Deck 14: Biological Rhythms, Sleep, and Dreaming

Question 1

A nocturnal animal is usually asleep during the

A) daytime.
B) nighttime.
C) period just before dusk.
D) daytime and nighttime.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

A diurnal animal is awake during the

A) daytime.
B) nighttime.
C) period just before dusk.
D) daytime and nighttime.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

In an experiment with hamsters in which the lights are switched on and off 6 hours earlier each day, the animals will show

A) period adjustment.
B) phase shift.
C) zeitgeber.
D) arrhythmia.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

In the absence of light cues, hamsters with two copies of the tau mutation will show biological rhythms with periods of _______ hours.

A) just under 24
B) about 20
C) about 12
D) about 8

Question 5

When a hamster or a person continues to display an activity cycle without any external cues about the time of day, the cycle is said to be

A) arrhythmic.
B) dysrhythmic.
C) circumspect.
D) free-running.

Question 6

The external cue that animals use to discern the time of day is called a

A) period adjuster.
B) phase shift.
C) zeitgeber.
D) temporizer.

Question 7

The process by which an animal slowly shifts its circadian rhythm to synchronize with the time of sunrise each day is called

A) period adjustment.
B) zeitgeber.
C) entrainment.
D) shifting.

Question 8

Entrainment of circadian rhythms refers to the process by which

A) the periodic oscillations of an animal's activity are dampened.
B) the length of a typical day is extended.
C) the rhythms of an animal's activities are synchronized and shifted.
D) a free-running process is established.

Question 9

If the SCN were isolated from the rest of the brain by a series of surgical cuts, its rhythmicity would

A) disappear.
B) become abnormally short.
C) persist.
D) become infradian.

Question 10

In mammals, what is the effect of lesions of visual cortex on the rhythms of the SCN?

A) They become free-running.
B) They alter endogenous rhythms.
C) They shorten.
D) They cannot be entrained.

Question 11

The "third eye" of birds and reptiles is the

A) skin.
B) pineal gland.
C) SCN.
D) hypothalamus.

Question 12

The length of the circadian cycle

A) depends on the dimerization of Clock with Per.
B) is a product of the time it takes for Per/Cry dimers to degrade.
C) is independent of mutations in Clock.
D) depends on light mediating the release of melanopsin onto SCN neurons.

Question 13

Refer to the figure.
This map supports which of the these observations about circadian rhythms in humans?

A) Humans in industrialized societies are no longer entrained by light.
B) The effect of light on biological rhythms is fast disappearing.
C) People tend to sleep more in northern latitudes.
D) There is still evidence that humans are entrained by light.

Question 14

Destruction of the SCN _______ ultradian rhythms.

A) disrupts
B) abolishes
C) does not affect
D) shortens

Question 15

Lesions of which hypothalamic site do not interrupt the circannual rhythms related to body weight and reproductive status?

A) Basal hypothalamus
B) SCN
C) Rostral hypothalamus
D) Lesions at each of these sites disrupt circannual rhythms.

Question 16

If animals that are normally seasonal are kept in constant conditions in a laboratory, receiving no information about changes in day length or temperature, their circannual rhythms

A) persist, with a period of about 365 days.
B) persist, with a period of exactly 365 days.
C) disappear.
D) persist in females only.

Question 17

The type of rhythmicity characterized by the regular, predictable onset of a particular behavior every six hours is called

A) infradian.
B) ultradian.
C) circadian.
D) circannual.

Question 18

The type of rhythmicity characterized by the regular, predictable onset of a particular behavior about once a month is called

A) infradian.
B) ultradian.
C) circadian.
D) circannual.

Question 19

The type of rhythmicity characterized by the regular, predictable onset of a particular behavior once a year is called

A) infradian.
B) ultradian.
C) circadian.
D) circannual.

Question 20

The type of rhythmicity characterized by the regular, predictable onset of a particular behavior once a day is called

A) infradian.
B) ultradian.
C) circadian.
D) circannual.

Question 21

Stage 3 sleep is especially prominent during _______ of a night's sleep.

A) the latter half
B) the initial half
C) only the last complete cycle
D) the middle third

Question 22

Sleep spindles are seen in the EEG rhythms of people who are in

A) stage 1 sleep.
B) stage 2 sleep.
C) stage 3 sleep.
D) REM sleep.

Question 23

Slow, large-amplitude waves are seen in the EEG rhythms of people who are in

A) stage 1 sleep.
B) stage 2 sleep.
C) stage 3 sleep.
D) REM sleep.

Question 24

REM sleep is normally preceded by stage _______ sleep.

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4

Question 25

Small-amplitude, high-frequency EEG patterns with eye movements are seen in people who are in

A) stage 1 sleep.
B) stage 2 sleep.
C) stage 3 sleep.
D) REM sleep.

Question 26

Neck and body muscles are completely flaccid during

A) stage 1 SWS.
B) stage 3 SWS.
C) REM sleep.
D) all stages of sleep.

