Deck 11: Cleaning Agents, Personal Care, and Cosmetics

Question 1

The estimated worldwide market of the cosmetics and personal care industry is approximately ______ .

A) 2 billion dollars
B) 4 billion dollars
C) 8.5 billion dollars
D) 17.0 billion dollars
E) 450 billion dollars

Answer 1

E

Question 2

Despite differences in structure, soaps and detergents share the common physical property of _________ .

A) binding metal ions in hard water
B) releasing charged groups into water
C) lowering surface tension of water
D) forming a thin membrane
E) Both a and b

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which of the following statements best describes why liquids have a surface tension.

A) Molecules exert cohesive, attractive forces between neighboring molecules.
B) Metal ions cause the molecules to be drawn together and cause them to precipitate.
C) Surface molecules experience unequal attraction compared to those in the liquid.
D) Molecules act like they are contained in a thin membrane.
E) None of the above

Answer 3

C

Question 4

What is one chemical explanation for why small objects can be supported by the surface tension in water?

A) For the item to sink, the downward force has to overcome the attractive force between the molecules.
B) The natural buoyancy of the object prevents it from sinking.
C) Hydrophobic structures on the surface of the object prevent water from interacting strongly with the material.
D) All of the above
E) None of the above.

Question 5

Which ancient civilization is thought to be the first to produce soap?

A) Romans
B) Etruscans
C) Egyptians
D) Babylonians
E) Phoenicians

Question 6

Which ancient civilization is thought to be the first to have documented the process of produce soap?

A) Romans
B) Etruscans
C) Egyptians
D) Babylonians
E) Phoenicians

Question 7

What two components were utilized in early civilizations to make the first soaps?

A) oils and water
B) ash and bone
C) fat and ashes
D) lead and mercury
E) aqua regia and gold

Question 8

While there are many things that we consider to be 'soaps', what is the technical definition of a soap?

A) any material that disrupts water surface tension
B) compounds that contain hydrophilic and hydrophobic components
C) sodium salts of long-chain carboxylic acids
D) alkali metal salts of any long chain fatty acid formed from lye
E) None of the above.

Question 9

What is the technical definition of a detergent?

A) any material that disrupts water surface tension
B) compounds that contain hydrophilic and hydrophobic components
C) sodium salts of long-chain carboxylic acids
D) alkali metal salts of any long chain fatty acid formed from lye
E) None of the above.

Question 10

Hydrophobic materials will __________ .

A) be naturally buoyant because they repel water
B) generally be composed of nonpolar materials
C) often contain an ionic or hydrogen bonding components
D) dissolve readily in water
E) None of the above.

Question 11

Hydrophilic materials will __________ .

A) be naturally buoyant because they repel water
B) generally be composed of nonpolar materials
C) consist of long chain fatty acids
D) typically not dissolve readily in water
E) None of the above.

Question 12

In soaps, which of the following is representative of the hydrophobic portion of the molecule?

A) sodium chloride
B) a carboxylic acid
C) a carboxylate salt
D) a long hydrocarbon chain
E) None of the above.

Question 13

In soaps, which of the following is representative of the hydrophilic portion of the molecule?

A) sodium chloride
B) a carboxylic acid
C) a carboxylate salt
D) a long hydrocarbon chain
E) None of the above.

Question 14

In soaps, which of the following is most sensitive to the presence of metal ions dissolved in the water?

A) sodium chloride
B) carboxylic acid
C) carboxylate salt
D) a long hydrocarbon chain
E) None of the above.

Question 15

Which of the following statements describes what initially happens when surfactants are dissolved in water?

A) The surfactant molecules accumulate at the surface of the water.
B) The surfactant molecules combine with ions in the water to form spheres.
C) The surfactant molecules self-assemble into spheres where the hydrophobic tails point towards the interior of the sphere.
D) The surfactant molecules self-assemble into spheres where the hydrophobic tails point towards the exterior of the sphere.
E) None of the above.

Question 16

Surfactants can form micelles when dissolved in water. Which of the following describes the typical structure of a concentrated surfactant solution?

