Deck 12: Global Epidemiology of Cancer

Question 1

Worldwide, cancer caused 9.6 million deaths in 2018, about 16% of approximately 60 million annual deaths from all causes.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Across all age groups, cancer currently ranks third behind cardiovascular diseases and infectious diseases as a leading cause of global death.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Worldwide, the leading cause of cancer death in men is lung cancer.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Worldwide, the leading cause of cancer death in women is lung cancer.

Question 5

In developed nations, the leading cause of cancer death among women is breast cancer.

Question 6

In developing nations, the leading cause of cancer death among women is breast cancer.

Question 7

The leading cause of cancer death among US women is breast cancer.

Question 8

Rates of colon cancer mortality began to decline in US men and women in the 1980s.

Question 9

What form of cancer shows the greatest decline in mortality in US men and women during the period 1930-2015?

A) Liver cancer
B) Colon cancer
C) Pancreatic cancer
D) Stomach cancer

Question 10

What form of cancer shows the greatest increase in mortality in US women since 1950?

A) Breast cancer
B) Ovarian cancer
C) Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
D) Lung cancer

Question 11

Colorectal cancer mortality has been decreasing among US women since about:

A) 1950.
B) 1960.
C) 1970.
D) 1980.

Question 12

Cancer mortality in men exceeds that in women by about:

A) 20%.
B) 30%.
C) 40%.
D) 50%.

Question 13

What form of cancer causes the most deaths among women in developing countries?

A) Lung cancer
B) Breast cancer
C) Cervical cancer
D) Ovarian cancer

Question 14

In developing countries, liver cancer ranks second in causing death from cancer due to relatively high exposure to all of the agents listed below except:

A) hepatitis B.
B) hepatitis C.
C) aflatoxins.
D) HIV.

Question 15

Discuss gender differences in cause-specific cancer mortality.

Question 16

Discuss differences in cause-specific cancer mortality in developed versus developing nations.

Question 17

Discuss important time trends in annual cancer mortality rates during the last century in US men.

Question 18

Discuss important time trends in annual cancer mortality rates during the last century in US women.

Question 19

During the 20th century, tobacco addiction caused more than 50 million cancer-related deaths.

Question 20

In the general population, approximately 90% of lung cancers are attributable to cigarette smoking.

Question 21

Passive smoking is not a confirmed risk factor for lung cancer.

Question 22

Linoleic acid, an n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid prominent in the US diet has been found to promote tumor growth and development.

Question 23

Linolenic acid, an n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid prominent in marine diets, has been found to reduce tumor growth and development.

Question 24

Aflatoxin exposure through ingestion of moldy grain significantly increases the risk of liver cancer.

Question 25

Chronic alcohol abuse heightens the risk of several gastrointestinal cancers including oral cavity cancer, esophageal cancer, stomach cancer, liver cancer, and pancreatic cancer.

Question 26

Low dietary fiber has not been etiologically linked to the development of colon cancer.

Question 27

Certain strains of Human Papilloma Virus (HPV 16 and 18) exclusively cause cervical cancer.

Question 28

The leading cause of liver cancer in sub-Saharan Africa is alcoholic cirrhosis.

Question 29

Approximately what percentage of lung cancer is attributable to cigarette smoking?

A)60%
B)70%
C)80%
D)90%

Question 30

Approximately what percentage of cancer mortality is attributable to cigarette smoking and other forms of tobacco use?

A) 10%
B) 20%
C) 30%
D) 40%

Question 31

What type of polyunsaturated fat has been linked to tumor development?

A) Linoleic acid
B) Linolenic acid
C) Arachidonic acid
D) Omega-3 fatty acid

Question 32

Ingestion of moldy grain heightens the risk of liver cancer due to exposure to what class of compounds?

A) Heterocyclic amines
B) Aromatic hydrocarbons
C) Nitrosamines
D) Aflatoxins

Question 33

In developed countries, approximately what percentage of cancer mortality is attributable to chronic infection?

A) 10%
B) 15%
C) 20%
D) 25%

Question 34

In developing countries, approximately what percentage of cancer mortality is attributable to chronic infection?

A) 10%
B) 15%
C) 20%
D) 25%

Question 35

Women in developing countries have the greatest risk of dying from what form of cancer?

A) Lung cancer
B) Breast cancer
C) Cervical cancer
D) Ovarian cancer

Question 36

What form of cancer causes the most deaths among men living in sub-Saharan Africa?

A) Lung cancer
B) Stomach cancer
C) Lymphoma
D) Kaposi's sarcoma

Question 37

Discuss the public health impact of tobacco addiction.

Question 38

What forms of cancer are etiologically linked to chronic cigarette smoking or other forms of tobacco addiction?

Question 39

What classes of carcinogenic agents are found in tobacco smoke?

Question 40

Discuss the role of diet in cancer development.

Question 41

Discuss the role of infectious agents in cancer development.

Question 42

Primary prevention refers to avoidance of exposure to disease-causing risk factors.

Question 43

Secondary prevention refers to screening for the detection of antecedent conditions that predispose to disease and are curable by effective treatment or detection of disease at an early stage when effective treatment is likely to restore health.

Question 44

Tertiary prevention involves behavioral changes that limit the progression of disease and improve the quality of life after diagnosis.

Question 45

Despite intensive medical and public health efforts, cancer has now surpassed cardiovascular disease as the leading cause of death in people under age 85 years in highly developed nations such as the USA.

Question 46

Vaccination against HPV strains 16 and 18 is not a form of primary prevention.

Question 47

Secondary screening includes consideration of which of the following factors?

A) Validity
B) Safety
C) Cost
D) Acceptability
E) All of the above are correct.

Question 48

Which of the following is not an example of tertiary prevention?

A) Vaccination
B) Smoking cessation
C) Healthy diet
D) Exercise

Question 49

Approximately what percentage of cancer patients die from their disease in developed countries with effective cancer prevention and treatment services?

A) 50%
B) 60%
C) 70%
D) 80%

Question 50

Approximately what percentage of cancer patients die from their disease in underdeveloped countries without effective cancer prevention and treatment services?

A) 50%
B) 60%
C) 70%
D) 80%

Question 51

Screening has been effective in curbing the mortality from all cancers listed below except

A) breast cancer.
B) cervical cancer.
C) colon cancer.
D) lung cancer.

Question 52

Discuss strategies for primary cancer prevention.

Question 53

Discuss strategies for secondary cancer prevention.

Question 54

Discuss strategies for tertiary cancer prevention.