Deck 7: Infant Reflexes and Rhythmical Stereotypies

Question 1

All reflexes are:

A) Voluntary
B) Present prior to birth
C) Present during the neonatal period
D) Involuntary
E) Related to later voluntary movement behavior

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Involuntary reactions of the body to various forms of external stimulation are:

A) Reflex movements
B) Voluntary movements
C) Static movements
D) Dynamic movements
E) Rudimentary movements

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Reflexes are subcortical, which means they are controlled in what area of the brain?

A) Cerebral cortex
B) Lower brain centers
C) Frontal lobe
D) Occipital lobe
E) Motor cortex

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Precursors of voluntary movements that appear between the ninth and fifteenth month after birth, such as reflexive walking, swimming, crawling, and climbing movements are what types of reflexes?

A) Primitive survival reflexes
B) Primitive postural reflexes
C) Encoding reflexes
D) Decoding reflexes
E) Startle reflexes

Question 5

During the "information encoding stage" of the reflexive movement phase, the infant is primarily involved in:

A) Gathering information by way of reflexive activity
B) Storing information in the developing cortex gained through reflexive activity
C) Decoding or processing information
D) Gathering information by way of reflexive activity and storing information in the developing cortex gained through reflexive activity
E) Storing information in the developing cortex gained through reflexive activity and decoding or processing information

Question 6

During the "information decoding stage" of the reflexive movement phase, the infant is primarily involved in:

A) Gathering information by way of reflexive activity
B) Storing information in the developing cortex gained through reflexive activity
C) Gathering information by way of reflexive activity and storing information in the developing cortex gained through reflexive activity
D) Decoding or processing information
E) Encoding information

Question 7

The "information encoding stage" of the reflexive movement phase roughly parallels Piaget's:

A) Reflex stage
B) Primary circular reactions stage
C) Secondary circular reactions stage
D) All of these are correct.
E) Primary circular reactions stage and secondary circular reactions stage

Question 8

Primitive survival reflexes serve two main functions, including:

A) Sleep
B) Projection
C) Social interaction
D) Cognitive stimulation
E) Nourishment

Question 9

Of the following, which is a postural reflex?

A) Swimming
B) Catching
C) Throwing
D) Shooting
E) Painting

Question 10

Reflexes, or involuntary reactions, resulting from changes in pressure, sight, sound, and tactile stimulation form the basis for what stage?

A) Information encoding stage
B) Information decoding stage
C) Reflexive movement stage
D) Neonatal stage
E) Early fetal stage

Question 11

________ postulates that as the cortex develops it inhibits some of the functions of the subcortical layers and assumes ever-increasing neuromuscular control.

A) Bioneurological theory
B) Neuromaturational theory
C) Dynamic systems theory
D) Diagnostic-maturational theory
E) Cortical-developmental theory

Question 12

Factors that inhibit or promote progress from the reflexive to the rudimentary phase include all of the following, except:

A) Body proportions
B) Insufficient myelination
C) Body weight
D) Muscular strength
E) Gender of infant

Question 13

A reflex that is absent, irregular, or uneven may be an indicator of:

A) Developmental preciousness
B) Neurological dysfunction
C) Cognitive problems
D) Hypotonia
E) Immaturity

Question 14

Preservation of a reflex well beyond the normal time period for extinction may cause the physician to suspect:

A) CNS abnormalities
B) Brain damage
C) Delayed cortical maturation
D) All of these are correct.
E) None of these is correct.

Question 15

Infant reflex behavior may be used as a diagnostic tool for assessing the functioning of the central nervous system. Which of the following is not a signal for neurological impairment?

A) Complete absence of a reflex
B) Prolonged continuation of a reflex beyond its normal period
C) Reflexes that are uneven in strength: either too strong or too weak
D) Unequal bilateral reflex responses
E) Unequal unilateral reflex responses

Question 16

Which of the following describes reflexive movements of the neonate that permit it to maintain constancy of the retinal image when the head is tilted?

A) Glassy-eyed movements
B) Wide-eyed movements
C) Myopia
D) Doll-eye movements
E) Hyperopia

Question 17

A 2-month-old baby is lying in a crib when a huge bang of thunder is heard. When the sound is heard the baby extends and bows the arms and spreads the fingers with similar movements to the legs and toes. The limbs then return to a flexed position against the body. This is an example of what reflex?

