Deck 13: The Nervous System: Neural Tissue

Question 1

Satellite cells surround the cell bodies of peripheral neurons, which can be found in (the)________.

A) nuclei
B) peripheral centers
C) roots
D) ganglia
E) All of the answers are correct.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The central nervous system (CNS)includes the ________.

A) brain only
B) spinal cord only
C) nerves only
D) brain and spinal cord
E) nerves and muscles

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Functions of the nervous system include which of the following?

A) seat of higher functions, such as intelligence, memory, learning, and emotions
B) receives sensory input; coordinates sensory input and motor output
C) regulates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glandular activities
D) integrating and processing data
E) All of the answers are correct.

Answer 3

E

Question 4

The ________ division of the PNS sends motor information to muscles and glands.

A) efferent
B) sensory
C) parallel
D) afferent
E) serial

Question 5

Neuroglia in the nervous system function to ________.

A) carry nerve impulses
B) act as phagocytes
C) process information in the nervous system
D) transfer nerve impulses from the brain to the spinal cord
E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 6

Oligodendrocytes ________.

A) remove cell debris, wastes, and pathogens by phagocytosis
B) regulate oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrient and neurotransmitter levels around neurons in ganglia
C) maintain the blood-brain barrier and provide structural support
D) provide structural framework and myelinate the central nervous system (CNS) axons
E) line the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord

Question 7

Receptors may be classified as ________.

A) effectors and muscles
B) somatic and visceral
C) glands and muscles
D) voluntary and involuntary
E) subconscious and conscious

Question 8

The cells responsible for information processing and transfer are the ________.

A) astrocytes
B) neuroglia
C) Schwann cells
D) neurons
E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 9

Microglia are (the)________.

A) most numerous neuroglial cell
B) smallest neuroglial cell
C) not a neuroglial cell
D) neuroglial cells that wrap the axons with a myelin sheath
E) None of the answers are correct.

Question 10

Muscle cells, gland cells, and specialized cells that respond to neural stimuli are called ________.

A) receptors
B) reflexes
C) effectors
D) axons
E) dendrites

Question 11

The nervous system includes all of the ________ tissue in the body.

A) muscle
B) skeletal
C) connective
D) neural
E) epithelial

Question 12

The anatomical subdivisions of the nervous system are (the)________.

A) central and peripheral nervous systems
B) dorsal and ventral nervous systems
C) appendicular and axial nervous systems
D) autonomic and somatic nervous systems
E) None of the answers are correct.

Question 13

Which of the following neuroglia produce cerebrospinal fluid?

A) astrocytes
B) ependymal cells
C) microglia
D) oligodendrocytes
E) satellite cells

Question 14

Functions of the peripheral nervous system include ________.

A) providing sensory information to the CNS only
B) making higher order decisions to interpret sensory inputs
C) carrying motor commands to the peripheral tissues and systems only
D) carrying information up and down the spinal cord
E) providing sensory information to the CNS and carrying motor commands to the peripheral tissues and systems

Question 15

The cell body usually has several branching ________, which are specialized to respond to specific stimuli in the extracellular environment.

A) soma
B) dendrites
C) astrocytes
D) axons
E) satellite cells

Question 16

Glial cells are roughly ________ times more prevalent than neurons.

A) 2
B) 10
C) 7
D) 15
E) 5

Question 17

If the CNS were susceptible to a drug that should not affect it, this might indicate damage to which of the following cells?

A) microglia
B) Schwann cells
C) satellite cells
D) astrocytes
E) ependymal cells

Question 18

Which of the following selections lists only types of neuroglial cells?

A) astrocytes and parenchymal cells
B) apocrine and exocrine cells
C) merocrine, platelet, and ependymal cells
D) microglia, oligodendrocytes, and Schwann cells
E) None of the answers are correct.

Question 19

Cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands are regulated by the ________.

A) somatic nervous system
B) parasympathetic division
C) sympathetic division
D) central nervous system
E) autonomic nervous system

Question 20

The nervous system and the ________ system share important structural and functional characteristics, such as relying upon some form of chemical communication with targeted tissues and organs.

A) skeletal
B) lymphatic
C) endocrine
D) immune
E) circulatory

Question 21

Interneurons ________.