Question 27

Activity in which part of the cortex most often corresponds with vivid dreaming?

A) Prefrontal cortex
B) Anterior cortex
C) Posterior cortex
D) Dorsolateral cortex

Question 28

During sleep, if you see high frequency EEG activity in the posterior cortex in the virtual absence of low frequency waves, you can assume that the person is

A) in slow wave sleep.
B) in NREM sleep.
C) solving problems in his or her dream.
D) having vivid dreams.

Question 29

High frequency EEG activity in the posterior cortex is a reliable indicator of

A) NREM sleep.
B) vivid dreaming.
C) insomnia.
D) delta activity.

Question 30

During REM, thermoregulation is

A) impaired.
B) maintained in a normal manner.
C) erratic.
D) enhanced.

Question 31

Some researchers have characterized SWS dreams as

A) very intense and vivid.
B) lacking in intellectual content.
C) composed of realistic visual images and lifelike sounds.
D) resembling vague thought.

Question 32

In humans, enhanced serum levels of growth hormone are evident during

A) the daytime periods of wakefulness.
B) an entire night's sleep.
C) slow-wave sleep (SWS).
D) sleep following periods of stress.

Question 33

Nightmares are associated with

A) stage 1 sleep.
B) stage 2 sleep.
C) stage 3 sleep.
D) REM sleep.

Question 34

Refer to the figure, showing the typical sleep pattern of an elderly person.
This pattern shown here is notable because of the

A) relatively long duration of REM sleep.
B) short duration of the awakenings.
C) eight-hour duration.
D) greatly reduced stage-3 sleep.

Question 35

In healthy young adults, nearly half of all sleep time is spent in

A) stage 1 sleep.
B) stage 2 sleep.
C) stage 3 sleep.
D) REM sleep.

Question 36

The usual duration of the typical human sleep cycle is

A) 3‒4 hours.
B) 10‒20 minutes.
C) 90‒110 minutes.
D) 1‒2 minutes.

Question 37

In the typical sleep pattern of healthy young adults, the first REM period of the night may last a few minutes while the last REM period may last

A) up to 40 minutes.
B) up to 90 minutes.
C) less than 1 minute.
D) less than a few seconds.

Question 38

Circadian rhythms are not evident in the sleep patterns of human infants until they are about _______ weeks old.

A) 2
B) 8
C) 16
D) 26

Question 39

In comparison with adults, the REM sleep of children

A) takes up a greater proportion of the overall amount of sleep.
B) occupies a smaller proportion of the overall amount of sleep.
C) is a much more predictable portion of the overall amount of sleep.
D) is far less intense in its basic characteristics.

Question 40

_______% of sleep in the first two weeks of life is _______ sleep.

A) 25; REM
B) 50; REM
C) 60; SWS
D) 80; SWS

Question 41

Premature infants born after only 30 weeks of gestation may spend as much as _______% of their sleep time in REM sleep.

A) 80
B) 50
C) 20
D) 5

Question 42

The pattern of sleep in elderly humans is characterized by increases in

A) awakenings.
B) stage 2 sleep.
C) stage 3 SWS.
D) REM sleep.

Question 43

Cooper sleeps about 7.5 hours a day. On average, he spends 45 minutes in stage 3 sleep. Cooper is most likely

A) 4 months old.
B) 15 years old.
C) 30 years old.
D) 75 years old.

Question 44

Which animal does not appear to experience REM sleep?

A) Platypus
B) Dolphin
C) Rabbit
D) Cat

Question 45

The sleep of dolphins and birds is similar in that both display

A) erratic circadian rhythms.
B) only SWS.
C) unilateral sleep.
D) only REM sleep.

Question 46

One explanation for why Sleepy mice are so sleepy is based on

A) numerous proteins (typically found in synapses) being hyperphosphorylated.
B) numerous proteins (typically found in synapses) being dephosphorylated.
C) numerous proteins (typically found in synapses) being phosphorylated similar to non-sleep deprived wild-type mice.
D) both a and c

Question 47

Hyperphosphorylation of proteins by the Sik3 protein explains

A) why Dreamless mutants have reduced REM.
B) why Sleepy mutants are so sleepy.
C) why Dreamless mutants have increased REM.
D) why Sleepy mutants and sleep-deprived wild type mice are sleepy.

Question 48

NREM sleep appears to aid the consolidation of

A) declarative memories
B) non-declarative memories
C) both declarative and non-declarative memories
D) neither declarative nor non declarative memories

Question 49

Your friend wants to earn high marks in his French class, but he has limited time to study. What strategy would you recommend?

A) Study the material right before the class.
B) Study the material just before a good night's sleep.
C) Restrict sleep to 6 hours, then study upon awakening.
D) Listen to recordings of lectures while sleeping.

Question 50

When considering the role of sleep for memory consolidation, why might studies show that there is weakening of synapses in terms of size and physiological strength?

