Deck 18: Physiological and Psychosocial Development in Adults

Question 1

As we advance through adulthood, motor performance is influenced by:

A) The interaction of the motor and cognitive domains
B) The interaction of the motor and affective domains
C) The interaction of the affective and cognitive domains
D) The interaction of the motor, affective, and cognitive domains
E) None of these is correct.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

When an older adult uses different mental strategies to compensate for an age-related loss in reaction time, it represents which of the following?

A) The interaction of the motor and cognitive domains
B) The interaction of the motor and affective domains
C) The interaction of the affective and cognitive domains
D) The interaction of the motor, affective, and cognitive domains
E) None of these is correct.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

When an older adult experiences an increase in self-confidence due to participation in a martial arts program, it represents which of the following?

A) The interaction of the motor and cognitive domains
B) The interaction of the motor and affective domains
C) The interaction of the affective and cognitive domains
D) The interaction of the motor, affective, and cognitive domains
E) None of these is correct.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The average lifespan of human beings has steadily increased due to:

A) Improvements in health care
B) Disease reduction
C) Lifestyle changes
D) Improvements in health care and disease reduction
E) All of these are correct.

Question 5

The generalized trend for motor behavior across the lifespan is usually represented by:

A) Improvement from infancy through adolescence, leveling off during young adulthood, slight decline during middle adulthood, and sharp decline during older adulthood
B) Improvement from infancy through adolescence, leveling off during young adulthood, sharp decline during middle adulthood, and slight decline during older adulthood
C) Improvement from infancy through adolescence, slight decline during young adulthood, leveling off during middle adulthood, and sharp decline during older adulthood
D) Leveling off from infancy through adolescence, improvement during young adulthood, slight decline during middle adulthood, and sharp decline during older adulthood
E) None of these is correct.

Question 6

The generalized trend of lifespan motor development that is represented by improvement from infancy through adolescence, leveling off during young adulthood, slight decline during middle adulthood, and sharp decline during older adulthood:

A) Is an accurate representation
B) Is an oversimplified perception of the aging process
C) May place unnecessary limitations on older adults
D) Is an accurate representation and may place unnecessary limitations on older adults
E) Is an oversimplified perception of the aging process and may place unnecessary limitations on older adults

Question 7

Which of the following statements regarding motor performance and aging is accurate?

A) "Average" behavior for specific age groups grows less and less accurate for an individual's performance as the age of the group increases.
B) All motor functions will decline with age.
C) Variability in the motor performance of adults increases with each decade of life.
D) All of these are correct.
E) "Average" behavior for specific age groups grows less and less accurate for an individual's performance as the age of the group increases and variability in the motor performance of adults increases with each decade of life.

Question 8

The motor behavior of the older adult may be a reflection of:

A) The specific requirements of the task at hand
B) Certain environmental conditions
C) The characteristics of the individual
D) All of these are correct.
E) The specific requirements of the task at hand and the characteristics of the individual

Question 9

Task characteristics that may influence the motor performance of adults include:

A) The person's age
B) Accuracy
C) Speed
D) All of these are correct.
E) Accuracy and speed

Question 10

Environmental characteristics that may influence the motor performance of adults include:

A) The surface texture of the floor
B) The amount of light in a room
C) The duration of the activity
D) All of these are correct.
E) The surface texture of the floor and the amount of light in a room

Question 11

Characteristics of the individual that may influence the motor performance of adults include:

A) Level of muscular strength
B) Visual abilities
C) Level of self-esteem
D) All of these are correct.
E) Level of muscular strength and visual abilities

Question 12

Interindividual variability is represented by all of the following statements, except:

A) Some 80-year-old people live independently while others live in nursing care facilities
B) Very few individuals live 100 years
C) A person's visual system may decline in function sooner than her auditory system
D) Women who are physically active may maintain their muscular strength levels longer than those who are not physically active
E) Bone mineral loss is greater in some individuals than others

Question 13

Lifestyle choices that may influence a person's longevity include all of the following, except:

A) Physical activity
B) Smoking
C) Parents' longevity
D) Stress
E) Drug abuse

Question 14

Which of these is an example(s) of task specificity?

