Deck 11: Neural Function

Question 1

Neuroanatomic and neurotransmitter alterations in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia include which of the following?

A) Loss of cortical tissue
B) Alteration in dopamine pathways
C) Shrinkage of the ventricles
D) All of these are correct.
E) Loss of cortical tissue and alteration in dopamine pathways

Answer 1

E

Question 2

A patient reports that he senses that he is detached from society. His family reports he doesn't seem to enjoy many experiences. These symptoms are a description of:

A) avolition.
B) alogia.
C) anhedonia.
D) delusions.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which of the following neurotransmitters is widely reduced in depression?

A) Serotonin
B) Monoamine
C) Glutamine
D) Epinephrine

Answer 3

A

Question 4

An 18-year-old was brought into the emergency room because she was found on the streets at 2:00 a.m. stating she was campaigning for the next president and was writing his speeches. Police reported she was alone and yelling at oncoming cars and insisting they join her campaign to elect the next president. Concerns for her safety is what led the police to bring her to the emergency room. This woman may be experiencing:

A) a manic episode.
B) a panic attack.
C) agoraphobia.
D) compulsive behavior.

Question 5

In a generalized anxiety disorder, anticipatory anxiety and attentional bias to threats are thought be caused by:

A) serotonin and GABA surges.
B) cingulate cortex and amygdala abnormalities.
C) cholecystokinin receptor gene on chromosome 11p.
D) hypothalamic-pituitary thyroid system dysregulation.

Question 6

A patient with schizophrenia has hallucinations and delusions. These thoughts and behaviors are termed:

A) positive symptoms.
B) negative symptoms.
C) affective symptoms.
D) cognitive symptoms.

Question 7

Second-generation antipsychotics have which of the following effects on neurotransmitters?

A) Dopamine and serotonin
B) Dopamine only
C) Serotonin only
D) Dopamine and glutamate

Question 8

A patient with refractory depression will receive electroconvulsive therapy. She would like more information about this therapy. What information should be provided to her?

A) You will need to be on bedrest for 2 days after the procedure.
B) The procedure produces a brief brain seizure that activates various brain areas.
C) The procedure is painless, so usually no anesthesia is necessary.
D) You will have to reduce your intake of food after, due to the risk of vomiting.

Question 9

What symptoms must be present for a patient to be diagnosed with major depressive disorder?

A) Indecisiveness
B) Feeling of sadness
C) Fatigue
D) Insomnia

Question 10

An 18-year-old patient describes that he needs to wash his hands multiple times a day because he is concerned about germs. He said this started when he was about 12 years old. This behavior is a description of:

A) an obsession.
B) a compulsion.
C) paranoia.
D) delusions.

Question 11

Alterations in __________ have been associated with the development of mental health disorders such as depression, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia.

A) chromosomes 8 and 15
B) chromosomes 5 and 6
C) chromosomes 1 and 2
D) chromosomes 3 and 10

Question 12

What is the relationship between the hypothalamic pituitary axis and depression?

A) Reduction in cortisol
B) Reduced production of corticotropin-releasing hormone
C) Increased production of corticotropin-releasing hormone
D) Low levels of gamma aminobutyric acid

Question 13

Which of the following essential amino acids is a precursor to serotonin?

A) Tryptophan
B) Glutamate
C) Choline
D) Dopamine

Question 14

A 30-year-old male patient is in the emergency room because he was belligerent, confused, and delirious. His girlfriend called the police because of this behavior, and she said it started after smoking marijuana. Suspicions are that the marijuana was altered with phencyclidine (PCP). Which receptors are mainly altered by PCP?

A) N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)
B) Serotonin receptors
C) Monoamine receptors
D) Dopamine receptors

Question 15

Children in comparison to adults with major depressive disorders are more likely to exhibit:

A) weight changes.
B) low self-esteem.
C) insomnia.
D) somatic complaints such as stomachache.

Question 16

A patient with increased intracranial pressure will have:

A) dilated scalp veins.
B) a rapid increase in head size.
C) visual changes.
D) prominence of forehead.

Question 17

What is a key difference between dementia and delirium?

A) Delirium onset is usually slow and insidious.
B) Hallucinations and delusions may be present with delirium.
C) Behavior is usually agitated early on in dementia.
D) The sleep wake cycle is usually disrupted in delirium.

