Deck 14: The Nervous System: The Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves

Question 1

The epidural space contains areolar and adipose tissue, in addition to ________.

A) cerebrospinal fluid
B) lymph
C) denticulate ligaments
D) gray matter
E) blood vessels

Answer 1

E

Question 2

Inferior to the ________, the spinal cord tapers to the conus medullaris.

A) cervical enlargement
B) cauda equina
C) lumbosacral enlargement
D) filum terminale
E) dorsal root ganglia

Answer 2

C

Question 3

The pia mater is the ________.

A) meninx that forms denticulate ligaments
B) outermost covering over the brain, but not the spinal cord
C) toughest and thickest of the meninges
D) meninx that contains cerebrospinal fluid
E) meninx that forms the major component of the coccygeal ligament

Answer 3

A

Question 4

In gross dissection, the filum terminale and the long ventral and dorsal roots are collectively referred to as the ________.

A) collateral ganglia
B) denticulate ligaments
C) cauda equina
D) spinal meninges
E) motor neurons

Question 5

Caudally, the spinal dura mater blends with components of the ________ to form the coccygeal ligament.

A) dorsal root ganglia
B) filum terminale
C) ventral root
D) spinal nerves
E) cauda equina

Question 6

The gray matter of the spinal cord is organized into anterior, posterior, and lateral ________.

A) tracts
B) columns
C) commissures
D) horns
E) ganglia

Question 7

Motor fibers travel in the ________ of the spinal cord.

A) ascending tracts
B) medial tracts
C) descending tracts
D) posterior tracts
E) lateral tracts

Question 8

The anterior horns are the largest in the ________ regions.

A) thoracic and lumbar
B) cervical and lumbar
C) cervical and thoracic
D) lumbar and sacral
E) cervical and sacral

Question 9

The nuclei in the spinal cord that contain the cell bodies of the visceral motor neurons are located in (the)________.

A) posterior gray horns
B) anterior gray horns
C) lateral gray horns
D) gray commissures
E) ventral roots

Question 10

The subarachnoid space is ________.

A) between the arachnoid mater and the underlying dura mater
B) filled with fat
C) between the arachnoid mater and the periosteum
D) filled with cerebrospinal fluid
E) a potential space only

Question 11

The middle layer of the meninges, which consists of simple squamous epithelium, is called (the)________.

A) arachnoid mater
B) pia mater
C) periosteum
D) dura mater
E) epideural space

Question 12

The blood vessels that supply the spinal cord are found in the ________.

A) dura mater
B) epidural space
C) subarachnoid space
D) arachnoid mater
E) pia mater

Question 13

Bundles of fiber known as ________ extend from the inner surface of the arachnoid mater to the outer surface of the pia mater.

A) arachnoid granulations
B) cauda equina
C) arachnoid trabeculae
D) subarachnoid spaces
E) denticulate ligaments

Question 14

The ventral root of a spinal nerve contains ________.

A) axons of sensory neurons
B) ventral rami
C) axons of motor neurons
D) cell bodies of motor neurons
E) interneurons

Question 15

Axons, which cross from one side to the other in the spinal cord, pass through the ________.

A) anterior white commissure
B) gray commissure
C) posterior white commissure
D) anterior gray horns
E) denticulate ligaments

Question 16

Every spinal cord segment is associated with a pair of ________, which contain the cell bodies of sensory neurons.

A) ventral roots
B) mixed nerves
C) peripheral effectors
D) dorsal root ganglia
E) dorsal horns

Question 17

Select the association that is most closely matched.

A) anterior gray horns-visceral sensory nuclei
B) anterior gray horns-visceral motor neurons
C) posterior gray horns-somatic motor neurons
D) posterior gray horns-visceral sensory nuclei
E) lateral gray horns-somatic motor neurons

Question 18

All of the following are true of fiber tracts in the spinal cord except ________.

A) all axons within a tract relay information in the same direction
B) each tract carries sensory or motor information, but not both
C) axons of a single tract are relatively uniform in diameter and conduction speed
D) the tracts are randomly located with respect to the type of information carried
E) axons of a single tract are relatively uniform with respect to myelination

Question 19

Distally, the connective tissue of the ________ is continuous with the connective tissue sheath around each spinal nerve.

A) spinal dura mater
B) filum terminale
C) spinal pia mater
D) spinal arachnoid mater
E) arachnoid granulations

Question 20

The H-shaped mass in the center of the spinal cord is dominated by ________.

A) large numbers of myelinated and unmyelinated axons
B) cell bodies of neurons and neuroglial cells
C) motor axons only
D) dura mater
E) connective tissue and blood vessels

Question 21

The ________ nerve of the lumbar plexus is formed by ventral rami of T12 and L1, and innervates the internal and external oblique muscles.

