Deck 16: Endocrine and Neuroendocrine Physiology

Question 1

In the spring, when a bear emerges from its den, adipose cells

A) become resistant to insulin.
B) release insulin.
C) become responsive to insulin.
D) metabolize insulin.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which diagram represents the mechanism of oxytocin release from the initial signal in the hypothalamus?

A) I
B) II
C) III
D) IV

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which diagram(s) represent(s) the process of chemical signaling from the initial signal in the hypothalamus to the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone?

A) I
B) II and III
C) II and IV
D) I and II

Answer 3

B

Question 4

How can the same hormone can have a completely different function in 2 different species?

A) The origin of the hormone is different.
B) The affected tissues are different.
C) The second messenger systems inside the cell bring about a different action.
D) The receptors are different.

Question 5

In order to bring about intracellular effects, steroid hormones

A) attach to receptors and cause a series of second messenger effects.
B) pass through the cell membrane and cause a series of second messenger effects.
C) attach to receptors and attach to an intracellular receptor.
D) pass through the cell membrane and attach to an intracellular receptor.

Question 6

Refer to the figure shown.
Which diagram represents a neurosecretory system?

A) I
B) II
C) III
D) IV

Question 7

Which compound functions as both a hormone and a neurotransmitter?

A) Thyroid hormone
B) Cholecystokinin
C) Carbon dioxide
D) Gastrin

Question 8

Which hormone is categorized incorrectly?

A) Testosterone-steroid
B) Insulin-peptide
C) Growth hormone-steroid
D) Melatonin-amine

Question 9

Which compound bypasses second messenger systems and alters gene expression?

A) Peptides
B) Steroids
C) Thyroid hormones
D) Melatonin

Question 10

Which hormone has the longest half-life?

A) Melatonin
B) Insulin
C) Testosterone
D) Thyroid hormone

Question 11

Neurosecretory cells

A) are not connected to the nervous system.
B) release neurotransmitters into the blood.
C) transduce neural signals into endocrine signals.
D) do not typically produce action potentials.

Question 12

An anatomically distinct site for the release of neurohormones is called a(n)

A) neurohemal organ.
B) anastomosis.
C) adenohypophysis.
D) paraventricular nucleus.

Question 13

Why do steroid-secreting cells take longer to initiate secretion than do peptide-secreting hormones?

A) They take much longer to create.
B) The step of posttranslational processing is much longer.
C) They are not stored in vesicles, they are made on demand.
D) Only a few cells in the body actually make steroid hormones.

Question 14

Refer to the figure shown.
Arrow I in the diagram points to

A) preproinsulin.
B) proinsulin.
C) the P segment.
D) insulin.

Question 15

Refer to the figure shown.
The _______ in the diagram reaches its final form through _______.

A) insulin; ribosomal cleavage
B) glucagon; ribosomal cleavage
C) insulin; posttranslational processing
D) glucagon; posttranslational processing

Question 16

Refer to the figure shown.
What process is represented at arrow II?

A) Storage of insulin in vesicles
B) Release of insulin into the blood
C) Transporting of proinsulin to a different part of the cell, where it will mature into insulin
D) Release of insulin and C-peptide into the blood

Question 17

Which statement about insulin is true?

A) Insulin is synthesized at ribosomes, stored in vesicles, and secreted on demand.
B) Insulin is synthesized in the nucleus and released into the blood by diffusion.
C) Insulin is synthesized on demand, stored in vesicles, and secreted on demand.
D) Insulin is synthesized on demand and released into the blood by diffusion.

Question 18

Testosterone is synthesized

A) at ribosomes, stored in vesicles, and secreted on demand.
B) in the nucleus and released into the blood by diffusion.
C) on demand, stored in vesicles, and secreted on demand.
D) on demand and released into the blood by diffusion.

Question 19

What statement best describes the function of vasopressin cells.

