Deck 1: Health Disparities: Entering a Strange Land at a Strange Time

Question 1

When Charles Dickens in the 1859 novel, A Tale of Two Cities, used the phraseology, "It was the best of times, it was the worst of times…," he was referring to the fact that in life in general, outcomes can be viewed as good and/or bad depending upon the perspective which one chooses.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Each of the ten definitions of "Tribe" discussed in the text emphasize that a tribe is always defined in a way that includes a common ancestor.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

According to the text, Gross Domestic Product represents the amount of money that would be distributed to each resident based on the market value of all goods and services produced in their region.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

All sources of secondary data are equally accurate.

Question 5

According to the authors, differences in cultural values must also be taken into consideration in interpreting the means of the higher percentage (%) of GDP spent on health care in the U.S. relative to other countries.

Question 6

According to the text, higher per capita income correlates with multiple determinants of health outcomes.

Question 7

North America has a higher GFP per capita than the other 5 regions of the world. .

Question 8

Health care administrators are on the business side of health care. Accordingly, they need no skills in the area of health disparities.

Question 9

According to the authors, life expectancy has increased for:

A) All of Humankind
B) Some groups of humans but not for others
C) Individuals who live in high income countries only
D) None of the above conclusions were drawn by the authors in Chapter 2
E) a, b and c are conclusions that were drawn by the authors

Question 10

Which statement(s) below were used to confirm that the present is the "best of times" for humankind as a collective?

A) Humans are now taller and heavier than at any point in their known history
B) Humans have access to more technology
C) Humans are less likely to die from violence
D) All of the above
E) None of the above

Question 11

According to the study guide PowerPoints, which item below is not one of the reasons the text states that it is the "best of times" for humanity.

A) Physical improvements have occurred because of better nutrition and health care for all groups.
B) All humans worldwide have experienced increases in average life expectancy.
C) Although disparities exist in income and wealth, all groups have experienced increases in access to material goods.
D) There has been a decrease in cancer.

Question 12

Over the past five decades, life expectancy disparities between White Americans and African Americans have overall:

A) widened over time
B) narrowed over time
C) stayed the same
D) Not been documented

Question 13

According to the text, in 2017 what was the life expectancy ranking for the United States?

A) 2nd
B) 43rd
C) 108th
D) 11^th

Question 14

From 2014 to 2017, the United States' ranking for life expectancy __________:

A) increased
B) decreased
C) stayed the same
D) This information was not in the text.

Question 15

Based upon your analysis of the data below from the table 1.1, which statement or statements is/are true regarding changes in life expectancy at birth by race and sex: 1900, 1950, 2000, and 2015?

A) The racial/ethnic disparities between males in the above table in 1900 and 1950 exceeded that which existed between females.
B) The disparities by race/ethnicity and sex were "the worst of time" during 1900 and the "best of times" in 2015.
C) Despite the economic, political, and other disparities that have favored males from 1900 to 2015, males experienced unfavorable disparities in life expectancy over this 115 year period.
D) The data reveal a paradox. Specifically, although the economic, political, and social disparities between males and females in 1900, 1950, 2000, and 2015 had narrowed, the disparity in life expectancies between males and females actually widened relative to 1900.
E) In 1900 and 1950, African American males and females had less disparate life expectancies than existed for their White American counterparts.
F) All of the above are true
G) Only b, c, d and e are true
H) Only c, d, and e are true
I) None of the above are true

Question 16

Based upon the text and any supportive reading that you completed regarding Chapter 1, which statement(s) below is/are false.

A) Foreign-born immigrants are now nearly one-quarter (1/4) of the U.S. population.
B) The descendants of the earlier immigrants to the United States who were from Europe have decreased to the point that they are less than one-half off the U.S. population.
C) As a result of "racial/ethnic intermarriage", persons who are 2 or more races are now approximately 10% of the U.S. population
D) As a result of the proximity of Mexico, Puerto Rico, Cuba, and other Latino countries, Latinos are now approximately 25% of the residents of the U.S.
E) The number of Native Americans has decreased to approximately 5% of the U.S. population.
F) As a result of a greater rate of child birth, persons of African descent in the U.S. are now more than 18% of the population.
G) None of the above are incorrect
H) All of the above are false/ incorrect
I) Only a and b are false/incorrect
J) Only c and d are false/incorrect

Question 17

The concept of contemporary subtribalism is defined as:

A) All feelings of loyalty and /or pride in the racial/ethnic group to which one was born
B) All feelings of loyalty and pride in defense and protection of any subgroup to which one belongs
C) Feelings of loyalty, pride, and/or other emotions or beliefs to a subgroup that are so intense as to mask solutions and strategies that comprise win-win options for all subgroups
D) None of the above
E) All of the above

Question 18

Based upon the text, approximately how many humans must individuals consider if their emphasis is upon the advancement of humankind?