A) genitofemoral
B) lateral femoral cutaneous
C) ilioinguinal
D) subcostal
E) iliohypogastric

Question 22

The ________ arises from the posterior cord of the brachial plexus.

A) ulnar nerve
B) median nerve
C) radial nerve
D) musculocutaneous nerve
E) dorsal scapular nerve

Question 23

The "rami communicantes" exist for spinal nerves ________.

A) C1 to T1
B) C1 to L2
C) T1 to L2
D) L1 to S1
E) T1 to S1

Question 24

The first branch of each spinal nerve, which communicates with an autonomic ganglion, is myelinated and is called a ________.

A) white ramus communicans
B) gray commissure
C) fascicle
D) postganglionic fiber
E) gray ramus

Question 25

From medial to lateral, brachial plexus structures are organized as which of the following?

A) roots-divisions-cords-trunks-nerves
B) roots-trunks-divisions-cords-nerves
C) cords-nerves-roots-trunks-divisions
D) nerves-cords-divisions-trunks-roots
E) trunks-cords-roots-divisions-nerves

Question 26

The gray and white rami from T1 to L2, which allow information exchange between the spinal nerves and the autonomic ganglia are collectively called the ________.

A) commissures
B) horns
C) columns
D) rami communicantes
E) fascicles

Question 27

The ulnar nerve is found in the ________ plexus.

A) cervical
B) thoracic
C) lumbar
D) brachial
E) sacral

Question 28

Which of the following is a nerve of the cervical plexus?

A) median nerve
B) lesser occipital nerve
C) nerve to subclavius
D) axillary nerve
E) musculocutaneous nerve

Question 29

If you bump the "funny bone" which nerve function is interrupted?

A) median
B) radial
C) ulnar
D) axillary
E) musculocutaneous

Question 30

The ________ of the spinal nerves is/are the portion(s)that participate(s)in the formation of nerve plexuses.

A) dorsal root ganglia
B) ventral rami
C) posterior columns
D) epineurium
E) dorsal rami

Question 31

The innermost layer of connective tissue fibers and isolated fibrocytes, which surrounds each axon is the ________.

A) fascicle
B) fasciculus
C) epineurium
D) endoneurium
E) perineurium

Question 32

Which of the following is defined as the tough, fibrous sheath that forms the outermost layer of a peripheral nerve?

A) epineurium
B) endoneurium
C) perineurium
D) neurilemma
E) fascicle

Question 33

The ________ nerve, which is formed by the ventral rami of S2-S4, innervates muscles of the perineum, including the urethral sphincter muscles.

A) pudendal
B) posterior femoral cutaneous
C) sciatic
D) inferior gluteal
E) superior gluteal

Question 34

The body surface region monitored by a specific pair of spinal nerves is called (a)________.

A) ramus communicantes
B) ventral ramus
C) dermatome
D) perineurium
E) tract

Question 35

The median nerve ________.

A) arises from both the medial and posterior cords of the brachial plexus
B) arises from both the medial and lateral cords of the brachial plexus
C) arises from the posterior cord of the brachial plexus
D) innervates the pronators of the forearm
E) is a major nerve of the cervical plexus

Question 36

The spinal nerves form through the fusion of dorsal and ventral nerve roots as they pass through a(n)________.

A) plexus
B) intervertebral foramen
C) gray commissure
D) vertebral foramen
E) transverse foramen

Question 37

The short head of the biceps femoris and the tibialis anterior muscles are innervated by the ________ nerve.

A) iliohypogastric
B) pudendal
C) fibular
D) inferior gluteal
E) lateral femoral cutaneous

Question 38

The largest nerve in the body that is formed from L4-S3 is the ________.

A) tibial nerve
B) pudendal nerve
C) sciatic nerve
D) fibular nerve
E) superior gluteal nerve

Question 39

Brachial plexus nerves arise from one or more trunks or cords whose neurons indicate their positions relative to the ________.

A) brachial artery
B) clavicle
C) subclavius muscle
D) C4 vertebra
E) axillary artery

Question 40

The rhomboids (major and minor)are innervated by which of the following?

A) brachial plexus nerves
B) sacral plexus nerves
C) cervical plexus nerves
D) hypoglossal nerve
E) lumbar plexus nerves

Question 41

The stretch reflex is an example of a ________ reflex because it maintains the body's upright position.

A) motor
B) postural
C) sensory
D) interneuron
E) lumbar

Question 42

Spinal reflexes ________.

A) include monosynaptic reflexes only
B) involve only a single segment of the spinal cord
C) always transmit information to the brain for processing
D) include both monosynaptic and polysynaptic reflexes
E) do not include stretch reflexes

Question 43

The spinal cord continues to enlarge and elongate until an individual is approximately four years old.

Question 44

Motor patterns that are learned, like walking, are called ________ reflexes.