A) The surfactant molecules accumulate at the surface of the water.
B) The surfactant molecules combine with ion in the water to form spheres.
C) The surfactant molecules self-assemble into spheres where the hydrophobic tails point towards the interior of the sphere.
D) The surfactant molecules self-assemble into spheres where the hydrophobic tails point towards the exterior of the sphere.
E) None of the above.

Question 17

Surfactants are used to aid liquids in penetrating things such as fabric to allow for cleaning. What feature of surfactants allows the liquids to penetrate?

A) formation of micelles
B) anionic groups
C) lowering of surface tension
D) hydrophobic groups
E) water solubility

Question 18

Soaps can be best classified as a type of __________ surfactant.

A) ionic
B) anionic
C) cationic
D) non-ionic
E) polar

Question 19

Soaps are commonly made from which of the chemical processes shown below?

A) hydrolysis of esters in the presence of a base
B) dehydration of a carboxylic acid in the presence of an alcohol
C) oxidation of an alcohol in the presence of an acid
D) reduction of an alcohol in the presence of a base
E) None of the above.

Question 20

The chemical process for soap making is called _________ .

A) wetting
B) monolayering
C) detergenitrification
D) saponification
E) None of the above.

Question 21

How are anionic surfactant different from other surfactants?

A) They have a shorter alkane component.
B) They ionic group is positively charged.
C) The ionic group has no charge.
D) They have better water solubility.
E) None of the above.

Question 22

How are neutral surfactant different from other surfactants?

A) They have a shorter alkane component.
B) They ionic group is positively charged.
C) They ionic group has no charge.
D) They have better water solubility.
E) None of the above.

Question 23

Most detergents we encounter consist of which class of surfactants?

A) anionic
B) cationic
C) neutral
D) sulfuric
E) None of the above.

Question 24

Most cationic detergents we encounter obtain their charge from which functional group(s)?

A) carboxylates
B) ammonium salts
C) large number of covalently bound oxygen atoms
D) sulfonates
E) None of the above.

Question 25

What characteristic of some waters make them 'hard'?

A) high acidity
B) freezes easily
C) high mineral content
D) high micelle concentration
E) None of the above.

Question 26

Water softeners are able to 'soften' hard water by ____________ .

A) removing acidity from the water
B) exchanging divalent ions for monovalent ions
C) removing all ions from the water
D) exchanging cationic surfactants with anionic surfactants
E) None of the above.

Question 27

Water softeners are often recharged by adding sodium chloride, NaCl. This would ____________ .

A) displace the surfactant molecules
B) lower the density of the solution making it less 'hard'
C) increase the acidity of the ion-exchange resin
D) flush the 'hard' ions out of the water softener
E) None of the above.

Question 28

What common builder has fallen out of use due to the fact that it causes out-of-control algae growth in natural waters?

A) carbonates
B) nitrates
C) phosphates
D) sulfonates
E) None of the above.

Question 29

Sudden, fast growth of algae due to soap waste-products can lead to eutrophication, which results in ___________ .

A) oxygen starvation in aquatic plants and animals
B) rapid plant growth
C) collection of plants and animals at the bottom of the lake due to sedimentation
D) development of specialized green cleaners from natural sources
E) None of the above.

Question 30

Which of the following has not been traditionally used as a cosmetic?

A) plant extracts
B) powdered metals
C) ground minerals
D) plant and animal oils & fats
E) All of the above have been used.

Question 31

Which of the following was likely the first class of cosmetics?

A) plant extracts
B) powdered metals
C) ground minerals
D) metal foils
E) All of the above have been used.

Question 32

Which of the following is not considered a use for a cosmetic according to the U.S. Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act?

A) beautifying
B) cleansing
C) promoting attractiveness
D) altering the appearance
E) weight loss

Question 33

Approximately what percentage of the retail cost of a cosmetic goes towards raw materials?

A) 1%
B) 2%
C) 10%
D) 25%
E) 75%

Question 34

What is the leading component in most cosmetic materials?

A) oil
B) fragrance
C) surfactants
D) water
E) dye

Question 35

Which of the following represents the most expensive component by weight in a particular cosmetic?

A) surfactants
B) fragrances
C) water
D) common solvents
E) moisturizers

Question 36

Which of the following not a layer within the skin tissue system?

