidney to excrete Na+ and water.

Question 16

Which of the following is least descriptive of the hypothalamus?

A) Secretes releasing hormones
B) Controls the secretion of the anterior pituitary gland
C) Secretes ACTH, TSH, and gonadotropins
D) Synthesizes oxytocin and ADH

Question 17

Which gland secretes TSH,ACTH,and growth hormone?

A) Neurohypophysis
B) Pancreas
C) Adrenal medulla
D) Anterior pituitary gland

Question 18

Enlargement of the thyroid gland

A) is called a goiter.
B) causes Addisonian crisis.
C) makes a person appear cushingoid.
D) causes hypocalcemic tetany.

Question 19

Insulin and glucagon

A) are secreted by the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans.
B) elevate blood glucose levels.
C) are secreted in response to declining plasma levels of glucose.
D) are secreted by the pancreas and are concerned with the regulation of blood glucose.

Question 20

T₃,T₄,and calcitonin are

A) secreted by the thyroid gland.
B) secreted by the parathyroid glands.
C) secreted in response to declining plasma levels of calcium.
D) steroids.

Question 21

Which of the following is a function of parathyroid hormone?

A) It causes the excretion of calcium in the urine.
B) It stimulates osteoblastic activity to form bone.
C) It stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete calcitonin.
D) It increases plasma levels of calcium.

Question 22

Oxytocin

A) is a neurohypophyseal hormone that stimulates the uterine muscle to contract, thereby assisting in labor.
B) is a gonadotropin.
C) stimulates the kidney to reabsorb Na+ and water, thereby expanding blood volume.
D) is a mineralocorticoid.

Question 23

Which of the following hormones are found within the hypophyseal-hypothalamic portal capillaries?

A) Gonadotropins
B) Releasing hormones
C) Catecholamines
D) Mineralocorticoids

Question 24

PTH

A) lowers plasma calcium.
B) stimulates osteoclastic activity.
C) is an iodine-containing hormone.
D) stimulates osteoblastic activity and causes blood calcium levels to increase.

Question 25

Which of the following steroids is an androgen?

A) Progesterone
B) Testosterone
C) Estrogen
D) Aldosterone

Question 26

TSH

A) stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete calcitonin.
B) is secreted by the neurohypophysis.
C) stimulates the hypothalamus to secrete TRH, thyrotropin-releasing hormone.
D) is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland.

Question 27

Which of the following is most descriptive of cAMP?

A) Second chemical messenger
B) Catecholamine that contributes to the fight-or-flight response
C) Steroid
D) Releasing hormone

Question 28

Estrogen,progesterone,and testosterone

A) are feminizing hormones.
B) induce virilization.
C) are secreted by the gonads.
D) are secreted by the adenohypophysis.

Question 29

A deficiency of insulin causes

A) hypocalcemia.
B) hyperglycemia.
C) Cushing's syndrome.
D) adrenal shock.

Question 30

The only hormone that lowers blood glucose levels is

A) glucagon.
B) insulin.
C) epinephrine.
D) cortisol.

Question 31

Growth hormone

A) is secreted by the adenohypophysis.
B) stimulates growth of the musculoskeletal system.
C) is also called somatotropic hormone.
D) All of the above are true.

Question 32

The secretion of cortisol by the adrenal gland suppresses further secretion of ACTH by the anterior pituitary gland.What is this interaction called?

A) Cerebral lateralization
B) Circadian rhythm
C) Cellular differentiation
D) Negative feedback control

Question 33

Which of the following structures connects the hypothalamus and the adenohypophysis?

A) Islets of Langerhans
B) Portal capillaries
C) Corpus callosum
D) Medulla oblongata

Question 34

ACTH stimulates the

A) hypothalamus to secrete corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH).
B) adenohypophysis to secrete cortisol.
C) adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol.
D) adrenal medulla to secrete glucagon.

Question 35

Testosterone is best described as

A) virilizing.
B) lactogenic.
C) adenohypophyseal.
D) pancreatic.

Question 36

Cretinism,myxedema,and Graves' disease are all

A) thyroid hormone deficiency diseases.
B) thyroid hormone disorders caused by oversecretion of thyroxine.
C) calcium imbalances due primarily to the lack of calcitonin.
D) disorders of thyroid gland function.

Question 37

Lactogenic hormone

A) is also called oxytocin.
B) is a gonadotropin.
C) stimulates the mammary glands to make milk.
D) exerts its greatest effect on the gonads.

