Deck 5: Transport of Solutes and Water

Question 1

Choose the most accurate definition of equilibrium.

A) The state of minimum capacity to do work when energy is slowly added to the system.
B) The state of maximum capacity to do work when energy is slowly added to the system.
C) The state of minimum capacity to do work under locally prevailing conditions.
D) The state of maximum capacity to do work under locally prevailing conditions.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The movement of an amino acid across the intestinal epithelial membrane in the direction of equilibrium

A) is passive transport.
B) is active transport.
C) could be either passive or active transport.
D) is neither passive or active transport.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Transporter proteins on freshwater fish gills transport sodium and chloride

A) in exactly the same manner as any single animal cell.
B) into the animal from the surrounding water.
C) out of the animal and into the surrounding water.
D) in the direction of equilibrium.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The process of _______ arises from the molecular agitation that exists in all systems above absolute zero and the tendency for such agitation to carry more molecules out of regions of relatively high concentration than into these regions.

A) facilitated diffusion
B) active transport
C) diffusion
D) osmosis

Question 5

Outward diffusion of a substance from an animal cell increases the concentration of that substance around the outer surface of the cell. If this process continues,

A) the rate of diffusion will increase.
B) the rate of diffusion will decrease.
C) the rate of diffusion will remain the same.
D) active transport will be initiated.

Question 6

Outward diffusion of a substance from an animal cell increases the concentration of that substance around the outer surface of the cell. This surface is called the

A) boundary layer.
B) bulk solution of the cell.
C) region of backup diffusion.
D) low-concentration region.

Question 7

In the Fick diffusion equation, if the units of D are cm² ∙ s^‒1, which of the following best represents the units for J?

A) Moles ∙ cm^‒2 ∙ s^‒1
B) M ∙ cm ∙ s
C) Moles ∙ sec^‒1
D) M ∙ cm² ∙ s

Question 8

When X increases in the Fick diffusion equation, J

A) also increases.
B) decreases.
C) remains the same.
D) can increase or decrease.

Question 9

According to the Fick diffusion equation, which letter represents permeability?

A) J
B) Permeability is integrated into D
C) Permeability is integrated into C₁ - C₂
D) X

Question 10

Refer to the figure shown.
In the figure, the areas far above and far below the membrane denote

A) a boundary layer.
B) the bulk solution of the cell and extracellular fluid.
C) capacitance.
D) a net negative charge.

Question 11

Refer to the figure shown.
Which panel in the figure shows a voltage-gated channel?

A) I
B) II
C) III
D) IV

Question 12

Refer to the figure shown.
In which panel do the channels open and close based on chemical bonding?

A) I
B) II
C) III
D) Both III and IV

Question 13

If a change in the voltage of a cell membrane causes all the voltage-gated Na⁺ channels to open, the permeability of the cell membrane to Na⁺ has been

A) inhibited.
B) decreased.
C) increased.
D) unaffected.

Question 14

A solution that has a concentration effect on diffusion that is equal but opposite to the electrical effect is said to be

A) in a steady state.
B) part of the Nernst equation.
C) in isoelectric balance.
D) in electrochemical equilibrium.

Question 15

In the animal cell, the overall concentration effects on Na⁺ diffusion cause Na⁺ to _______ the cell.

A) move into
B) move out of
C) remain inside
D) remain outside of

Question 16

In the animal cell, the overall electrical effects on Cl^‒ diffusion cause Cl^‒ to _______ the cell.

A) move into
B) remain equal on both sides of
C) remain inside
D) remain outside of

Question 17

In the animal cell, the combined concentration and electrical effects on K⁺ cause K⁺ to _______ the cell.

A) move into
B) leak out of
C) remain inside
D) remain outside of

Question 18

Among the ions outside and inside a typical living cell, which ion is furthest from electrochemical equilibrium?

