Deck 4: Historical Overview

Question 1

An example of assimilation as it applies to Indigenous people is

A) residential schools.
B) development of the Métis culture.
C) participation of Indigenous people in the fur trade.
D) use of traditional medicine in the biomedical system.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The Indian Act, 1876, reflected the official ideology of assimilation, which

A) explicitly saw government policy as the peaceful absorption of the Indigenous population.
B) paved the way for extensive settlement on the Prairies.
C) was based explicitly on a "divide and conquer" philosophy.
D) none of the above.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

All of the following are true except

A) Indigenous people were relatively disease free in the pre-Contact period
B) Indigenous people were embattled by disease in the pre-Contact period
C) Indigenous people were in close contact with mammals in the pre-Contact period
D) Indigenous people were well nourished in the pre-Contact period

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Pacific Coastal First Nations depended on which of the following staple food "species"?

A) Bison
B) Cod
C) Salmon
D) Caribou

Question 5

How do we know about the pre-Contact history of North American Indigenous peoples?

A) Explorer's accounts
B) Archaeology
C) Oral history
D) All of the above

Question 6

Which of the following pre-Contact Indigenous populations were primarily agricultural?

A) Cree
B) Iroquois
C) Blackfoot Confederacy
D) Beothuk

Question 7

Which of the following foods were domesticated by First Nations farmers before Contact?

A) beans, maize, squash
B) chocolate and tobacco
C) wheat and barley
D) a and b

Question 8

Where did First Nations practice agriculture in Canada?

A) Southern Québec and Southern Ontario
B) Canadian Prairies
C) Canadian Arctic
D) Boreal Forest

Question 9

Which large herd animal formed part of the staple diets of Indigenous hunter-gatherers at Contact?

A) Whale
B) Caribou
C) Bison
D) Woolly mammoth
E) a, b and c

Question 10

Village life in pre-Contact British Columbia was supported by

A) an abundant supply of salmon.
B) hunting mountain caribou.
C) whaling.
D) farming.

Question 11

Traditionally, the Inuit diet was composed of

A) a mixture of wild greens and meat.
B) mostly meat and fish, supplemented by some seasonal plants.
C) produce from their farms.
D) salmon fishing.

Question 12

Pre-Contact Indigenous peoples were

A) well nourished.
B) often faced with starvation.
C) much less well nourished than their European contemporaries.
D) faced with cycles of abundance and starvation.

Question 13

Hunter-gatherers consumed a diet that was

A) superior to most other Indigenous and European diets.
B) inferior to Indigenous farmers' diets, but superior to European diets.
C) about the same as both other Indigenous and European diets.
D) inferior to all other Indigenous and European diets.

Question 14

The harsh environment of the Inuit left them

A) more secure than most Indigenous peoples, because their isolation left them free from competition.
B) living a marginal existence that was often threatened by the environment.
C) more numerous as a people due to the invigorating effects of their environment.
D) sparsely populated and poorly nourished.

Question 15

Pre-Contact Canadian Indigenous peoples

A) engaged in frequent warfare amongst themselves
B) were an isolated, impoverished population
C) had population densities too low to support systematic and large-scale warfare
D) had high enough population densities to repel European colonists

Question 16

Northern Plains First Nations depended on which of the following staple food species?

A) Bison
B) Mule deer
C) Elk
D) Moose

Question 17

Inuit depended on which of the following staple food species?

A) Bison
B) Cod
C) Salmon
D) Caribou

Question 18

The trade centres of the Northern plains were the hub for disease contact and concomitant spread of many epidemics. Which one of the following diseases fulfils the criteria for depopulating epidemics in the Northern plains?

A) Influenza
B) Measles
C) Small pox
D) Tuberculosis

Question 19

Infectious diseases

A) led to frequent epidemics among the North American Indigenous peoples before Contact.
B) were rare, but serious threats to Indigenous populations.
C) were endemic among the Iroquois farmers of Eastern Canada.
D) appear to have been unknown before Contact.

Question 20

What factor allowed tuberculosis (TB) to flourish among Indigenous people during the 20th century period?

A) Lack of racial immunity
B) Relocation to reserves
C) Genetic susceptibility
D) Poor water quality

Question 21

Virgin soil epidemics are characterised by

A) mortality among the old and young.
B) excessive morbidity.
C) acquired immunity.
D) high mortality in all age groups.

Question 22

A virgin soil epidemic is

A) a plant disease striking untilled land.
B) epidemic disease infecting a population with no prior immunity.
C) chronic disease in a population with poor determinants of health.
D) paediatric disease causing at least 50% mortality.

Question 23

A virgin soil epidemic is one that

A) a population has no acquired resistance to.
B) infects the earth and remains active in it.
C) infects only children before the age of adolescence.
D) is spread through sexual contact.

Question 24

Introduced epidemic diseases caused Indigenous populations to suffer mortality rates as high as

A) 20%
B) 10%
C) 40%
D) 95%

Question 25

Decolonizing Indigenous health can mean

A) devolving more services to Indigenous health authorities.
B) including Indigenous rituals and beliefs in the medical system.
C) abolishing the medical system and returning to traditional healing altogether.
D) any of the above.

