Deck 26: Epidemiology of Prostate Cancer

Question 1

Carcinoma of the prostate is the second most common form of cancer in men and the fifth leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

In 2018, 1,276,106 new cases were diagnosed, and 358,989 men died of prostate cancer.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

During 2000-2018, the number of new cases of prostate cancer more than doubled, and the number of deaths increased by 76%.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Global incidence and mortality rates of prostate cancer have increased markedly during 2000-2018.

Question 5

Based upon postmortem studies of men, the prevalence of occult prostate carcinoma rises to about 50% by age 70 years.

Question 6

Benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) is considered a precancerous lesion that may evolve into prostate cancer.

Question 7

Prostate cancer mortality rates have dramatically declined in the past 50 years in developed countries such as the United States and Japan.

Question 8

Epidemiologic evidence indicates that the "westernized lifestyle," which incorporates high fat/high calorie diets and, in particular, high levels of inflammatory n-6 fatty acids, enhances the risk for malignant transformation of the prostate gland.

Question 9

Supplemental selenium and Vitamin E have been confirmed to have strong chemopreventive effects against the development of prostate cancer.

Question 10

High serum zinc has been found to improve survival in patients with invasive prostate cancer.

Question 11

What fraction of men over the age of 70 years have occult prostatic carcinoma?

A) 10%
B) 30%
C) 50%
D) 70%

Question 12

Risk factors for prostate cancer include all of the following except:

A) familial predisposition.
B) high intake of n-6 fatty acids.
C) sustained high levels of PSA.
D) BPH.

Question 13

What US subgroup has the highest risk of developing prostate cancer?

A) Caucasian Americans
B) African Americans
C) Hispanic Americans
D) Asian Americans

Question 14

Prostate cancer mortality rates in the US population during the past 50 years have:

A) steadily increased.
B) steadily decreased.
C) remained about the same.
D) surpassed lung cancer mortality rates.

Question 15

Prostate cancer mortality rates in the Japanese population during the past 50 years have:

A) steadily increased.
B) steadily decreased.
C) remained about the same.
D) surpassed lung cancer mortality rates.

Question 16

High levels of what mineral were recently found associated with significantly improved survival among Swedish men with invasive prostate cancer?

A) Iron
B) Copper
C) Zinc
D) Molybdenum

Question 17

Briefly characterize the global epidemiology of prostate cancer.

Question 18

Characterize and discuss the risk factors for prostate cancer.

Question 19

Discuss the biochemical reaction involving testosterone, 5-alpha-reductase, and dihydrotestosterone that has been proposed as a necessary feature of the pathogenesis of prostate cancer.

Question 20

Characterize the increasing trend in prostate cancer mortality in Japan during the past 50 years and discuss potential reasons for the trend.

Question 21

Briefly summarize findings of epidemiologic studies of NSAIDs and prostate cancer.

Question 22

Discuss the impact of PSA in the detection and treatment of prostate cancer.