Deck 13: Parenting Across Cultures

Question 1

Which of the following is the least prominent part of a culture?

A) shared values
B) beliefs
C) history
D) daily practices

Answer 1

C

Question 2

U.S. mothers are encouraged to breastfeed until 12 months. How does that advice compare with the United Kingdom?

A) Mothers are advised to wean sooner.
B) Mothers are advised to wean at the same time.
C) Mothers are advised to wean later.
D) Mothers are not given any advice.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Aka pygmy fathers allow their infants to ______.

A) go without diapers
B) drink as much fluid as they want
C) suckle at the fathers' nipples
D) stay in cribs much of the day

Answer 3

C

Question 4

______ in some countries is accomplished by 12 months, in contrast to the United States, where the average age is 30 months.

A) weaning
B) toilet training
C) walking
D) talking

Question 5

How common are tiger mothers in China?

A) most of the mothers
B) about half of mothers
C) about a third of mothers
D) about a quarter of mothers

Question 6

Parents are described as relaxed, not hyper-vigilant, not overly concerned about their children's cognitive development, and do not micromanage their children in ______.

A) France
B) Denmark
C) Germany
D) China

Question 7

Which country is rated as rearing some of the happiest citizens in the world?

A) Denmark
B) Sweden
C) France
D) United States

Question 8

PARENT is an acronym for the Danish style of parenting. Which of the following words is NOT included in that acronym?

A) Patient
B) Authenticity
C) Empathy
D) Togetherness

Question 9

What is meant by "reframing" in the Danish style of parenting?

A) putting a negative spin on a positive experience
B) putting a positive spin on a positive experience
C) putting a negative spin on a negative experience
D) putting a positive spin on a negative experience

Question 10

Studies with individuals from Western countries make up about ______ of the research participants.

A) 65%
B) 75%
C) 85%
D) 95%

Question 11

The specific environment in which relationships occur is called the ______.

A) cultural niche
B) environmental niche
C) social niche
D) ethno niche

Question 12

The main elements of the niche includes all but the ______.

A) physical and social environment
B) customs of child rearing and child care
C) the parents' beliefs, values, attitudes
D) the extended family's beliefs, values, attitudes

Question 13

Which of the following is the best example of a culture-specific practice?

A) duration of infant crying
B) infant's age at walking
C) infant's age at weaning
D) duration of infant talking

Question 14

A Kurdish tribe in Israel subscribed to the belief that neonates could not see until they were 30 days old. This is an example of a(n) ______.

A) old wife's tale
B) ethnotheory
C) cultural bias
D) grandmothers' wisdom

Question 15

Culture is best captured by which level of Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems model of development?

A) microsystem
B) mesosystem
C) exosystem
D) macrosystem

Question 16

The continuous care and contact model of infant development aligns with which theory?

A) bonding
B) ecological systems
C) attachment
D) acceptance and rejection

Question 17

Dr. Smith invited Efe parents who lived in the United States to participate in a study about parenting practices and the "correct" way to rear infants. After the data were collected, Dr. Smith reported that Efe infants suffered from insecure attachment. Which of the following comments best applies to this research?

A) Careful! There are inevitable biases caused by viewing other cultures from one's own perspective.
B) Good Job! Only through objective cross-cultural research can we reveal parenting universals.
C) Good Job! With this information, it will be possible to instill positive parenting practices worldwide.
D) Careful! It is problematic to cite problems without suggesting interventions.

Question 18

Which of the following was not studied in early cross-cultural research on parenting?

A) swaddling
B) hardening
C) punishing
D) spoiling

Question 19

Research from more than 20 countries from around the world determined that children who feel rejected by their parents are more likely to ______ than children who feel loved.

A) be more aggressive
B) have psychological problems
C) seek close friendships
D) have physical problems

Question 20

Cross-cultural evidence about attachment theory supports all but ______.

A) the majority of children are securely attached
B) maternal sensitivity is linked to attachment security
C) classification rates are approximately the same around the globe
D) securely attached children are more competent than insecurely attached children

Question 21

In cross-cultural studies of attachment, how did within-country variation compare to across-country variation?

A) within-country variation was 3 times higher than across countries
B) within-country variation was 1.5 times higher than across countries
C) within-country variation was 1.5 times lower than across countries
D) within-country variation was 3 times lower than across countries

Question 22

Cameroonian Nso children are socialized to ______.

A) be equally attached to their mothers and their fathers
B) become more attached to their caregivers than their parents
C) to think of their grandmothers as their mothers
D) not display their emotions

Question 23

Which word describes reliance on others?

A) individualism
B) autonomy
C) independence
D) interdependence

Question 24

Which of the following ratios best captures how Americans value individualism and collectivism?

A) 90:10
B) 70:30
C) 50:50
D) 30:70

Question 25

Which of the following countries is the least individualist?

A) Mexico
B) France
C) Japan
D) Canada

Question 26

The beliefs of Chinese philosopher ______ underlie social norms and parenting practices in Japan, China, and other parts of Asia.

A) Mao Zedong
B) Lao-Tzu
C) Confucius
D) Mencius

Question 27

Which parenting practice does not promote collectivism?

A) co-sleeping
B) eating together
C) asking children about their preferences
D) ignoring the child's temperament

Question 28

How do collectivist parents promote a sense of interdependence in their children?