A) A task that requires quick movements
B) A task that requires movement accuracy
C) A task that requires memorization
D) All of these are correct.
E) A task that requires quick movements and a task that requires movement accuracy

Question 15

The gradual, time-related biological process that takes place as degenerative processes overtake regenerative processes is referred to as:

A) Sarcopenia
B) Senescence
C) Osteopenia
D) Hypoxia
E) Senile miosis

Question 16

At the cellular level, aging may be a result of:

A) The limitation in cell division
B) Cell mutation over time
C) Exposure to free radicals
D) All of these are correct.
E) Cell mutation over time and exposure to free radicals

Question 17

The state of homeostasis:

A) Involves the maintenance of stability in the physiological systems and their interrelationships
B) Is disrupted when one or more physiological system cannot contribute to the bodies return to a healthy state
C) Cannot be disrupted to the point of death
D) All of these are correct
E) Involves the maintenance of stability in the physiological systems and their interrelationships and is disrupted when one or more physiological system cannot contribute to the bodies return to a healthy state

Question 18

Unstable oxygen molecules that can damage DNA and other cell structures are referred to as:

A) Antioxidants
B) Homeostasis
C) Free radicals
D) Age markers
E) Brain plasticity

Question 19

A substance that when ingested combats the influence of free radicals is referred to as:

A) Antioxidants
B) Homeostasis
C) Senile miosis
D) Age markers
E) Brain plasticity

Question 20

In laboratory animals, lifespan has been extended by:

A) Restricting the caloric intake while maintaining the proper levels of vitamins and nutrients
B) Restricting the caloric intake and reducing the proper levels of vitamins and nutrients
C) Increasing the caloric intake while maintaining the proper levels of vitamins and nutrients
D) Increasing the caloric intake and reducing the proper levels of vitamins and nutrients
E) None of these is correct.

Question 21

Changes in older adults' skeletal systems include all of the following, except:

A) Loss of bone mineral content
B) Vertebral discs become more fibrous
C) Curving of the spine
D) Vertebral discs become compressed
E) An increase in water content of the vertebrae

Question 22

The accelerated loss of bone mineral content is called:

A) Arteriosclerosis
B) Atherosclerosis
C) Osteoporosis
D) Tinnitus
E) Hypoxia

Question 23

Methods of maintaining individual levels of bone mineral content include:

A) Non-weight-bearing exercises
B) Increasing calcium intake
C) Hormonal therapy
D) All of these are correct.
E) Increasing calcium intake and hormonal therapy

Question 24

Osteoporosis can result in:

A) Fractures within a bone
B) Fractures of bone
C) A slower rate of bone healing following a fracture
D) All of these are correct.
E) Fractures of bone and a slower rate of bone healing following a fracture

Question 25

Which of the following can be classified as age markers?

A) Neurofibrillary tangles
B) Senile plaques
C) Accumulation of lipofuscin
D) None of these is correct.
E) All of these are correct.

Question 26

Which of the following statements is true in regard to brain plasticity?

A) It refers to the adaptable nature of the brain.
B) It may occur with the development of compensatory dendritic branches to maintain neural connections that might otherwise deteriorate.
C) New pathways created by brain adaptations are always clearer and more efficient than the pathways they replaced.
D) It refers to the adaptable nature of the brain and it may occur with the development of compensatory dendritic branches to maintain neural connections that might otherwise deteriorate.
E) It may occur with the development of compensatory dendritic branches to maintain neural connections that might otherwise deteriorate and new pathways created by brain adaptations are always clearer and more efficient than the pathways they replaced.

Question 27

Senile plaques:

A) Are spherical formations composed of substances remaining from degenerated neurons
B) Are brownish or yellowish pigments that appear in neurons as the brain ages
C) Are considered age-markers in the central nervous system
D) Are spherical formations composed of substances remaining from degenerated neurons and are considered age-markers in the central nervous system
E) Are brownish or yellowish pigments that appear in neurons as the brain ages and are considered age-markers in the central nervous system

Question 28

An inadequate amount of oxygen reaching the brain is referred to as:

A) Homeostasis
B) Senile miosis
C) Brain plasticity
D) Hypoxia
E) Hypertrophy

Question 29

The functions of the circulatory and respiratory systems include all of the following, except:

A) Delivering nutrients to the body's organs and tissues
B) Removing wastes from the body's organs and tissues
C) Providing oxygen to the brain
D) Providing carbon dioxide to the brain
E) Transporting blood throughout the body

Question 30

Changes in the circulatory and respiratory systems associated with age include all of the following, except:

A) Arteriosclerosis
B) Decrease in respiratory muscle function
C) Decrease in calcification in arteries
D) Increase in blood pressure
E) Decrease in oxygen that reaches the cells

Question 31

An increase in calcification and a buildup of collagen connective tissue in the arteries results in a condition known as:

A) Senile miosis
B) Brain plasticity
C) Hypoxia
D) Arteriosclerosis
E) Atherosclerosis

Question 32

A buildup in fatty deposits in the arteries results in a condition known as:

A) Senile miosis
B) Brain plasticity
C) Hypoxia
D) Arteriosclerosis
E) Atherosclerosis

Question 33

After the age of 60, body weight and body mass index in older adults _________, while intra-abdominal fat __________ steadily with age.