A) Sleep resets synapses globally, so that the minority that were strengthened by wakeful experience can stand out.
B) Sleep actually strengthens rather than weakens synapses, and this is how consolidation of memories can occur.
C) Sleep has very limited effects on synapses, with the effects described in this question only occurring in the hippocampus.
D) Sleep has no effect on synapse strength, and consolidation occurs via other mechanisms.

Question 51

The cortical EEG pattern of the encéphale isolé animal is characterized by

A) sustained sleep patterns.
B) intense arousal patterns.
C) alternating periods of arousal and sleep.
D) intense seizure activity.

Question 52

The cerveau isolé preparation involves a cut through the

A) spinal cord.
B) medulla.
C) midbrain.
D) thalamus.

Question 53

It has been proposed that SWS is promoted through the actions of GABA on the _______, in the _______.

A) tuberomammilary nucleus; posterior hypothalamus
B) tuberomammilary nucleus; anterior hypothalamus
C) subcoeruleus; anterior hypothalamus
D) subcoeruleus; posterior hypothalamus

Question 54

Small lesions of the subcoeruleus _______ the loss of motor inhibition during REM sleep.

A) increase
B) abolish
C) diminish
D) have no effect upon

Question 55

Electrical stimulation of the reticular formation leads to immediate

A) SWS.
B) REM sleep.
C) awakening.
D) PGO waves.

Question 56

Studies involving transections at different levels of an animal's nervous system have suggested that REM sleep occurs

A) only if the cut is caudal to the pons.
B) only in animals with brains that have not been transected.
C) only if the cut is rostral to the pons.
D) in whichever part of the transected brain contains the pons.

Question 57

Lesions of the _______ produce persistent sleep in animals.

A) cerebellum.
B) optic chiasm.
C) basal forebrain.
D) reticular formation.

Question 58

The attacks of sleep that occur in narcolepsy are characterized by

A) immediate onset of deep SWS.
B) immediate onset of REM.
C) the usual pattern of SWS and REM sleep.
D) a lack of REM.

Question 59

Which observation supports the idea that individual neurons can "sleep"?

A) Dolphins show slow-wave sleep in each cerebral hemisphere at different times.
B) Transgenic mice missing hypocretin exhibit narcolepsy.
C) Multicellular recordings in the frontal and parietal lobes of rats showed that some neurons stopped firing while the rats were awake.
D) All of the above

Question 60

If a high proportion of a rat's motor cortex cells are "off-line" during a task in which it has to reach for food, the rat will likely

A) get the food with every attempt.
B) miss the food with every attempt.
C) show fewer misses than it did when the cortical cells were on-line.
D) show more misses than it did when the cortical cells were on-line.

Question 61

Night terrors are associated with

A) stage 1 sleep.
B) stage 2 sleep.
C) stage 3 sleep.
D) REM sleep.

Question 62

Sleep enuresis is associated with

A) stage 1 sleep.
B) stage 2 sleep.
C) stage 3 sleep.
D) REM sleep.

Question 63

Humans with sleep apnea show

A) frequent arousals from sleep.
B) sustained SWS episodes during sleep.
C) an abundance of REM sleep.
D) normal sleep patterns.

Question 64

People with REM behavior disorder can be helped by

A) GABA antagonists.
B) benzodiazepines.
C) caffeine.
D) All of the above

Question 65

Humans in constant conditions appear to have different endogenous clocks governing cycles of _______.

Question 66

Any cue that an animal uses to synchronize its activity with the environment is called a _______.

Question 67

Hamsters that carry the _______ mutation show abnormally short free-running rhythms.

Question 68

A powerful stimulus for resetting the circadian clock is _______.

Question 69

Unlike in mammals, in birds, the _______ is sensitive to light and may mediate entrainment of rhythms even after surgical removal of the eyes.

Question 70

People living on the western side of a given time zone tend to go to bed _______ than those on the eastern side.

Question 71

Refer to the figure, which show the EEG patterns recording during two of the different stages of sleep.
The EEG pattern that represents REM sleep is most likely pattern _______.

Question 72

The characteristic EEG recording obtained from subjects who are relaxed with their eyes closed is called the _______.

Question 73

Growth hormone secretion is high during _______ sleep.

Question 74

Frightening sudden arousal associated with stage 3 SWS is called _______.

Question 75

During sleep, almost all mammals alternate between two main states: rapid-eye-movement (or REM) and _______ sleep.

Question 76

_______ sleep is characterized by a rapid EEG of low amplitude.

Question 77

It appears that based on findings from EEG of the posterior cortex, dreaming does actually occur during _______sleep.

Question 78

A greater ratio of high- vs low-frequency EEG activity in the posterior cortex can predict _______ occurring in NREM sleep.

Question 79

Refer to the figure.
The sleep pattern shown here is most typical of a(n) ______ person.

Question 80

When wild-type mice are sleep-deprived, we see a/an _______ in phosphorylation of numerous proteins found in synapses and phosphorylated by the Sik3 protein.