Question 26

Jordan's Principle states that

A) the first agency to come into contact with a First Nation's child in need of care, is obligated to pay for that care.
B) provincial Medicare programs are primarily responsible for Non-Status First Nations healthcare.
C) Health Canada must provide primary care services to all Indigenous children.
D) municipal governments are responsible for emergency services for the Urban Indigenous population in Manitoba.

Question 27

The creation of Jordan's principle

A) was named after the Indigenous physician who advocated for health promotion and provision of non-insured benefits
B) was named after the politician who developed the patchwork of federal, provincial and local jurisdictions that permitted Indigenous patients "to fall through the cracks."
C) was implemented at the federal and provincial level.
D) was named after a 5-year-old boy who died in Winnipeg while the federal and provincial governments argued.

Question 28

The fur trade spread quickly across Canada because

A) it was created by Europeans to help Indigenous peoples develop new markets for their furs.
B) it exploited existing Indigenous trade routes.
C) European explorers mapped new trading routes and introduced Indigenous peoples to them.
D) European steam ships and trains transported goods quickly.

Question 29

The fur trade created a network of European trading posts that covered Canada and which also

A) opened and exploited new trade networks.
B) brought the Indigenous population into a global economy.
C) obtained the permission of existing Indigenous people to prepare the way for further European economic and political penetration.
D) provided the Indigenous population with opportunities to travel.

Question 30

Early Contact Indigenous societies were able to quickly

A) adapt to and adopt European technology.
B) use their existing technology to defeat European armies that invaded them.
C) develop advanced weapons that were adopted by Europeans themselves.
D) withdraw from European traders into isolation.

Question 31

The predominant pattern of disease among Indigenous people following Contact was

A) infectious diseases.
B) injuries.
C) chronic diseases.
D) suicide.

Question 32

Of all the impacts of European Contact on the Americas, epidemic diseases were

A) the most insignificant.
B) the most devastating.
C) as important as the new trading opportunities that Contact brought.
D) less important than the new weapons, especially firearms, that Europeans brought.

Question 33

Which of the following were introduced to the Americas by European explorers and traders?

A) Smallpox
B) Rubella
C) Tuberculosis
D) Common Cold
E) a, b and d

Question 34

How far did the 1775 to 1782 smallpox extend across North America?

A) Through the English Thirteen Colonies on the East Coast and Mexico
B) No further north than Mexico and the French colonies in Louisiana
C) Everywhere in North America except the Arctic and the Northwest Coast of British Columbia
D) All of the above

Question 35

The spirochete that causes syphilis was

A) present in Indigenous populations and caused frequent outbreaks of syphilis before Contact.
B) brought to the Americas by Europeans.
C) brought to Europe as a venereal disease by Europeans and then reintroduced to the Americas in this new form.
D) brought to the Americas by sailors trading in the Far East.

Question 36

The Royal Proclamation of 1763

A) recognized Indigenous title to land in British North America.
B) banned the Potlatch and the Ghost Dance.
C) granted the Hudson's Bay Company the right to trade in North America.
D) seized the traditional lands of the Cree in Northern Ontario and Northern Québec.

Question 37

The Royal Proclamation of 1763

A) seized First Nations land for the King of England.
B) was a military treaty between the Iroquois Confederacy and the English.
C) recognized Indigenous title to most of Canada.
D) has never been recognised by Canadian governments.

Question 38

The Royal Proclamation of 1763

A) brought the fur trade into the global market.
B) encouraged Indigenous peoples to work for the Hudson's Bay Company.
C) recognised Indigenous title and sovereignty to land in North America.
D) followed the United States' example of settler and Indigenous relations.

Question 39

Why is the Royal Proclamation of 1763 important today?

A) It created the Province of Canada.
B) It recognised Indigenous title to most of Canada.
C) It regulates transfer of land between First Nations and settlers.
D) It sharply reduced amount of potential conflict between settlers and First Nations.

Question 40

The Canadian government began providing medical services to the Indigenous population

A) after the Second World War.
B) as soon as it signed land claims treaties which guaranteed them.
C) since Confederation.
D) a and b

Question 41

Until recently the Indian Act had as its official goal

A) assimilation of the Indigenous population into the general population of Canada.
B) keeping the Status Indian population segregated on their reserves.
C) forcing Inuit, Métis and Non-Status Indians to become Status Indians.
D) none of the above.

Question 42

Bill C31, an amendment to the Indian Act enacted by Parliament

A) clarified Indigenous rights to land and resources.
B) reinstated to First Nations bands the right to govern.
C) proclaim Indigenous peoples as a nation or tribe.
D) restored Indian status to women and their children.

Question 43

After Confederation, the Canadian government sought to

A) exterminate the Indigenous population of Canada.
B) suppress Indigenous resistance through military force.
C) assimilate the First Nations population through a variety of approaches.
D) keep the Indigenous population separate and distinct from the non-Indigenous population.