A) somatic
B) acquired
C) autonomic
D) visceral
E) learned

Question 45

The ventral ramus of each spinal nerve receives motor information from a specific segment of the skin and muscles of the neck and back.

Question 46

Activation of a sensory neuron results in the conduction of action potentials into the spinal cord along a(n)________.

A) efferent fiber
B) ventral ramus
C) ventral horn
D) afferent fiber
E) peripheral effector

Question 47

Which of the following is true regarding visceral reflexes?

A) They are never classified as autonomic reflexes.
B) They control skeletal muscle contractions.
C) They include superficial reflexes.
D) They include stretch reflexes.
E) They control the actions of smooth muscles and glands.

Question 48

The gray matter of the spinal cord can be divided into columns, or funiculi.

Question 49

Paralysis of all four limbs is called paraplegia.

Question 50

Polysynaptic reflex arcs differ from monosynaptic reflex arcs in that the former have ________, which are not present in the latter.

A) an interneuron or interneurons
B) stimuli
C) specific receptors
D) cranial processing centers
E) spinal cord processing centers

Question 51

Spinal nerves caudal to the first thoracic vertebra take their names from the vertebra immediately preceding them.

Question 52

Reflexes that control the actions of smooth muscles and glands are classified as ________ reflexes.

A) somatic
B) monosynaptic
C) spinal
D) visceral or autonomic
E) acquired

Question 53

The term for a reflex that is genetically determined is a(n)________ reflex.

A) acquired
B) cranial
C) spinal
D) monosynaptic
E) innate

Question 54

Activation of a motor neuron during the processing of a reflex action ________.

A) occurs instantaneously, with the start of the stimulation
B) carries the nerve impulse to the peripheral effector organs
C) typically enhances the original stimulus that triggered the reflex
D) sends a response to peripheral structures by way of the dorsal root of a spinal nerve
E) sends impulses through the dorsal root ganglion

Question 55

The arachnoid mater is the outermost covering of the spinal cord and brain.

Question 56

In step 4 of a neural reflex, a(n)________ stimulated to threshold conducts action potentials along its axons into the periphery.

A) sensory neuron
B) dorsal root ganglia
C) motor neuron
D) dorsal horn
E) interneuron

Question 57

The cervical enlargement supplies nerves to the pectoral girdle and upper limbs.

Question 58

The connective tissue layers of the spinal dura mater continue from the inferior tip of the conus medullaris as the filum terminale.

Question 59

A normal patellar reflex indicates that spinal nerves and spinal segments ________ are undamaged.

A) C1-C3
B) L2-L4
C) C5-C7
D) T1-L2
E) L5-S2

Question 60

Sites where information regarding reflexes is processed include the spinal cord and the ________.

A) skeletal muscles
B) dorsal root ganglia
C) visceral muscles
D) brain
E) ventral roots

Question 61

Figure 14.2

Using the above-referenced diagram of a posterior view of the spinal cord showing the meningeal layers, superficial landmarks, and distribution of gray and white matter, identify the specified labeled structure(s) in each of the following questions.
Identify the structure(s) indicated by Label A.

A) White matter
B) Dorsal horns
C) Dura mater
D) Spinal nerve
E) Ventral root

Question 62

Figure 14.2

Using the above-referenced diagram of a posterior view of the spinal cord showing the meningeal layers, superficial landmarks, and distribution of gray and white matter, identify the specified labeled structure(s) in each of the following questions.
Identify the structure(s) indicated by Label G.

A) Arachnoid mater
B) Dorsal root
C) Spinal nerve
D) Denticulate ligament
E) Ventral root

Question 63

Why does a hammer striking the quadriceps muscle tendon result in a reflex action?

Question 64

Stretch reflexes provide automatic regulation of skeletal muscle length.

Question 65

Figure 14.2

Using the above-referenced diagram of a posterior view of the spinal cord showing the meningeal layers, superficial landmarks, and distribution of gray and white matter, identify the specified labeled structure(s) in each of the following questions.
Identify the structure(s) indicated by Label D.

A) Dura mater
B) Dorsal root
C) Arachnoid mater
D) Ventral root
E) Pia mater

Question 66

Figure 14.1

Using the above- referenced diagrams of the superficial anatomy and orientation of the adult spinal cord (posterior view)and inferior views of cross-sections through representative segments of the spinal cord, showing the arrangement of gray and white matter, identify the specified labeled structure(s) in each of the following questions.
Identify the structure(s) indicated by Label E.

A) Cervical spinal nerve
B) Coccygeal nerve
C) Thoracic spinal nerve
D) Lumbar spinal nerve
E) Inferior tip of the spinal cord

Question 67

Why are spinal taps done in the lumbar region when a CNS infection is suspected?