A) dermis
B) epidermis
C) stratum corneum
D) sebum
E) All of the above are part of the skin tissue

Question 37

The outermost layer of the skin tissue system is the _________ ?

A) dermis
B) epidermis
C) stratum corneum
D) sebum
E) All of the above are part of the skin tissue

Question 38

The layer(s) of the skin tissue system that have active cell division is (are) the _________ ?

A) dermis
B) epidermis
C) stratum corneum
D) Both a and b
E) None of the above

Question 39

Which of the following layers within the skin tissue system are most sensitive to changes in water content?

A) dermis
B) epidermis
C) stratum corneum
D) sebum
E) All of the above are part of the skin tissue

Question 40

Which of the following best describes a water-in-oil emulsion?

A) A mixture of water and oil
B) A mixture that is predominantly water
C) A colloidal dispersion consisting of more water than oil
D) A colloidal dispersion consisting of more oil than water
E) A homogenous mixture of water dissolved in oil

Question 41

Which of the following best describes a oil-in-water emulsion?

A) A mixture of water and oil
B) A mixture that is predominantly oil
C) A colloidal dispersion consisting of more water than oil
D) A colloidal dispersion consisting of more oil than water
E) A homogenous mixture of water dissolved in oil

Question 42

Which of the following layers of the skin are typically the target of treatment of oil-in-water emulsions?

A) dermis
B) epidermis
C) stratum corneum
D) Both a and b
E) None of the above

Question 43

What is one of the primary role of emulsions in beauty products when interacting with the skin?

A) To raise the pH of the skin and prevent bacteria growth.
B) To aid in retaining moisture in the outermost layer of the skin.
C) To remove non-living skin tissue and promote growth of fresh skin cells
D) To aid in the production of sebum and distribute it across the skin.
E) Both a and b

Question 44

Eccrine sweat glands are found primarily ________ .

A) on horses
B) in the armpit and groin
C) on the face and palms of the hands
D) distributed throughout the skin
E) Both b and c

Question 45

Apocrine sweat glands are found primarily ________ .

A) on horses
B) in the armpit and groin
C) on the face and palms of the hands
D) distributed throughout the skin
E) Both b and c

Question 46

Which of the following statements best describes the product of sweat glands?

A) The secretions produced by the glands are initially odorless.
B) The secretions have a high bacterial count.
C) The secretions are high in oil and fats.
D) The secretions contain a high number of sulfur compounds.
E) Both b and c

Question 47

Fragrance compounds, while radically different, share one similar trait. What trait do they share?

A) They all contain aldehydes.
B) They care ionic compounds.
C) They have low molecular masses.
D) They are volatile.
E) Both b and c

Question 48

Radiant energy in the form of light can be characterized by its wavelength which is __________.

A) The amount of time it takes the light to travel to an object.
B) The distance between the crest of the waves.
C) The time it takes a wave to pass a certain point in space.
D) The number of waves that pass a given point in space in a certain timeframe.
E) None of the above.

Question 49

Radiant energy in the form of light can be characterized by its frequency, which is __________.

A) The amount of time it takes the light to travel to an object.
B) The distance between the crest of the waves.
C) The time it takes a wave to pass a certain point in space.
D) The number of waves that pass a given point in space in a certain timeframe.
E) None of the above.

Question 50

Radiant energy in the form of light can be characterized by its frequency, which is __________.

A) The amount of time it takes the light to travel to an object.
B) The distance between the crest of the waves.
C) The time it takes a wave to pass a certain point in space.
D) A measure of the amount of energy in the light.
E) None of the above.

Question 51

Which statement below best relates the frequency of light to the properties of light ?

A) The larger the frequency the faster the light travels.
B) The larger the frequency the more energy the light contains.
C) The larger the frequency the more photons contained in a light wave.
D) The larger the frequency the warmer the light feels.
E) None of the above.

Question 52

Which statement below best relates the wavelength of light to the properties of light?

A) The larger the wavelength the faster the light travels.
B) The larger the wavelength the more energy the light contains.
C) The larger the wavelength the more photons contained in a light wave.
D) The larger the wavelength the warmer the light feels.
E) None of the above.

Question 53

Which statement below best relates the wavelength of light to frequency of light?