Question 44

Modern relations between the First Nations peoples and the Canadian government are a legacy of

A) the 1876 Indian Act.
B) the War of 1812.
C) the Northwest Rebellion.
D) all of the above.

Question 45

Residential schools were created to

A) preserve Indigenous traditions and language.
B) force Indigenous children to learn to assimilate into the non-Indigenous population.
C) provide a place for homeless orphans to go to school.
D) make jobs for unemployed schoolteachers.

Question 46

Residential school had a major negative impact on the health and well-being of many Indigenous people. An example of a loss experienced by children who attended residential school is

A) identity.
B) English language.
C) physical abuse.
D) alcohol misuse.

Question 47

Residential schools

A) were the foremost instrument of state assimilation policy as applied to the Indigenous population.
B) reflected official policy of segregation of Indigenous and non-Indigenous populations.
C) were only attended by a minority of Indigenous children.
D) were only for Indigenous children.

Question 48

The Canadian residential school system left a legacy of

A) successfully preparing graduates for the workforce.
B) systematic abuse and neglect of Indigenous children.
C) model education widely imitated in other school systems in Canada.
D) high-quality education, but primitive facilities and inedible food.

Question 49

In Canada, Indian Reserves are

A) where all Indigenous people live in Canada.
B) land reserved for Indigenous people.
C) the place where Non-Status Indians live.
D) inhabited by some First Nations, but not Inuit or Métis.

Question 50

Before 1982, Status Indian men who married a Non-Status woman

A) granted their wife and their children Indian status.
B) lost Indian Status themselves.
C) kept Indian Status, but could not grant it to either their wife or children.
D) passed Indian Status on to their children, but not to their wives.

Question 51

Before 1982, Status Indian women who married a Non-Status man

A) transferred their Status rights to their husband and children.
B) kept Indian Status, but could not transfer it to their husband and children.
C) kept Indian Status, as did their children, but could not transfer it to their husband.
D) were stripped of Indian status, as were their descendants.

Question 52

Which of the following statements best defines ethnocentrism?

A) A form of rejection whereby an individual is denied the opportunity to participate in the dominant culture.
B) The belief that one's culture is superior to any other culture.
C) A reality that a variety of injustices have been committed against different groups.
D) A form of inclusion whereby an individual is brought in to participate in the dominant culture.

Question 53

The concept of enfranchisement put forwards in 1869 for Indigenous people meant that

A) Indigenous women were now given the vote.
B) Indigenous women who married non-Indigenous men lost their status.
C) Indigenous women were seen as equal to Indigenous men.
D) Indigenous men who gained voting rights lost their status.

Question 54

What has been a major factor in preserving and promoting health among the Indigenous population?

A) Low smoking rates
B) Traditional diet and lifestyle
C) Modern medical treatment
D) Improved education for health life choices

Question 55

The heartland of pre-Contact Indigenous agriculture lay in __________________, ___________________ and _________________.

Question 56

Some imported diseases that travelled the Atlantic with explorers and settlers to the Americas include ________________, ________________, ______________, ______________ and ________________.

Question 57

Infectious diseases of particular concern in Indigenous communities include _____________, ________________ and ___________________.

Question 58

Generations of Indigenous farmers in southern North America, Central America and the Andean Highlands domesticated a wide range of crops, many still significant today, which include _________________, ________________, ________________, _________________, ________________ and _______________ from wild ancestors. (answers may include other crops including: melons, squash, avocados, vanilla and tobacco)

Question 59

Pre-Contact Northern populations were in close contact with mammals. As a result of this contact diseases such as tuberculosis may have infected pre-Contact Indigenous people of the Arctic.

Question 60

Indigenous people were relatively disease free in the pre-Contact period.

Question 61

The Indian Act is clear that status Indians do not own property on reserves.

Question 62

Traditionally, Indigenous peoples participated in government and spiritual ceremonies.

Question 63

All Indigenous people are First Nations.

Question 64

Only Status Indians have the right to live on reserves.

Question 65

First Nations without status cannot live on reserves and receive no special government assistance.

Question 66

Without status it is impossible to claim and be Indigenous.

Question 67

Inuit have Indian status.

Question 68

Métis have Indian status.

Question 69

A treaty Indian is a member of a Prairie First Nation that has signed a land claims treaty with the Canadian government.

Question 70

Most First Nations in British Columbia are treaty Indians.

Question 71

Treaty Indians receive different and better services than other First Nations, even those with Indian status.

Question 72

The term First Nations is now preferred over Indian.

Question 73

Treaties are direct government to government agreements between two sovereign governments.

Question 74

Indian reserves are granted by the Canadian government, not inhabited by right.

Question 75

The Canadian government has been slowly devolving governmental functions to Indigenous governments, without introducing constitutional amendments to do so.

Question 76

The Charter of Rights and Freedoms places the individual rights of Canadians (including Indigenous Canadians) above the treaty rights of Indigenous peoples.

Question 77

The Canadian constitution entrenches the treaty rights of the Indigenous peoples of Canada and requires Canadian governments to respect them.

Question 78

The Canadian government assigns every Registered Indian a Band Number to identify their eligibility for government services.