A) Decreases; increases
B) Increases; increases
C) Decreases; decreases
D) Increases; decreases
E) Remains constant; increases

Question 34

Age-related structural changes of the visual system that influence visual functioning include all of the following, except:

A) Cornea begins to flatten somewhat
B) Cornea surface develops waviness and irregularities
C) Lens become cloudy
D) Vitreous humor becomes clear
E) Rod and cone cells are lost

Question 35

Age-associated changes in the auditory system include all of the following, except:

A) Presbycusis
B) Tinnitus
C) Increases in cerumen
D) Membranes and organs become less flexible
E) Cataracts

Question 36

Presbycusis refers to age-related declines in which of the following?

A) Visual system
B) Auditory system
C) Tactile system
D) Olfactory system
E) Gustatory system

Question 37

Age-associate changes in proprioception can result in deficits in:

A) Vision
B) Hearing
C) Muscular strength
D) Joint flexibility
E) Balance

Question 38

Which of the following statements defines a sense of well-being?

A) The subjective pictures individuals have created of themselves through their own observations and reactions of others
B) A general term representing some type of positive change in a person's attitude
C) A person's perception of her impact on events
D) When a person believes that he can influence events
E) When a person believes that events are unaffected by her involvement and happen by chance

Question 39

Which of the following statements defines body image?

A) The subjective pictures individuals have created of themselves through their own observations and reactions of others
B) A general term representing some type of positive change in a person's attitude
C) A person's perception of her impact on events
D) When a person believes that he can influence events
E) When a person believes that events are unaffected by her involvement and happen by change

Question 40

Which of the following statements defines locus of control?

A) A person's perception of her impact on events
B) When a person believes that he can influence events
C) When a person believes that events are unaffected by her involvement and happen by chance
D) All of these are correct.
E) A person's perception of her impact on events and when a person believes that he can influence events

Question 41

Disengagement theory is represented by which of the following statements?

A) As adults grow older they require interaction with other people.
B) As adults grow older they require continued physical activity to be happy and satisfied.
C) As adults grow older they begin to withdraw from society.
D) All of these are correct.
E) As adults grow older they require interaction with other people and continued physical activity to be happy and satisfied.

Question 42

In regard to activity and disengagement theories, maintaining a physically active lifestyle as we age:

A) Runs contrary to disengagement theory
B) Is consistent with activity theory
C) Is consistent with disengagement theory
D) Runs contrary to disengagement theory and is consistent with activity theory
E) Is consistent with both activity theory and disengagement theory

Question 43

Activity theory is represented by which of the following statements?

A) As adults grow older they require interaction with other people.
B) As adults grow older they require continued physical activity to be happy and satisfied.
C) As adults grow older they begin to withdraw from society.
D) All of these are correct.
E) As adults grow older they require interaction with other people and continued physical activity to be happy and satisfied.

Question 44

The phase of retirement when an individual receives much gratification from her newly acquired free time is called the:

A) Termination phase
B) Stability phase
C) Honeymoon phase
D) Remote phase
E) Disenchantment phase

Question 45

The phase of retirement when an individual puts little thought into retirement planning is called the:

A) Termination phase
B) Stability phase
C) Honeymoon phase
D) Remote phase
E) Disenchantment phase

Question 46

The phase of retirement that is represented by a time of dependency is called the:

A) Termination phase
B) Stability phase
C) Honeymoon phase
D) Remote phase
E) Disenchantment phase

Question 47

All of the following misperceptions about older adults are based on "positive" stereotypes, except:

A) Older people make friends very easily.
B) Most older persons are mature, experienced, wise, and interesting.
C) Most older persons are especially patient with children.
D) Most older adults are inadequate employees.
E) Most older people are very good listeners.

Question 48

All of the following misperceptions about older adults are based on "negative stereotypes, except:

A) Older people are mentally slower and more forgetful.
B) Most older persons are kind and generous to their children and grandchildren.
C) Most older persons are frail and in poor health.
D) Most older adults are confined to long-term care institutions.
E) Most older workers are accident-prone.

Question 49

Ageism involves which of the following?

A) Negative stereotyping
B) Positive stereotyping
C) Discriminating against older adults on the basis of prejudice
D) All of these are correct.
E) Negative stereotyping and discriminating against older adults on the basis of prejudice

Question 50

Successful aging requires the interaction of which of the following factors?

A) High cognitive and physical functioning
B) Engagement with life
C) Avoiding disease and disability
D) All of these are correct.
E) High cognitive and physical functioning and avoiding disease and disability

Question 51

The current challenge for physical activity specialists is to integrate physical activity into an aging population's:

A) Social context
B) Cultural context
C) Economic context
D) All of these are correct.
E) None of these is correct.