A) close body contact
B) having multiple caregivers
C) giving the child choices
D) dressing children in the same school uniforms

Question 29

Researchers have found that the ______ parenting style is more likely to promote collectivism by negating individual choice.

A) authoritative
B) authoritarian
C) permissive
D) uninvolved

Question 30

Asian parents are less likely than Western parents to ______.

A) have more restrictive child-rearing attitudes
B) express more affection
C) feel their self-worth is tied to their children's performance
D) exert more control over their children

Question 31

Xiao and He refer to the values of ______.

A) filial piety and harmonious relationships
B) modesty and adhering to social norms
C) obedience and respect for the elderly
D) purity and wholeness

Question 32

Which of the following phrases emphasizes relatedness?

A) "Let's play this game together!"
B) "Do you want to go to the park?"
C) "Go play by yourself."
D) "What do you want to do?"

Question 33

Inuit parents discipline by ______.

A) using corporal punishment
B) shouting
C) using time-out
D) telling stories

Question 34

The top three values of mothers in Greece, Taiwan, and the United States are ______.

A) self-esteem, loyalty to family, and curiosity
B) honesty, respect of others, and independence
C) respect of elderly, autonomy, and good habits
D) interdependence, politeness, and religion

Question 35

Greek mothers compared with Taiwanese mothers are more likely to value ______.

A) honest and loyalty to family
B) good habits and curiosity
C) getting along with others and politeness
D) sharing and independence

Question 36

______ is not a likely cause of social change in parenting.

A) Urbanization
B) Globalization
C) The Internet
D) Evolving beliefs

Question 37

The tradition of arranged marriages in such places as South Asia, Asia, the Middle East, and Africa is ______.

A) increasing, along with an increase in love marriages
B) increasing, along with an increase in forced marriages
C) declining due to an increase in forced marriages
D) declining due to an increase in love marriages

Question 38

UNICEF developed the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey that is given to parents or caregivers in ______.

A) more than 50 countries
B) more than 75 countries
C) more than 100 countries
D) more than 125 countries

Question 39

In general, parents from low-income communities or countries and with less education are more likely to engage in ______ discipline.

A) harsh
B) passive
C) placid
D) lax

Question 40

Lansford and Deater-Deckard (2012) found that parental discipline across 24 countries formed how many types of clusters?

A) Two
B) Three
C) Four
D) Five

Question 41

In international studies about corporal punishment, which of the following was not mentioned as a source of variability?

A) country
B) income or socioeconomic status
C) gender of parent
D) education of parent

Question 42

In countries where corporal punishment is more prevalent, does that impact children's outcomes?

A) not at all
B) yes, but only to a small degree
C) yes, where it is more common studies find there are more child problems
D) There is insufficient evidence.

Question 43

What approach is most commonly used to compare parenting styles in different countries?

A) tiger parenting style
B) Baumrind's parenting styles
C) accepting versus rejecting style
D) democratic style

Question 44

Which statement is correct about collectivism and individualism?

A) Most people in a country share the same views about those values.
B) There are few research studies into those values.
C) The results have not been replicated.
D) Most people value both, but in varying degrees.

Question 45

Collectivist parents are more likely to be ______.

A) tiger parents
B) authoritative
C) permissive
D) authoritarian

Question 46

What is not a common methodological problem with cross-cultural studies into parenting styles?

A) small sample sizes
B) nonrepresentative samples
C) observations of parental behavior are limited to one situation
D) styles are assessed with a short questionnaire

Question 47

Across cultures, authoritarian parenting has been linked to all but ______.

A) family conflict
B) child problems in school
C) child behavior problems
D) negative family dynamics

Question 48

In the 11-country study by Bornstein and colleagues (2015) about mother-infant vocalizations, what was TRUE?

A) A pattern of vocal turn-taking was found in some cultures
B) In all countries, mothers were not vocally responsive to their infants.
C) In some countries, fathers were not vocally responsive to their infants.
D) In some countries, mothers only infrequently talked to their infants.

Question 49

In a study of parental stimulation and education in 39 countries, which of the following was not found?

A) Mothers engage in much more caregiving than fathers.
B) Mothers played more with girls and fathers played more with boys.
C) Less than 60% of mothers had taken their children outside in the past 3 days.
D) Less than 9% of fathers read to their children in the past 3 days.

Question 50

"Culture normal" is another term for saying something is universal.

Question 51

WEIRD societies stands for "Western, educated, industrialized, rich, and developed."

Question 52

Undifferentiated rejection means that parents reject each one of their children.

Question 53

The phrase "all for one" reflects a collectivist value.

Question 54

"You choose what toys you want to play with" would likely be said by a parent from a country that values individualism.

Question 55

Ethnotheories of development are defined as a parent's system of beliefs concerning ideal children and to socialize them.

Question 56

A combination of Confucianism and Buddhism underlies social norms in China.

Question 57

The international research reviewed in the chapter indicates that in at least a majority of countries, children are exposed to physical violence.

Question 58

Tiger moms are the single most common parenting style in Asia.

Question 59

Mothers from 15 countries were found to agree on the key characteristics of ideal mothers.

Question 60

Briefly describe differences in two parenting customs that differ across cultures.

Question 61

How does SES relate to discipline styles in different countries?

Question 62

What are some key dimensions that parenting differs around the world. Give examples. What is the source of those differences?

Question 63

What are the methodological challenges of doing cross-cultural research?