Question 68

Figure 14.1

Using the above- referenced diagrams of the superficial anatomy and orientation of the adult spinal cord (posterior view)and inferior views of cross-sections through representative segments of the spinal cord, showing the arrangement of gray and white matter, identify the specified labeled structure(s) in each of the following questions.
Identify the structure(s) indicated by Label T.

A) Filum terminale
B) Anterior median fissure
C) Cauda equina
D) Conus medullaris
E) Posterior median sulcus

Question 69

Figure 14.1

Using the above- referenced diagrams of the superficial anatomy and orientation of the adult spinal cord (posterior view)and inferior views of cross-sections through representative segments of the spinal cord, showing the arrangement of gray and white matter, identify the specified labeled structure(s) in each of the following questions.
Identify the structure(s) indicated by Label N.

A) Central canal
B) Filum terminale
C) Cauda equina
D) Conus medullaris
E) Cervical spinal nerve

Question 70

Figure 14.1

Using the above- referenced diagrams of the superficial anatomy and orientation of the adult spinal cord (posterior view)and inferior views of cross-sections through representative segments of the spinal cord, showing the arrangement of gray and white matter, identify the specified labeled structure(s) in each of the following questions.
Identify the structure(s) indicated by Label G.

A) Coccygeal nerve
B) Lumbosacral enlargement
C) Filum terminale
D) Anterior median sulcus
E) Cauda equina

Question 71

Figure 14.2

Using the above-referenced diagram of a posterior view of the spinal cord showing the meningeal layers, superficial landmarks, and distribution of gray and white matter, identify the specified labeled structure(s) in each of the following questions.
Identify the structure(s) indicated by Label C.

A) Gray matter
B) Dorsal root
C) White matter
D) Ventral root
E) Spinal nerve

Question 72

Figure 14.2

Using the above-referenced diagram of a posterior view of the spinal cord showing the meningeal layers, superficial landmarks, and distribution of gray and white matter, identify the specified labeled structure(s) in each of the following questions.
Identify the structure(s) indicated by Label B.

A) Dorsal root
B) Denticulate ligament
C) Arachnoid mater
D) Ventral root
E) Dura mater

Question 73

Figure 14.2

Using the above-referenced diagram of a posterior view of the spinal cord showing the meningeal layers, superficial landmarks, and distribution of gray and white matter, identify the specified labeled structure(s) in each of the following questions.
Identify the structure(s) indicated by Label F.

A) Dorsal root
B) Ventral root
C) Dura mater
D) Gray matter
E) White matter

Question 74

The brachial plexus is composed of cutaneous and muscular branches of the ventral rami of spinal nerves C1-C4.

Question 75

What symptoms may result from crural palsies caused by carrying large wallets in a hip pocket?

Question 76

Figure 14.1

Using the above- referenced diagrams of the superficial anatomy and orientation of the adult spinal cord (posterior view)and inferior views of cross-sections through representative segments of the spinal cord, showing the arrangement of gray and white matter, identify the specified labeled structure(s) in each of the following questions.
Identify the structure(s) indicated by Label K.

A) Anterior median sulcus
B) Cervical enlargement
C) Lumbosacral enlargement
D) Posterior median sulcus
E) Conus medullaris

Question 77

Figure 14.2

Using the above-referenced diagram of a posterior view of the spinal cord showing the meningeal layers, superficial landmarks, and distribution of gray and white matter, identify the specified labeled structure(s) in each of the following questions.
Identify the structure(s) indicated by Label E.

A) Pia mater
B) Arachnoid mater
C) Ventral root
D) Dura mater
E) Dorsal root

Question 78

Figure 14.1

Using the above- referenced diagrams of the superficial anatomy and orientation of the adult spinal cord (posterior view)and inferior views of cross-sections through representative segments of the spinal cord, showing the arrangement of gray and white matter, identify the specified labeled structure(s) in each of the following questions.
Identify the structure(s) indicated by Label I.

A) Cauda equina
B) Filum terminale
C) Lumbosacral enlargement
D) Conus medullaris
E) Coccygeal nerve

Question 79

Figure 14.1

Using the above- referenced diagrams of the superficial anatomy and orientation of the adult spinal cord (posterior view)and inferior views of cross-sections through representative segments of the spinal cord, showing the arrangement of gray and white matter, identify the specified labeled structure(s) in each of the following questions.
Identify the structure(s) indicated by Label F.

A) Filum terminale
B) Coccygeal nerve
C) Cervical spinal nerve
D) Posterior median sulcus
E) Lumbar spinal nerve

Question 80

Figure 14.1

Using the above- referenced diagrams of the superficial anatomy and orientation of the adult spinal cord (posterior view)and inferior views of cross-sections through representative segments of the spinal cord, showing the arrangement of gray and white matter, identify the specified labeled structure(s) in each of the following questions.
Identify the structure(s) indicated by Label O.

A) Ventral root
B) Dorsal root ganglion
C) Central canal
D) White matter
E) Anterior median fissure