A) are responsible for the analysis of sensory inputs and the coordination of motor outputs
B) are located entirely within the brain and spinal cord
C) can be classified as excitatory or inhibitory on the basis of their effects on the postsynaptic membranes of other neurons
D) are located between sensory and motor neurons
E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 22

A biopsy of infected or injured tissue from the CNS will most likely show an elevated number of ________.

A) ependymal cells
B) oligodendrocytes
C) satellite cells
D) microglia
E) interneurons

Question 23

To contact a Schwann cell, where would a microprobe have to be inserted in the nervous system?

A) anywhere in the CNS
B) near or at a neuron cell body
C) alongside an unmyelinated axon in the CNS
D) along any axon in the PNS, myelinated or not
E) None of the answers are correct.

Question 24

Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by ________.

A) astrocytes
B) oligodendrocytes
C) ependymal cells
D) Schwann cells
E) satellite cells

Question 25

Because a neuron loses its centrioles during differentiation, ________.

A) it is rendered incapable of dividing
B) it cannot grow as quickly as neurons that retain their centrioles
C) it loses its normal ability to produce a myelin sheath
D) it is probably located in the PNS
E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 26

Areas of the nervous system that are dominated by myelinated axons are referred to as ________.

A) arachnoid mater
B) gray matter
C) dura mater
D) white matter
E) pia matter

Question 27

Movement of nutrients, waste products, and organelles between the cell body and the synaptic terminals is a process called ________.

A) axonal transport
B) axoplasmic transport
C) osmosis
D) diffusion
E) neuroskeletal contraction

Question 28

The structural classification of a neuron is based upon ________.

A) the size of the dendrites
B) the number of axons
C) the number of processes that project from the cell body
D) the type of chemical neurotransmitter it secretes
E) the overall size of the cell

Question 29

The functional classifications of neurons include ________, which carry information toward the CNS.

A) sensory neurons
B) interneurons
C) motor neurons
D) axoplasmic neurons
E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 30

________ monitor the position and movement of skeletal muscles and joints.

A) Interoceptors
B) Proprioceptors
C) Exteroceptors
D) Visceral sensory neurons
E) Nissl bodies

Question 31

Involuntary cardiac muscle fibers of the heart are innervated by ________.

A) sensoriganglionic fibers
B) preganglionic fibers
C) somatic motor fibers
D) visceral motor fibers
E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 32

The area in a multipolar neuron that connects the cell body to the initial segment of the axon is called the ________.

A) neurofibril
B) Nissl body
C) axoplasm
D) initial segment
E) axon hillock

Question 33

Areas of a myelinated axon that are not covered by myelin are called ________.

A) internodes
B) nodes
C) gray matter
D) white matter
E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 34

The portion of a neuron that carries information in the form of a nerve impulse (action potential)is called the ________.

A) soma
B) Nissl body
C) axon
D) dendrite
E) myelin

Question 35

Which of the following are most closely involved with somatic sensory neurons?

A) visceral sensory neurons
B) bipolar neurons
C) interoceptors
D) proprioceptors
E) exteroceptors

Question 36

Bundles of neurofilaments, called ________, are cytoskeletal elements that extend into the dendrites and the axon.

A) neurofibrils
B) collaterals
C) telodendria
D) terminal arborizations
E) Nissl bodies

Question 37

Axons connecting the ganglion cells with the peripheral effectors are called ________.

A) postganglionic fibers
B) ganglionic fibers
C) preganglionic fibers
D) efferent fibers
E) afferent fibers

Question 38

Which of the following structures do not contribute to the coarse grainy appearance of the perikaryon of a neuron?

A) mitochondria
B) free and fixed ribosomes
C) rough endoplasmic reticulum
D) smooth endoplasmic reticulum
E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 39

Myelin is (a)________.

A) cell body in the peripheral nervous system
B) made of phospholipids
C) special cell that forms scar tissue after injury
D) special area of the brain
E) None of the answers are correct.

Question 40

If the point of an extremely small probe were passed into a satellite cell, it would be located in which region of the nervous system?

A) near a cell body in a ganglion of the PNS
B) near the axon of a neuron in the CNS
C) near the lining of the ventricles of the brain
D) at a neuromuscular synapse
E) None of the answers are correct.

Question 41

A communicating junction acts to facilitate ________.

A) the passage of neurotransmitters between cells
B) growth of Schwann cells
C) a change in the permeability of the postsynaptic membrane
D) the passage of ions between the cells
E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 42

When an action potential develops in one location of an axon, ________.