A) Cl^‒
B) Na⁺
C) K⁺
D) Mg²⁺

Question 19

Refer to the figure shown.
If the membrane shown in the beakers is permeable only to Na⁺, and the beaker on the left represents the initial state,

A) Na⁺ will diffuse to the left side of the membrane, causing a net positive charge on the right side of the membrane.
B) Na⁺ will diffuse to the left side of the membrane, causing a net negative charge on the right side of the membrane.
C) Na⁺ will diffuse to the left side of the membrane, but there will be no separation of charges.
D) there will be no net movement of ions.

Question 20

Refer to the figure shown.
If the beaker on the left represents the initial state and the membrane shown in the beakers is permeable to K⁺ and Na⁺,

A) Na⁺ will diffuse to the left side of the membrane, causing a net positive charge on the right side of the membrane.
B) Na⁺ will diffuse to the left side of the membrane, causing a net negative charge on the right side of the membrane.
C) there will be no net movement of ions.
D) the movement of Na⁺ will be balanced by the movement of K⁺; therefore, there will be no net charge difference.

Question 21

Refer to the figure shown.
If the figure on the left represents the initial state and the membrane shown in the beakers is permeable only to Na⁺, which manipulation would cause a net negative charge on the left side of the membrane once the system comes to equilibrium?

A) Making the membrane permeable only to water
B) Allowing the membrane to become permeable to K⁺ as well as to Na⁺
C) Tripling the amount of A₂^‒ and allowing the membrane to become permeable to A₂^‒
D) Tripling the amount of A₁^‒ and allowing the membrane to become permeable to A₁^‒

Question 22

The gills of freshwater fish present what challenges?

A) The gills of freshwater fish present no challenges.
B) The permeability of the gill tissue to water causes the fish to lose water.
C) The permeability of the gill tissue to ions causes the fish to gain ions from the water.
D) The permeability of the gill tissue to ions causes the fish to lose ions to the water.

Question 23

Which statement regarding facilitated diffusion is false?

A) Diffusion occurs in the direction of electrochemical equilibrium.
B) Solutes move faster with the protein facilitators than they would without them.
C) Protein facilitators change conformation with the help of ATP.
D) Solutes bind reversibly to the protein facilitators.

Question 24

In the intestine, glucose is brought into the cell membrane by

A) simple diffusion.
B) active transport.
C) facilitated diffusion.
D) osmosis.

Question 25

Refer to the figure shown.
What type of process is shown in the figure?

A) Simple diffusion
B) Facilitated diffusion
C) Active transport
D) Osmosis

Question 26

Refer to the figure shown.
Which substance is mostly likely being pumped at A?

A) Na⁺
B) H⁺
C) K⁺
D) ATP

Question 27

Which process is electrogenic?

A) Glucose transport into the small intestine epithelium
B) Acid production in the stomach
C) The sodium‒potassium pump on a typical cell membrane
D) Sodium uptake in the freshwater fish gill

Question 28

Refer to the figure shown.
At what point in the figure is energy being used?

A) I
B) II
C) III
D) IV

Question 29

Refer to the figure shown.
Which ion is moving into the cell via diffusion and where is it located?

A) Na⁺ is diffusing into the cell at I.
B) K⁺ is diffusing into the cell at I.
C) K⁺ is diffusing into the cell at V.
D) Na⁺ is diffusing into the cell at V.

Question 30

Refer to the figure shown.
At which location(s) in the figure is K⁺ moving into or out of the cell?

A) I
B) II
C) Both I and V
D) Both II and V

Question 31

On the cell membrane, the Na⁺‒ K⁺ pump transports _______ in for every _______ that it transports out.

A) 3 Na⁺; 2 K⁺
B) 2 Na⁺; 3 K⁺
C) 3 K⁺; 2 Na⁺
D) 2 K⁺; 3 Na⁺

Question 32

The molecular species that binds and unbinds to the Na⁺‒K⁺-ATPase, causing sodium and potassium to shuttle through it, is

A) PO₄^2‒.
B) ATP.
C) Na⁺‒K⁺-ATPase.
D) ADP.