A) Vasopressin cells act like neurons.
B) Vasopressin cells receive input about osmotic pressure, and, if high, release vasopressin into the circulation.
C) Vasopressin cells receive input about osmotic pressure, and, if high, generate action potentials which then activate endocrine cells in the pituitary to release vasopressin into the circulation.
D) Cells in the hypothalamus respond to high osmotic pressure and activate vasopressin cells in the pituitary, which then secrete vasopressin into the circulation.

Question 20

Which hormones are released by the posterior pituitary gland?

A) Vasopressin and oxytocin
B) Antidiuretic hormone and prolactin
C) Vasopressin and antidiuretic hormone
D) Prolactin and vasopressin

Question 21

Which hormone is directly responsible for milk let-down (ejection)?

A) Oxytocin
B) Prolactin
C) Follicle-stimulating hormone
D) Luteinizing hormone

Question 22

Refer to the figure shown.
Which statement about the figures is the most accurate?

A) Only figure B contains a neurohemal organ.
B) Figures A and B contain a neurohemal organ.
C) Figures A and B contain a neurohemal organ, and figure B also contains a portal system.
D) Figures A and B contain a neurohemal organ, and figure A also contains a portal system.

Question 23

Refer to the figure shown.
Which statement regarding the arrows is true in both figures?

A) I represents secretion of a neurotransmitter.
B) II represents the neurohemal organ.
C) III represents release of a neurohormone into the general circulation.
D) IV represents venous outflow that includes the hormone.

Question 24

Which hormone is direct acting?

A) Thyroid-stimulating hormone
B) Prolactin
C) Adrenocorticotropic hormone
D) Follicle-stimulating hormone

Question 25

Which hormone functions in skin darkening in amphibians and non-avian reptiles?

A) Melanocyte stimulating hormones
B) Thyroid hormones
C) Glucocorticoids
D) Adrenocorticotropin

Question 26

The most common posterior pituitary nonapeptide found in most bony fish is

A) arginine vasotocin.
B) oxytocin.
C) mesotocin.
D) isotocin.

Question 27

Which statement regarding the feedback mechanisms of the HPA axis is true?

A) Glucocorticoids enhance the secretion of CRH.
B) Glucocorticoids inhibit the secretion of ACTH.
C) ACTH enhances the secretion of CRH.
D) ACTH decreases the secretion of glucocorticoids.

Question 28

Injections of _______ would likely result in the highest blood glucose levels in a mammal when measured 1 hour post injection.

A) insulin and glucagon
B) insulin and epinephrine
C) glucagon and epinephrine
D) insulin, glycogen, and epinephrine

Question 29

Refer to the figure shown.
Which plot line on the graph likely represents an insulin-only treatment?

A) I
B) II
C) III
D) IV

Question 30

Refer to the figure shown.
Which plot line represents antagonism toward insulin?

A) I
B) II
C) I, II, and III
D) IV

Question 31

Which of the following is not directly part of the HPA axis?

A) ACTH
B) glucocorticoids
C) norepinephrine
D) CRH

Question 32

Which physiological reaction would occur in response to direct sympathetic activation?

A) Muscle protein anabolism
B) Release of glucose from muscle and liver
C) Increase in digestive activity
D) Decrease in ventilation

Question 33

Which of the following is not part of the mammalian stress response?

A) Increased release of thyroid-stimulating hormone
B) Vasoconstriction of specific regions such as the skin
C) Increase in fat catabolism
D) Release of glucocorticoids

Question 34

Which statement about synergistic components of the mammalian stress response is true?

A) Catecholamines amplify glucagon's effect in opposing the actions of insulin.
B) Epinephrine decreases an animal's perception of pain.
C) Epinephrine inhibits the secretion of ACTH.
D) β-endorphin enhances the secretion of ACTH.

Question 35

Which of the following occurs after a significant blood loss?