Question 38

Which of the following is not controlled by a hypothalamic-releasing hormone?

A) ACTH
B) ADH
C) Growth hormone
D) Prolactin

Question 39

Calcitonin and parathyroid hormone

A) are both secreted by the parathyroid glands.
B) increase plasma levels of calcium.
C) decrease plasma levels of calcium.
D) control plasma levels of calcium.

Question 40

Insulin

A) is secreted by the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans.
B) is secreted by the liver.
C) raises blood glucose levels.
D) is released by the pancreas in response to low blood glucose levels.

Question 41

The neurohypophysis

A) is the anterior pituitary gland.
B) secretes ACTH, TSH, and the gonadotropins.
C) secretes the releasing hormones.
D) is the posterior pituitary gland.

Question 42

The hypersecretion of which hormone is least likely to cause hyperglycemia?

A) Cortisol
B) Growth hormone
C) Insulin
D) Epinephrine (adrenalin)

Question 43

Excess secretion of epinephrine

A) relieves anxiety.
B) stimulates the synthesis of glycogen.
C) elevates blood glucose levels.
D) slows heart rate and lowers blood pressure.

Question 44

An excessive growth of hair in locations where hair growth in women is normally minimal is known as

A) a goitrogenic effect.
B) addisonian crisis.
C) myxedema.
D) hirsutism.

Question 45

Ketoacidosis is most related to

A) adrenocortical insufficiency.
B) Cushing's syndrome.
C) excess fatty acid catabolism.
D) hyperglycemia.

Question 46

Iodine,colloid,and goiter refer to which gland?

A) Pancreas
B) Parathyroid
C) Thyroid
D) Neurohypophysis

Question 47

Which group is incorrect?

A) Hormones of the anterior pituitary gland: ACTH, prolactin, TSH, growth hormone
B) Hormones of the posterior pituitary gland: ADH, oxytocin
C) Steroids: cortisol, aldosterone, testosterone, epinephrine
D) Secretions of the gonads: estrogen, progesterone, testosterone

Question 48

What is the most likely effect of a deficiency of aldosterone?

A) High blood pressure
B) Low level of potassium in the blood
C) Low blood volume and hypotension
D) Goiter formation

Question 49

Which of the following is most likely to cause the secretion of calcitonin?

A) Hypocalcemia
B) Hyperglycemia
C) Dehydration
D) Elevated plasma calcium level

Question 50

Which gland secretes melatonin and is concerned with our biological rhythms?

A) Pancreas
B) Adenohypophysis
C) Pineal gland
D) Adrenal gland

Question 51

Obesity

A) antagonizes insulin.
B) elevates blood glucose levels.
C) causes Na+ and water reabsorption, thereby increasing blood pressure.
D) All of the above are true.

Question 52

Bronzing

A) always accompanies hyperglycemia.
B) is the most prominent symptom of Cushing syndrome.
C) is characteristic of chronic adrenal cortical insufficiency (Addison's disease).
D) is a consequence of ADH insufficiency.

Question 53

Which group is incorrect?

A) Hormones of the anterior pituitary gland: ACTH, prolactin, TSH, oxytocin
B) Steroids: cortisol, aldosterone, testosterone
C) Secretions of the gonads: estrogen, progesterone, testosterone
D) Hormones secreted by the thyroid gland: T3, T4, calcitonin

Question 54

Which gland secretes two hormones,one that elevates blood glucose levels and another that decreases blood glucose levels?

A) Pancreas
B) Adenohypophysis
C) Thyroid
D) Adrenal cortex

Question 55

Which of the following is most responsive to treatment with thyroxine?

A) Diabetes mellitus
B) Hyperglycemia
C) Myxedema
D) Graves' disease

Question 56

The person with _____ is most likely to receive insulin therapy.

A) myxedema
B) Graves' disease
C) diabetes insipidus
D) hyperglycemia

Question 57

Which of the following is characterized by low blood volume?

A) Cushing syndrome
B) Tetany
C) Diabetes insipidus
D) Oversecretion of ACTH

Question 58

Kussmaul respirations occur in response to

A) hyperglycemia.
B) metabolic acidosis.
C) a pH of 7.48.
D) dehydration.

Question 59

Insulin

A) stimulates the formation of glycogen.
B) increases the transport of glucose into a cell.
C) stimulates the synthesis of proteins and fats.
D) All of the above are true.