A) The larger the wavelength the greater the frequency.
B) The larger the wavelength the lower the frequency.
C) The frequency and the wavelength are independent of each other
D) The energy of the light is the product of the wavelength and the frequency.
E) None of the above.

Question 54

Which statement below is true with respect to the electromagnetic spectrum?

A) The portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that we can observe unaided is very small.
B) The electromagnetic spectrum is very narrow.
C) The electromagnetic spectrum is sorted by the speed of the waves that make up light energy.
D) The inherent energy of a particular region of the spectrum depends solely on the intensity of the light energy.
E) None of the above.

Question 55

Which statement below best describes the ultraviolet radiation?

A) UV radiation is lower in energy than visible light.
B) Visible Light has a shorter wavelength than UV radiation.
C) UV radiation has higher frequency than Visible Light.
D) Visible Light does not penetrate ozone as effectively UV radiation.
E) None of the above.

Question 56

What is the wavelength range for Visible Light?

A) 100-300 nm
B) 300-400 nm
C) 400-700 nm
D) 700-1500 nm
E) None of the above.

Question 57

Which of following would be included the wavelength range for Ultraviolet Light?

A) 50-100 nm
B) 300-400 nm
C) 400-700 nm
D) 700-1500 nm
E) 1500-10000 nm

Question 58

Which of the following is not a mechanism by which sunscreens work?

A) absorb UV radiation
B) reflect UV radiation
C) block UV radiation
D) scatter UV radiation
E) All of the above.

Question 59

Most covalent organic sunscreens work by __________ ?

A) absorbing UV radiation
B) reflecting UV radiation
C) capturing UV radiation
D) scattering UV radiation
E) All of the above.

Question 60

Most inorganic sunscreens such as titanium oxides work by __________ ?

A) absorbing UV radiation
B) reflecting UV radiation
C) capturing UV radiation
D) scattering UV radiation
E) All of the above.

Question 61

One of the major differences of a dental care product compared to other personal care products is ___________ .

A) that dental care products require less regulation.
B) that dental care products need to block more UV radiation.
C) that dental care products are typically more basic.
D) that dental care products often lack surfactants.
E) All of the above.

Question 62

Teeth are composed of a bone-like enamel that consists mostly of _________ .

A) calcium phosphate materials
B) metallic calcium
C) plaque
D) remineralized plaque
E) None of the above.

Question 63

Abrasives in toothpaste are used to _________ .

A) prevent cavities by strengthening enamel
B) provide a pleasant taste
C) color the foams produced and whiten teeth
D) aid in the remineralization of plaque
E) None of the above.

Question 64

Fluoride based salts in toothpaste are used to _________ .

A) prevent cavities by strengthening enamel
B) provide a pleasant taste
C) color the foams produced and whiten teeth
D) aid in the remineralization of plaque
E) None of the above.

Question 65

Hair is composed mostly of ____________ .

A) carbohydrates
B) water
C) melanin
D) protein
E) None of the above.

Question 66

Hair care products are difficult to formulate because ____________ .

A) The scalp is more sensitive than other parts of the body and requires more stringent pH controls.
B) There is a delicate balance between removing dirt and oils while leaving enough to maintain gloss and control.
C) The hair strands are extremely to UV-damage and rapidly decompose in the presence of too many surfactants.
D) TEA based surfactants in shampoos are much more reactive than cationic surfactants and can only be mixed with a small selection of compounds.
E) All of the above.

Question 67

The gloss or dullness of hair can be most strongly affected by altering the shampoos ________.

A) pH
B) oil content
C) type of surfactant
D) fragrance
E) Any of the above.

Question 68

Hair structure and shape are influenced by a number of factors. Which of these factors is most prominent when shaping hair using heat such as through the use of a blow dryer or curling iron?

A) salt bridges
B) disulfide links
C) cuticle ruffling
D) hydrogen bonding
E) All of the above play prominent roles.

Question 69

More permanent changes in hair structure and shape can be undertaken through a 'perm' Which of these factors is most prominent when shaping hair using chemical means such as a 'perm'.

A) salt bridges
B) disulfide links
C) cuticle ruffling
D) hydrogen bonding
E) All of the above play prominent roles.