A) it will stimulate astrocytes to release chemicals
B) it will regenerate the threshold stimulus at the originating location on the same axon
C) Schwann cells in the area begin to divide and form a solid cellular cord
D) it will propagate along the length of the axon toward the axon terminals
E) it will propagate faster along the smaller unmyelinated fibers

Question 43

Which of the following are examples of neuroeffector synapses?

A) neuromuscular synapse
B) neuroglandular synapse
C) neuroneural synapse
D) neuroaxonic synapses
E) both neuromuscular synapse and neuroglandular synapse

Question 44

When a stimulus is applied to the axon, it produces a temporary change in the ________ of the axolemma in a localized area of the axon.

A) temperature sensation
B) glandular activity
C) neural regeneration
D) Wallerian degeneration
E) permeability

Question 45

In the case of somatic neuromuscular neurons, the arrival of a nerve impulse at the axon terminal immediately triggers ________.

A) a change in the permeability of the postsynaptic plasma membrane
B) the release of acetylcholine (ACh) at the presynaptic membrane
C) the generation of an action potential in the axon
D) long-lived effects at the synaptic membrane
E) an action potential

Question 46

During neural regeneration in the PNS as the neuron continues to recover, its axon grows into the injury site and the ________ wrap around it along its original path.

A) oligodendrocytes
B) satellite cells
C) astrocytes
D) macrophages
E) Schwann cells

Question 47

Neurotransmitters are ________.

A) produced on command
B) stored in synaptic vesicles in the presynaptic membrane
C) released from the postsynaptic membrane to the presynaptic membrane
D) released only at electrical synapses
E) produced by astrocytes

Question 48

The effects of a neurotransmitter on the postsynaptic membrane include which of the following?

A) Excitatory or inhibitory responses result.
B) Neurotransmitter molecules are absorbed by the postsynaptic cell.
C) The neurotransmitter floats around in the synaptic cleft.
D) Upon stimulation, the membrane releases more neurotransmitter molecules.
E) None of the answers are correct.

Question 49

In the process known as Wallerian degeneration ________.

A) the axon proximal to the injury deteriorates
B) macrophages phagocytize the debris of damaged axons
C) Schwann cells completely degenerate
D) no trace is left of the path of the original axon that was damaged
E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 50

Injured neurons can fully recover their functional capabilities if ________.

A) the oxygen and nutrient supplies are restored within a period of a few minutes
B) the cause of the damage is removed within a period of weeks
C) the cells can divide enough times to replace those that are lost
D) All of the answers are correct.
E) None of the answers are correct.

Question 51

Action potentials result from ________.

A) the closing of ion channels
B) a change in the membrane potential of axons
C) the opening of calcium gates
D) neurons transporting neurotransmitters
E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 52

In electrical synapses, nerve impulse transmission occurs between cells of the CNS and PNS without any delay due to ________.

A) the presence of a neuromuscular synapse between the cells
B) communicating junctions that permit the passage of ions between the cells
C) the activity of Schwann cells
D) the number of neurons in the chain
E) the effects of an energy drink

Question 53

If an axon ________, the impulse will be conducted ________.

A) has a smaller diameter; more rapidlyy
B) has more myelination; more slowly
C) has a larger diameter; more rapidly
D) is longer in length; more rapidly
E) is shorter in length; less rapidly

Question 54

________ is the ability of a plasma membrane to respond to an adequate stimulus.

A) Excitability
B) Threshold stimulus
C) Wallerian degeneration
D) Membrane potential
E) Propagation

Question 55

The rate of conduction of a nerve impulse depends upon ________.

A) properties of the soma of the neuron
B) the presence or absence of a myelin sheath
C) the number of cell dendrites
D) the type of neurotransmitter present
E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 56

Over 50 different neurotransmitters have been identified, but the best known is ________.

A) norepinephrine
B) epinephrine
C) glutamate
D) acetylcholine
E) GABA

Question 57

At a chemical synapse, the neurons communicate via ________.

A) neurotransmitters
B) communicating junctions
C) terminal arborizations
D) nodes
E) internodes

Question 58

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events at a synapse?
(1)neurotransmitter release/diffusion
(2)generation of action potential in the postsynaptic cell membrane
(3)arrival of nerve impulse at an axon terminal in the presynaptic cell
(4)removal of neurotransmitter molecules from receptors
(5)binding of neurotransmitter to receptors

A) 2, 3, 1, 5, 4
B) 3, 1, 5, 2, 4
C) 3, 1, 5, 4, 2
D) 2, 3, 1, 4, 5
E) 1, 5, 4, 2, 3

Question 59

Electrical synapses are unique, because they have ________.