Question 60

Hypocalcemic tetany

A) causes a flaccid paralysis.
B) resembles neuromuscular blockade by curare.
C) may be caused by a deficiency of PTH.
D) is caused by a deficiency of insulin.

Question 61

Hyperglycemia

A) is caused by excess insulin.
B) causes glucosuria and polyuria.
C) causes hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia.
D) is characteristic of adrenal insufficiency.

Question 62

Abrupt,sudden withdrawal of prednisone (cortisol)is most likely to cause

A) Cushing syndrome.
B) hypocalcemic tetany.
C) diabetes insipidus.
D) acute adrenal insufficiency.

Question 63

Glucagon,growth hormone,cortisol,and epinephrine

A) are all secreted by the adrenal gland.
B) expand blood volume.
C) raise blood glucose levels.
D) stimulate osteoclastic activity.

Question 64

Which of the following is descriptive of prolactin?

A) Secreted by the posterior pituitary gland
B) Also called lactogenic hormone
C) Causes the milk let-down reflex
D) Stimulates the neurohypophysis to synthesize oxytocin

Question 65

Which of the following suppress(es)the secretion of ACTH?

A) Elevated blood glucose levels
B) Dietary iodine
C) Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
D) Elevated plasma cortisol levels

Question 66

A deficiency of dietary iodine

A) lowers plasma calcium levels.
B) causes low blood volume and shock.
C) decreases the synthesis of calcitonin.
D) causes a goiter.

Question 67

Which of the following best describes the function of insulin?

A) Lowers blood glucose levels
B) Stimulates cells to make glucose (gluconeogenesis)
C) Deficiency causes diabetes insipidus
D) Decreases blood volume

Question 68

Aldosterone

A) is a mineralocorticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex.
B) functions in the regulation of blood glucose levels.
C) stimulates the kidney to excrete sodium and reabsorb potassium.
D) All of the above are true.

Question 69

The adrenal medulla

A) is an extension of the "feed-and-breed" division of the autonomic nervous system.
B) secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine.
C) secretes steroids.
D) causes Cushing syndrome when it is overactive.

Question 70

A deficiency of ADH is most likely to

A) elevate blood glucose levels.
B) cause diabetes mellitus.
C) induce polyuria.
D) expand blood volume.

Question 71

Cushing syndrome

A) may be caused by steroid (prednisone) therapy.
B) is caused by adrenal insufficiency.
C) is characterized by hypoglycemia and low blood volume.
D) is treated with growth hormone.

Question 72

The pancreas

A) secretes steroids that are concerned with sugar, salt, and sex.
B) is controlled by the adenohypophysis.
C) secretes hormones that affect blood glucose levels.
D) secretes iodine-containing hormones that regulate the basal metabolic rate.

Question 73

T₃ and T₄

A) stimulate the adenohypophysis to secrete TSH.
B) regulate the basal metabolic rate (BMR).
C) stimulate osteoclastic activity, thereby elevating plasma calcium levels.
D) All of the above are true.

Question 74

The anterior pituitary gland

A) is called the neurohypophysis.
B) releases ADH and oxytocin.
C) secretes releasing hormones.
D) is connected to the hypothalamus by the portal capillaries.

Question 75

As plasma levels of calcium decrease

A) insulin is secreted.
B) the parathyroid glands secrete an osteoclastic hormone.
C) the kidneys excrete calcium and phosphorus.
D) calcitonin is secreted.

Question 76

Which of the following is true of the hypothalamus?

A) Secretes releasing hormones into the portal capillaries
B) Composed of glandular tissue
C) Called the adenohypophysis
D) Connected to the neurohypophysis by the portal capillaries

Question 77

Hypocalcemic tetany

A) is a consequence of a deficiency of calcitonin.
B) is caused by a lack of TSH.
C) is caused by osteoclastic activity.
D) develops in response to a deficiency of parathyroid activity.

Question 78

Which of the following are concerned with "sugar,salt,and sex"?

A) Epinephrine, norepinephrine, and adrenalin
B) Glucagon, insulin, and thymosin
C) ICSH, FSH, and LH
D) Glucocorticoid, mineralocorticoid, and androgen

Question 79

ACTH,TSH,and gonadotropins are

A) hypothalamic-releasing hormones.
B) secreted by the neurohypophysis.
C) "aimed at" the adrenal cortex.
D) tropic hormones.

Question 80

Which of the following is not a function of insulin?

A) Lowering blood glucose levels
B) Synthesis of protein
C) Hepatic gluconeogenesis
D) Fatty acid synthesis