Question 18

Which of the following is a characteristic of brainstem death?

A) Apnea
B) Comatose
C) Vegetative state
D) Lack of movement

Question 19

A 75-year-old man had a cerebrovascular accident. What type of paralysis will be most likely?

A) Ipsilateral hypotonic muscles and flaccid paralysis
B) Contralateral hypotonic muscles and flaccid paralysis
C) Ipsilateral contractures and spastic paralysis
D) Contralateral contractures and spastic paralysis

Question 20

Which of the following neurologic disorders is characterized by cortical nerve cell processes that have become twisted and dilated?

A) Delirium
B) Parkinson disease
C) Alzheimer disease
D) Multiple sclerosis

Question 21

A 60-year-old woman has just had a cerebrovascular accident (CVA). The most likely cause of her stroke is:

A) intracerebral hemorrhage.
B) atrial fibrillation.
C) cerebral aneurysm.
D) subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Question 22

A 25-year-old was playing baseball and was hit in the head by a bat. At first he lost consciousness for a short period and then was alert, so he decided to just go home and put ice on his head. While at home, he started having a headache, became confused, and started to vomit. The most likely type of cerebral injury is a(n):

A) intracerebral hemorrhage.
B) subdural hematoma.
C) epidural hematoma.
D) subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Question 23

A 27-year-old woman is coming in to discuss preconception counseling. She is told to take folate. What is the purpose of this supplementation?

A) It reduces the risk of neural tube defects.
B) It reduces the risk of anemia.
C) It helps with fertility and implantation.
D) It prevents down syndrome.

Question 24

A child is being examined, and a tuft of hair over a birthmark in the sacrococcygeal area is noted with no other abnormalities. This could represent:

A) meningocele.
B) spina bifida occulta.
C) myelomeningocele.
D) split cord malformation.

Question 25

Benign febrile seizures are characterized by or associated with:

A) extremely high temperatures.
B) respiratory or ear infections.
C) onset after 5 years old.
D) lasting 30 minutes or more.

Question 26

Which of the following types of nerve cells produce myelin?

A) Astrocytes
B) Neurocytes
C) Microglia
D) Schwann

Question 27

The ability of the brain synapse numbers and strength to change is termed:

A) neuroplasticity.
B) neural adaptation.
C) neural transmission.
D) neural gaining.

Question 28

Which of the following neurotransmitters are generally considered excitatory?

A) Serotonin
B) Dopamine
C) Gamma aminobutyric acid
D) Glutamate
E) Dopamine and glutamate

Question 29

A woman is diagnosed with trigeminal neuralgia. Where would her pain be located?

A) Trapezius
B) Cheek and mandibular area
C) Occiput
D) Neck

Question 30

A nurse is putting together a presentation on meningitis. Which of the following microorganisms has been linked to meningitis?

A) E. coli
B) S. pneumonia
C) H. influenza
D) Cl. difficile
E) N. meningitis
F) S. pneumonia, H. influenza, and N. meningitis

Question 31

A 22-year-old woman is being discharged home after suffering a mild traumatic brain injury sustained in a motor vehicle accident. What information will be given to her family?

A) Give her ibuprofen every 6 hours for headache.
B) She should be observed for 4 hours, and then she can go back to her own apartment.
C) She should not drink any cold liquids.
D) She should recover without any long-term consequences.

Question 32

A patient sustained a severe head injury after a motorcycle accident. He is being monitored for signs of increased intracranial pressure, which would include:

A) bradycardia.
B) tachycardia.
C) hypotension.
D) pinpoint pupils.

Question 33

In an ischemic stroke, high blood pressure management should:

A) occur slowly (e.g., no more than 15% in first 24 hours).
B) occur quickly until the patient is normotensive.
C) not be attempted until after 24 hours.
D) occur quickly until the symptoms stabilize.

Question 34

A migraine occurs as a result of:

A) trigeminal nerve inhibition.
B) cerebral vasoconstriction.
C) inhibition of serotonin receptors.
D) neurogenic inflammation leading to neuronal sensitization.

Question 35

A man is complaining of a unilateral throbbing headache that is severe. He also gets a runny nose, and his eye gets teary. These headaches make him feel restless. He says they come and go, but he can get several in a day. These findings are consistent with:

A) migraine headache without aura.
B) cluster headaches.
C) tension headaches.
D) headache due to an aneurysm.