Question 33

Which statement about the transport of glucose into the gut epithelial cell through the apical membrane is true?

A) The glucose transporter on the apical membrane uses ATP-bond energy.
B) Glucose diffuses through the apical membrane using its own concentration gradient; therefore, it does not use any energy.
C) Na⁺ uses ATP-bond energy as it brings in glucose at the apical membrane.
D) ATP-bond energy is used at the Na⁺‒K⁺ pump in setting up the Na⁺ gradient.

Question 34

Refer to the figure shown.
Which letter in the figure represents glucose?

A) I
B) II
C) III
D) IV

Question 35

Refer to the figure shown.
In the study of glucose transport, which pair of numerals in the figure represents the same ion?

A) I and II
B) II and III
C) III and I
D) IV and II

Question 36

Refer to the figure shown.
How does glucose cross the basolateral membrane?

A) Via cotransport with Na⁺ at A
B) Via facilitated diffusion
C) Via active transport at C
D) Via simple diffusion

Question 37

Refer to the figure shown.
Which y-axis measurement would not be supported by the figure?

A) Total glucose uptake
B) Mass-specific metabolic rate
C) Glucose uptake per unit surface area of small intestine
D) Glucose uptake per gram of animal weight

Question 38

Refer to the figure shown.
Which of the panels in the figure represents passive diffusion?

A) I and II
B) III
B) III and IV
D) I, II, and IV

Question 39

Refer to the figure shown.
Which of the panels most accurately represents the mechanism for glucose transport at the epithelium?

A) I
B) II
C) III
D) IV

Question 40

Which of the following statements about ion transport in the typical freshwater fish gill is true?

A) Na⁺ and HCO₃^‒ are transported into the blood plasma.
B) Na⁺ and Cl^‒ are transported into the water.
C) H⁺ and K⁺ are transported into the water.
D) Na⁺ and Cl^‒ are transported into the blood plasma

Question 41

Which statement regarding channels and transporters is false?

A) Multiple molecular forms of channel and transporter proteins are common.
B) Channel and transporter proteins have rapid turnover on the plasma membrane.
C) Channel and transporter proteins are subject to covalent and noncovalent modulation.
D) Channel and transporter proteins can be inserted into or retrieved from the plasma membrane.

Question 42

The number of dissolved entities per unit of volume defines

A) colligative properties.
B) osmotic pressure.
C) osmolarity.
D) ultrafiltration.

Question 43

The osmotic pressure of a solution is _______ to the concentration of dissolved entities.

A) approximately proportional
B) specific
C) exponentially related
D) not related

Question 44

A 1-M solution of Na₂SO₄ has _______ a 1-M solution of glucose.

A) one-third the osmolarity of
B) twice the osmolarity of
C) three times the osmolarity of
D) the same osmolarity as

Question 45

A 1-osmolar solution has _______ dissolved entities per liter.

A) 1 kg of
B) 1 dalton of
C) 1.0 × 10²³ independent
D) 6.022 × 10²³ independent

Question 46

Most marine invertebrates typically have internal fluids of

A) 1 mOsm.
B) 1 Osm.
C) 10 Osm.
D) 300 mOsm.

Question 47

Most terrestrial vertebrates typically have internal fluids of approximately

A) 1 mOsm.
B) 1 Osm.
C) 10 Osm.
D) 300 mOsm.

Question 48

A 1-M solution of serum albumin (66,000 daltons) has _______ a 1-M solution of urea (66 daltons).

A) one-thousandth the osmolarity of
B) twice the osmolarity of
C) one thousand times the osmolarity of
D) the same osmolarity as

Question 49

Refer to the figure shown. Assume that the two pistons have the same mass and move without friction, the center membrane in the diagram is permeable only to water, and solutes are shaded according to concentration (the darker the shading, the higher the concentration).
If the diagram represents the starting condition, what will occur as the solutions achieve equilibrium?