A) All of the approximately 7.5 billion persons who live on the planet Earth
B) Only persons who live within one's own "country"
C) Only those persons who live on the same land masses which are often called continents
D) Only those in one's own racial/ethnic group

Question 19

Which of the world's land masses listed below serve as home to the largest percent (%) of the world's population?

A) Europe
B) Asia
C) Oceania
D) Africa

Question 20

Which of the world's land masses listed below serve as home to the smallest percent (%) of the world's population?

A) Europe
B) Oceania
C) Africa
D) None of the above

Question 21

According to Chapter 1, some of the differences in GDP per capita by region is due to:

A) Differences in the distribution of natural resources by key region
B) Difference in access to and attainment of higher education
C) Differences in the development of tools by early residents of each region
D) Differences in the transition from a hunting and gathering society
E) All of the above are true
F) None of the above are true

Question 22

Which of the world's land masses listed below has the greatest negative disparity in terms of Gross Domestic Product per capita?

A) North American
B) Asia
C) Africa
D) Asia

Question 23

The country that has the greatest life expectancy at birth in the world for its residents is:

A) Japan
B) Singapore
C) America
D) Each country listed have life expectancies that are quite, quite close
E) a and b
F) b and c
G) None of the above

Question 24

Carefully review Table 1.7 and answer the questions below.

-A paradox is defined by Merriam-Webster as: 1) "…a statement that is seemingly contradictory or opposed to common sense and yet is, perhaps, true", and 2) "a self-contradictory statement that at first seems true". Does it appear that the country in table 1.7 which spends the smallest percent of GDP on health care has the greatest life expectancy in the world? Whether it does nor does not, which statement below is suggested by this relationship?

A) The relationship between the % of GDP spent on health care may be direct
B) The relationship between the % of GDP spent on health care and life expectancy may be indirect or inverse
C) Both of the above are suggested
D) Neither a nor be are suggested

Question 25

Carefully review Table 1.7 and answer the questions below.

-Which country in Table 1.7. has a total GDP that is closest to that of the U.S.A.?

A) Australia
B) Japan
C) Monaco
D) Switzerland

Question 26

Carefully review Table 1.7 and answer the questions below.

-Which groups of countries listed in Table 1.7 have the second highest percent of GDP that is spent on health care in comparison with the U.S.A.?

A) Monaco, San Marino, and Singapore
B) Andorra, Monaco, and San Marino
C) Switzerland, Japan and Australia
D) All of the above
E) None of the above

Question 27

Carefully review Table 1.7 and answer the questions below.

-Which statement below appears to be the "best" explanation for the patterns observable in Table 1.7.?

A) The United States' 2014 life expectancy of 79.56 years suggests that more of its population are "sick" and "dying". "Sick" and "dying" people spend a greater proportion of their income on health care. Thus, logic would suggest that since the U.S. has the lowest life expectancy of all countries listed in Table 1.7., we would expect the U.S. to spend the greatest proportion of its GDP on health care services needed for treatment
B) The data suggest that the U.S. has a poorly functioning health care system
C) The data suggest that the residents of Monaco and Singapore are probably "sicker" than the residents of the U.S.
D) a and b
E) b and c
F) a, b, and c
G) Neither a, b nor c

Question 28

Which of the following statements is true regarding the United States being one of the "top destinations" for Medical Tourism:

A) Its health care system functions so poorly.
B) The patients who come to the U.S. for treatment generally seek relatively simple cosmetic procedures.
C) The low level of respect for the American health care system, few travelers from abroad seek care here
D) Neither a, b nor c are true
E) a, b and c are all true

Question 29

According to the text, which statement is true regarding medical tourism:

A) South Korea is listed as one of the "top destinations" for medical tourism.
B) Italy is the primary "top destination" for dentistry in the medical tourism industry.
C) Many of the doctors who serve medical "tourists" in other countries were trained in the U.S.
D) The United States is a "top destination" for medical services in the medical tourism industry.
E) People who do not live in the United States spend over $3.3 billion accessing health services and resources.
F) a & b only
G) c & d only
H) a, c, d and e only
I) All of the above.
J) None of the above.

Question 30

From the year 2003 to 2013, the amount of dollars spent by visitors coming to America to access its medical resources (medical tourism) increased by:

A) $3.3 billion
B) $5 million
C) $1.7 billion
D) $20 million

Question 31

Based upon the discussion of infant mortality in the text, which conclusion appears to be implied and/or stated:

A) While the disparities in overall life expectancy between the U.S. and countries that spend a greater percentage of GDP on health care do not, alone, demonstrate that the U.S. health system functions only moderately well or poorly, the argument becomes irrefutable when combined with the fact that the U.S. does not have the lowest infant mortality rate
B) Other factors may differentially contribute to the U.S.'s higher than expected infant mortality rates such as: 1) differential rates of multiple births; 2) differential demographic and socio-economic variables such as maternal age, marital status, education, etc.; 3) differential health conditions in the mothers who gave birth
C) None of the above are true
D) Both a and b are strong arguments