A) Moro reflex
B) Startle reflex
C) Tonic reflex
D) Babinski reflex
E) Body righting reflex

Question 18

There are two phases of sucking. During the __________ phase of sucking, the nipple is squeezed between the tongue and palate. During the _________ phase, negative pressure is produced in the mouth cavity.

A) Suction; flowing
B) Searching; rooting
C) Expressive; suction
D) Rooting; suction
E) Suction; expressive

Question 19

A mother applies pressure to the palms of both hands of her 2-week-old baby. The baby responds by opening its mouth, closing its eyes, and flexing its head forward. This is an example of what reflex?

A) Palmar-mental reflex
B) Palmar-mandibular reflex
C) Babinski reflex
D) Palmar-pressure reflex
E) Plantar-mandibular reflex

Question 20

During the first 4 months of life, when pressure is applied to the sole of the foot the toes extend. This is called the:

A) Babkin reflex
B) Babinski reflex
C) Plantar grasping reflex
D) Palmar grasping reflex
E) Extension reflex

Question 21

The asymmetrical and symmetrical tonic neck reflexes often fade away by the sixth month of life. Individuals with what disability often exhibit a persistent asymmetrical tonic neck reflex?

A) Down syndrome
B) Parkinson's disease
C) Severe cerebral palsy
D) Multiple sclerosis
E) Spina bifida

Question 22

The palmar grasp reflex:

A) Is a postural reflex
B) Does not involve use of the thumb
C) Does not appear until around the fourth month of life
D) Is essentially the same as voluntary grasping
E) Is generally weak during the first two months of life but gradually gains strength

Question 23

The Babinski reflex involves:

A) Curling of the fingers
B) Curling of the toes
C) Reorientation of the hips
D) Splaying of the toes
E) Arm extension

Question 24

The asymmetrical TNR involves:

A) Assuming a fencer's "en garde" position
B) Flexing the arms when the legs are flexed
C) Flexing the arms when the legs are straightened
D) Higher levels of cortical control
E) Extending the arms when the legs are flexed

Question 25

Primitive reflexes:

A) Resemble later voluntary movements
B) Resemble lower phylogenetic movements
C) Are voluntary in nature
D) Are cortically complete
E) Remain throughout life

Question 26

Postural reflexes:

A) Resemble later voluntary movements
B) Resemble lower phylogenetic movements
C) Are voluntary in nature
D) Are cortically controlled
E) Remain throughout life

Question 27

The labyrinthine and the optical righting reflexes may be elicited in all of the following positions, except:

A) Right-side up
B) Up-side down
C) Tilted forward
D) Tilted backward
E) Tilted sideways

Question 28

Which of the following reflexes is necessary before the infant can learn to walk?

A) Parachute and propping reflexes
B) Pull-up reflex
C) Neck and body righting reflexes
D) Labyrinthine reflex
E) Optical righting reflex

Question 29

Which of these provides for an individual's maintenance of an upright position in relation to his or her environment?

A) Primitive reflexes
B) Tonic neck reflexes
C) Rhythmical stereotypies
D) Postural reflexes
E) Torso-stability reflexes

Question 30

Early, regular, and prolonged stimulation of a postural reflex:

A) Is worthless because of the clear separation between the reflex and the corresponding voluntary behavior as evidenced by inhibition
B) Is clearly related to the early onset of the corresponding voluntary behavior
C) May lessen the period of inhibition and hasten the onset of the corresponding voluntary behavior
D) Is the basis behind the best infant aquatics programs
E) Will delay the onset of the corresponding involuntary behavior

Question 31

Which of the following describes rhythmical behaviors performed over and over for their own sake?

A) Stereotypies
B) Twitches
C) Reflexes
D) Reactions
E) Motor reactions

Question 32

The earliest infant stereotypical movement is generally:

A) A bicycling action from a supine position
B) A rocking motion from a prone position
C) A waving motion with the hands
D) A banging motion with the hands
E) Rhythmical head shaking from side to side