A) The left piston will move up.
B) The solutes will move but the pistons will not.
C) The right piston will move up.
D) The solutes will move to the left.

Question 50

Refer to the figure shown. Assume that the two pistons have the same mass and move without friction, the center membrane in the diagram is permeable only to water, and solutes are shaded according to concentration (the darker the shading, the higher the concentration).
If a piston moved up because of water movement, could it be physically pushed back down to force water through the membrane?

A) Yes, the physical pressure would oppose the osmotic pressure.
B) No, solutes would oppose the physical pressure.
D) Yes, and this would generate more charge on the membrane.
E) Yes, but only if the membrane were permeable to the solute.

Question 51

Refer to the figure shown. Assume that the two pistons have the same mass and move without friction, the center membrane in the diagram is permeable only to water, and solutes are shaded according to concentration (the darker the shading, the higher the concentration).
The piston on the left would move upward if the membrane were permeable to only _______ and the solution on the left was _______ and the solution on the right was _______.

A) Na⁺; 1 M Na⁺; 3 M Cl^‒
B) Cl^‒; 1 M Cl^‒; 3 M Na⁺
C) water and Na⁺; 2 M Cl^‒; 3 M Na⁺
D) Ca²⁺; 1 M Na⁺; 3 M Ca²⁺

Question 52

Which statement regarding osmosis is true?

A) Water cannot be described in terms of concentration.
B) Osmotic pressure is inversely proportional to temperature.
C) Large concentration gradients across cell membranes can generate osmotic pressure.
D) Osmosis applies only to the movement of salts.

Question 53

The passive transport of water across a membrane is called

A) facilitated diffusion.
B) diffusion.
C) osmosis.
D) osmotic pressure.

Question 54

When two solutions exchange water by osmosis, water always moves

A) from the solution with the lower osmotic pressure to the one with the higher osmotic pressure.
B) from the solution with the higher osmotic pressure to the one with the lower osmotic pressure.
C) via facilitated diffusion.
D) from the lowest water concentration to the highest water concentration.

Question 55

If you were to drop a mammalian red blood cell into a 10 mOsm solution, the red cell would _______ in this _______ solution.

A) shrivel; hyposmotic
B) swell and burst; hyposmotic
C) swell and burst; hyperosmotic
D) shrivel; hyperosmotic

Question 56

Channel mediated water transport defines a type of

A) active transport specific to aquaporins.
B) passive diffusion specific to aquaporins.
C) facilitated diffusion specific to aquaporins.
D) active transport generally seen in most cells.

Question 57

Choose the situation that would generate the greatest amount of hydrostatic pressure.

A) 1-M glucose solution interacting with a 2-M NaCl solution
B) 1-M glucose solution
C) 2-M NaCl solution
D) 2-M glucose solution interacting with a 1-M NaCl solution

Question 58

Discuss how a boundary layer forms outside of a cell and how it can impede further diffusion.

Question 59

The inside of a typical animal cell is negatively charged. Therefore, it makes sense that Na⁺ diffuses into the cell if there are channels that allow it to do so. Considering K⁺ has the same charge as Na⁺, why will it diffuse out of the cell if there are channels that allow it to do so?

Question 60

Discuss the electrochemical equilibrium of Cl^‒ across a typical animal cell.

Question 61

In what way does facilitated diffusion resemble simple diffusion as well as active transport?

Question 62

Briefly describe how the Na⁺‒K⁺-ATPase operates.

Question 63

Why is glucose transport through the apical membrane considered secondary active transport?

Question 64

What is meant by the "whole-epithelium" view of active ion transport? Provide an example.

Question 65

Describe four ways in which channel and transporter proteins can be regulated.

Question 66

Support or refute the following statement and provide evidence for your

Question 67

How can hydrostatic pressure develop from osmotic pressure?