A) Increase in aldosterone secretion to decrease Na⁺ reabsorption
B) Increase in vasopressin secretion to increase water reabsorption
C) Increase in atrial natriuretic peptide secretion to increase blood pressure
D) Stimulation of the vessels by catecholamines to dilate the vessels and maintain blood pressure

Question 36

Which statement about the mammalian stress response is true?

A) Glucocorticoids enhance the release of CRH.
B) Cytokines stimulate the release of CRH.
C) ACTH inhibits the production of glucocorticoids.
D) Glucocorticoids stimulate immune-system reactions, causing inflammation.

Question 37

During a long period between meals, there is a rise in the blood concentration of

A) insulin.
B) glucagon.
C) glycogen.
D) epinephrine.

Question 38

Refer to the figure shown.
If all of the panels in the figure represent data from one treatment, this treatment was most likely

A) fasting.
B) fasting and ingestion of a high-carbohydrate meal.
C) fasting and ingestion of a high-protein meal.
D) fasting and ingestion of a high-fat meal.

Question 39

Refer to the figure shown.
Which statement best explains the increase in insulin levels seen in the figure?

A) Insulin increases after a high-carbohydrate meal in order to enhance the removal of blood glucose.
B) Insulin increases after a high-carbohydrate meal in order to stabilize blood glucose levels and store the excess as glycogen.
C) Insulin increases after any meal in order to enhance the uptake of the broken-down biomolecules into the blood from the intestines.
D) Insulin increases after a high-protein meal in order to promote the incorporation of absorbed amino acids into body proteins.

Question 40

Uncontrollably high blood glucose, such as in people with diabetes mellitus,

A) is uncomfortable but not a serious issue.
B) is typically fatal after a few episodes; therefore, medication is mandatory.
C) can result in eye, kidney, blood vessel, and nerve damage if not treated.
D) results in continual dehydration.

Question 41

Which hormone related to mammalian nutrient metabolism is secreted continuously?

A) Insulin
B) Osteocalcin
C) Thyroid hormone
D) Glucocorticoids

Question 42

Why is iodine an essential nutrient?

A) Thyroid hormone includes iodine in its chemical structure.
B) Iodine is necessary for proper neural activity.
C) Iodine is an important antioxidant.
D) Iodine helps to create ATP.

Question 43

How did many countries significantly reduce iodine deficiency?

A) They supplemented iodine into crops.
B) They used iodized salt.
C) They fed cows, pigs, and chickens nutrients fortified with iodine.
D) The supplemented breakfast cereal with iodine.

Question 44

Which best explains the formation of a goiter from iodine deficiency?

A) Lack of suppression from TRH causes more thyroid hormone to be released. This continual release stimulates the thyroid and eventually causes it to grow bigger.
B) Lack of iodine causes an immune response in the thyroid causing it to swell.
C) Lack of negative feedback from thyroid hormone causes more TRH to be released. This continual release stimulates the thyroid and eventually causes it to grow bigger.
D) Positive feedback from excess thyroid hormone causes more TRH to be released. This continual release stimulates the thyroid and eventually causes it to grow bigger.

Question 45

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (vasopressin) upregulates the _______ of aquaporins into the _______ membrane of the collecting duct so that more water can be _______.

A) insertion; apical; reabsorbed
B) insertion; apical; excreted
C) insertion; basal; reabsorbed
D) removal; apical; excreted

Question 46

Refer to the figure shown.
What is the structure labeled by arrow I in the diagram?

A) Na⁺ channel
B) Aquaporin
C) K⁺ channel
D) Ca²⁺ channel

Question 47

Refer to the figure shown.
Which hormone is causing the mechanism represented in the diagram to occur?

A) Aldosterone
B) Atrial natriuretic peptide
C) Angiotensin
D) Antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin)

Question 48

Refer to the figure shown.
Which statement regarding the mechanism represented in the diagram is false?

A) The hormone binds to a receptor
B) A second messenger system acts to shuttle storage vesicles to the membrane.
C) Storage vesicles fuse with the apical membrane.
D) Water moves from the extracellular fluid into the collecting duct.