A) two interacting neurons
B) neurotransmitter release
C) only a postsynaptic membrane
D) a communicating junction
E) receptor proteins

Question 60

A neuron might be temporarily unable to transmit an impulse to another neuron or effector if ________.

A) its supply of neurotransmitters is exhausted
B) the neurons are of different types
C) the levels of microglia are too low
D) there are too many astrocytes present
E) the neurotransmitter is inhibitory

Question 61

All somatic neuromuscular synapses utilize ________.

A) epinephrine
B) serotonin
C) norepinephrine
D) acetylcholine
E) dopamine

Question 62

The process of reverberation involves ________.

A) a negative feedback loop through nerve circuits
B) a single repeat of a stimulus prior to extinction
C) extension of collateral axons back toward the source of an impulse and further stimulation of the presynaptic neurons
D) several neuronal pools processing information at one time
E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 63

When sensory neurons bring information into the CNS that is subsequently distributed to neuronal pools throughout the spinal cord and brain, the type of processing is known as ________.

A) parallel processing
B) divergence
C) convergence
D) serial processing
E) reverberation

Question 64

A neuronal pool is ________.

A) a group of identical nerve cells
B) a group of neurons linked by communicating junctions
C) a group of interconnected neurons with specific functions
D) the group of neurons available to regenerate a damaged nerve
E) a group of neurons linked by electrical synapses

Question 65

Visceral sensory receptors receive information from internal structures, such as smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands, and respiratory and digestive organs.

Question 66

Nonvesicular synapses, also termed ________, are found between neurons in both the CNS and the PNS.

A) electrical synapses
B) neuromuscular synapses
C) chemical synapses
D) neuroendocrine synapses
E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 67

A somatic motor neuron also controls smooth and cardiac muscles.

Question 68

Pathways that connect the CNS with effectors include ________.

A) motor pathways
B) descending pathways
C) efferent pathways
D) All of the answers are correct.
E) None of the answers are correct.

Question 69

The surface of the brain is called the ________.

A) higher center
B) neural cortex
C) neuronal nuclei
D) white matter
E) basal nuclei

Question 70

Neuronal pools are defined on the basis of ________.

A) the number of neurons present
B) the diameter of the axons
C) anatomy rather than on functional grounds
D) the location of the neurons
E) function rather than on anatomical grounds

Question 71

Collections of axons in the CNS that have a common origin and destination are called ________.

A) nerves
B) centers
C) tracts
D) ganglia
E) nuclei

Question 72

Somatic sensory receptors receive information from the skin about touch, pain, and temperature.

Question 73

In the PNS, the neuron cell bodies are found in clusters called ________.

A) white matter
B) nuclei
C) ganglia
D) columns
E) tracts

Question 74

Collections of neuron cell bodies in the interior of the CNS form larger groups called ________.

A) spinal nerves
B) nuclei
C) cranial nerves
D) columns
E) reverberating neurons

Question 75

Which of the following is gray matter?

A) neural cortex
B) columns
C) tracts
D) bundles of axons in the PNS
E) nerves

Question 76

The type of synapse that allows the most direct communication between cells, and therefore the fastest communication, is the ________ synapse.

A) chemical
B) electrical
C) neuromuscular
D) vesicular
E) neuroendocrine

Question 77

The neuromuscular synapse is a chemical synapse that releases the neurotransmitter ________.

A) norepinephrine
B) dopamine
C) acetylcholine
D) epinephrine
E) serotonin

Question 78

To transmit a nerve impulse in chemical synapses, the neurotransmitter diffuses across the ________ and binds to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane.

A) synaptic cleft
B) presynaptic membrane
C) axolemma
D) secretory vesicles
E) sarcolemma

Question 79

An inhibitory response ________.

A) makes an action potential more likely
B) makes an action potential less likely
C) directly causes an action potential
D) causes acetylcholine (ACh) release
E) None of the answers are correct.

Question 80

A type of information processing wherein information is relayed in a stepwise sequence, from one neuron to another or from one neuronal pool to the next, is called ________.

A) reverberation
B) parallel processing
C) divergence
D) serial processing
E) convergence