Question 32

A Pearson correlation coefficient was selected as the simplest statistical tool for assessing the relationship between a country's life expectancy and the % of GDP spent on health care. When applied to the data in Table 1.8, the findings were that:

A) Life expectancy and % of GDP spent on health care are positively related. Therefore, life expectancy increased for the countries when the percent spent of GDP increased.
B) The relationship was inverse, and not very strong, and insignificant
C) The relationship was inverse and very weak
D) The relationship was significant and positive
E) None of the above

Question 33

The calculation of the second Pearson Correlation Coefficient revealed that per capita income may be more significantly correlated with life expectancy across countries than is the case for life expectancy and the percent of GDP spent on health care. This case study suggests that:

A) The "narrative" surrounding how well the American health care system functions may need to change.
B) The current charges that the U.S.'s health care system functions "poorly" are fully supported
C) Both of the above are correct.
D) None of the above are correct.

Question 34

According to the authors, the study of health disparities should:

A) Primarily focus on the disparities experienced by minorities and low income groups.
B) Include a discussion of inequalities that affect Caucasians as well as other groups, and men as well as women, and high income as well as low income groups.
C) Emphasize that health disparities always favor Caucasians and males.
D) Emphasize that the health disparities affecting Native Americans are less severe than those affecting Asian Americans.

Question 35

According to the authors, Contemporary Tribalism is primarily based upon:

A) Old-fashioned racism and discrimination
B) A competition for resources as demographic change occurs combined with traditional group loyalty
C) Sexism
D) Capitalism

Question 36

One of the purposes of the video Cousins is that of demonstrating that:

A) All humans are innately different
B) All humans share a common ancestor
C) Some humans are superior to other humans
D) The video has no purpose

Question 37

The country with the absolute lowest life expectancy in 2014 among those in Table 1.10 was:

A) Afghanistan
B) Switzerland
C) South Africa
D) Chad

Question 38

What are the six continents listed in the text?

Question 39

Based upon your own reflections, do you feel that it is true or false that health and healthcare disparities discussions generally create feelings of discomfort among America's various ethnic and/or racial groups?

Question 40

Based upon the data in the table below, the correlation of coefficient r is ____ for life expectancy and the % of GDP spent on healthcare:
________________

Question 41

This table lists percent of GDP spent on health care and life expectancy for a group of countries that are culturally similar to the United States. Using the online Pearson correlation coefficient in the link https://www.socscistatistics.com select the correct correlation coefficient between life expectancy and the % of GDP spent on health care for these countries.

-This value suggests that the correlation between life expectancy and the percent of GDP spent on health care is:

A) Strong
B) Somewhat strong
C) Moderate
D) Weak
E) Very, very weak
E) None of the above

Question 42

This table lists percent of GDP spent on health care and life expectancy for a group of countries that are culturally similar to the United States. Using the online Pearson correlation coefficient in the link https://www.socscistatistics.com select the correct correlation coefficient between life expectancy and the % of GDP spent on health care for these countries.

-The relationship is:

A) Significant at the P<.05 level
B) Significant at the P<.01 level
C) Marginally significant because the p value is between P<.05 and P<.10
E) Not significant at any of the p-value levels

Question 43

This table lists percent of GDP spent on health care and life expectancy for a group of countries that are culturally similar to the United States. Using the online Pearson correlation coefficient in the link https://www.socscistatistics.com select the correct correlation coefficient between life expectancy and the % of GDP spent on health care for these countries.

-Now recalculate the correlation coefficient based on the relationship between life expectancy and the dollar amount spent on GDP for each country. The correlation coefficient r for the calculation for was:

A) 0.0265
B) 0.03172
C) 0.2174
D) 0.0891

Question 44

This table lists percent of GDP spent on health care and life expectancy for a group of countries that are culturally similar to the United States. Using the online Pearson correlation coefficient in the link https://www.socscistatistics.com select the correct correlation coefficient between life expectancy and the % of GDP spent on health care for these countries.

-What was the relationship of the correlation?

A) Strong and negative
B) Weak and- negative
C) Strong and- positive
D) Weak and positive

Question 45

This table lists percent of GDP spent on health care and life expectancy for a group of countries that are culturally similar to the United States. Using the online Pearson correlation coefficient in the link https://www.socscistatistics.com select the correct correlation coefficient between life expectancy and the % of GDP spent on health care for these countries.

-The result from this calculation is that:

A) The p-value is not significant at P<0.10
B) The p-value is not significant at P<0.05
C) The p-value is not significant at P<.01
D) The p-value is significant at P<0.10
E) The p-value is significant at P<0.05
F) The p-value is significant at P<.01
G) b and c are true
H) a, b and c are true
J) d, e and f are true