Question 49

The juxtaglomerular cells sense

A) low blood pressure in the carotid body and activate renin-angiotensin-aldosterone.
B) high blood pressure in the heart and increase urination.
C) low blood pressure and secrete renin.
D) low blood pressure and secrete angiotensin.

Question 50

Which molecule must be present for the direct production of angiotensin II?

A) Renin
B) Angiotensin I
C) Angiotensin-converting enzyme
D) Angiotensinogen

Question 51

Which of the following is responsible for secreting paracrines that inhibit renin during high blood pressure?

A) Carotid bodies
B) Macula dense cells
C) Juxtaglomerular cells
D) The atria of the heart

Question 52

Which of the following would be categorized as an antagonist to aldosterone?

A) angiotensin
B) renin
C) atrial natriuretic peptide
D) antidiuretic hormone

Question 53

Which statement regarding vitamin D is false?

A) Inactive vitamin D is also called cholecalciferol.
B) Vitamin D can be obtained only through diet and from vitamin supplements.
C) Cholecalciferol is converted to 25-hydroxycholecalciferol in the liver.
D) In the kidney, 25-hydroxycholecalciferol is converted to 1,25(OH)₂D₃, the active form of vitamin D.

Question 54

Which statement about calcium metabolism is true?

A) Chief cells secrete PTH when extracellular Ca²⁺ is high.
B) C cells secrete calcitonin when extracellular Ca²⁺ is low.
C) High extracellular Ca²⁺ stimulates C cells and inhibits chief cells.
D) Vitamin D is converted to its active form when plasma Ca²⁺ is high.

Question 55

Which term is not directly related to insect metamorphosis?

A) Ecdysis
B) Bombykol
C) Instars
D) Pupa

Question 56

Which hormone is produced by neurosecretory cells?

A) Ecdysis-triggering hormone
B) Juvenile hormone
C) Ecdysone
D) Prothoracicotropic hormone

Question 57

The insect hormone that prevents metamorphosis is

A) ecdysone.
B) prothoracicotropic hormone.
C) terpene.
D) juvenile hormone.

Question 58

How do silk growers take advantage of the knowledge of insect hormones?

A) They remove the corpora allata from silkworms to eliminate the production of juvenile hormone which causes them to pupate. This causes them to reproduce faster, creating more animals that can spin more silk.
B) They spray analog juvenile hormone on silkworms that causes them to pupate and reproduce faster, creating more animals that can spin more silk.
C) They spray analog juvenile hormone on silkworms to prevent them from pupating therefore creating larger larvae that create more silk.
D) They remove the corpora allata from silkworms to eliminate the production of juvenile hormone and prevent them from pupating. This creates larger larvae that create more silk.

Question 59

Which one of the following is not a principle of hormonal control?

A) Hormones may interact with each other synergistically, permissively, or antagonistically.
B) Many endocrine controls operate in tightly coordinated ways with neural controls.
C) Many molecules that function as hormones in one context function as different types of chemical signals in different contexts.
D) A hormone in one species typically affects only one physiological system, although it may affect a different physiological system in a different species.

Question 60

Describe the two major classes of endocrine cells and how they work.

Question 61

Compare and contrast the synthesis, storage, and release of a peptide hormone such as insulin to those processes in a steroid hormone such as testosterone.

Question 62

What is the physiological importance of the hypothalamo-hypophysial portal system?

Question 63

Compare and contrast the anterior and posterior pituitary glands.

Question 64

Describe the terms "antagonism" and "synergy" as they relate to hormones, and give examples of each.

Question 65

Describe the two output branches as well as the two phases of the mammalian stress response.

Question 66

What is the mechanism by which chronic stress can negatively affect the immune system?

Question 67

Describe how the kidney acts to conserve water when it senses low blood pressure.

Question 68

How is vitamin D involved in calcium metabolism in mammals?

Question 69

Name, compare, and contrast the two major types of insect metamorphosis.