Deck 12: Parents at Risk

Question 1

Which of the following is not a major category of family risk?

A) child characteristics
B) parent characteristics
C) financial characteristics
D) contextual characteristics

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which of the following characteristics is NOT typically included in the calculation of a parent's socioeconomic status, or SES?

A) occupation
B) highest educational degree obtained
C) race/ethnicity
D) income

Answer 2

C

Question 3

In the study about infants from different SES groups (Fouts et al., 2007) what was not found?

A) Infants from low SES groups were talked to less often.
B) Infants from low SES groups interacted more with relatives.
C) Infants from higher SES groups vocalized less.
D) Infants from higher SES groups received more verbal affection.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

What percent of children live in poverty in the United States?

A) almost 15%
B) almost 20%
C) almost 25%
D) almost 30%

Question 5

Research has NOT found that children raised in poverty, compared to other children, are likely to ______.

A) watch more TV
B) be read to more
C) play more video games
D) experience less parental warmth

Question 6

Lower SES parents more frequently report the use of ______ to discipline their children than do higher SES parents.

A) withdrawal of affection
B) time-out
C) withdrawal of privileges
D) physical punishment

Question 7

Children raised in poverty are likely to be at risk for all but which of the following?

A) becoming a teen parent
B) being maltreated
C) getting sick more often
D) having attentional problems

Question 8

Which two groups in the United States have the highest rate of child poverty?

A) Hispanics/Latinos and African Americans
B) Hispanics/Latinos and American Indians
C) American Indians and African Americans
D) American Indians and Hispanics/Latinos

Question 9

Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE about the extremely poor families?

A) About 11% of the world's population live on $2/day or less.
B) They spend 2-4% of their income on alcohol and tobacco.
C) They spend 2% of their income on their children's education.
D) There are less than half as many extremely poor families today than 30 years ago.

Question 10

In the study by Easterbrooks and Graham (1999) comparing homeless and low-income mothers, they found that ______.

A) homeless mothers did not differ from low-income mothers
B) homeless mothers had more psychological problems than the low-income mothers
C) only low-income mothers offered warm, affectionate parenting
D) the groups had very different problems

Question 11

What is a source of resilience in homeless children?

A) breaking away from their parents
B) parents who maintain a negative outlook
C) high-quality parenting
D) lack of community

Question 12

Some parents who live in poverty seem to beat the odds in terms of parenting behaviors. That is, they parent in ways which counteract, or at least buffer, their children from some of the potentially harmful influences. Which of the following actions are taken by these effective parents?

A) heighten their commitment to their own self-interests
B) modify their parenting practices to isolate their children
C) seek out resources and opportunities for their children
D) understand the value of learning from negative influences

Question 13

There is evidence that the longer the children are living as homeless, the more ______ symptoms they show.

A) externalizing
B) inhibited
C) extroverted
D) internalizing

Question 14

Lilliana and her mother are homeless. Even though their time at the shelter has been stressful, Lilliana is doing well in school. What is the likely reason for her resilience?

A) Her mother's warmth, responsiveness, and positive expectations.
B) Lilliana's refusal to associate with any of the other shelter kids.
C) Her mother's use of rigid structure and harsh discipline techniques.
D) Lilliana's increased anxiety which acts to heighten her focus.

Question 15

Researchers have found that ______ can protect the child against some of the negative effects of unstable living conditions.

A) high-quality parenting
B) moderate synchrony
C) minimal expectations
D) authoritarian parenting

Question 16

Madison's family is considered affluent. That means her parents' income is at least ______ the median income for the United States.

A) 0.5 times
B) 1.5 times
C) 2 times
D) 3 times

Question 17

Which of the following statements best describes the relation between children in affluent and poor families in the United States?

A) Children of affluent families and children raised in poverty perceive their parents as emotionally and physically unavailable to the same extent.
B) Children of affluent families perceive their parents as emotionally, but not physically unavailable.
C) Children of affluent families perceive their parents as physically, but not emotionally unavailable.
D) Unlike children raised in poverty, children of affluent families perceive their parents as emotionally and physically unavailable.

Question 18

Ruby expects her son to do well in school. When he makes all As on his report card she rewards him with money. By doing so, she is displaying ______.

A) affluence
B) capitalism
C) materialism
D) generosity

Question 19

William is struggling with anxiety and depression. His parents are affluent and have easy access to mental health-care providers. According to your text, why might William's parents hesitate to get him the help he needs?

A) They think William is faking his anxiety.
B) They want to maintain a veneer of well-being.
C) They are too close to the situation to see the problem.
D) They want to model healthy behavior first.

Question 20

Susanna is reared in an affluent family that greatly values materialism and consumerism. What would you predict of Susanna?

A) She is likely to be popular.
B) She is likely to be unhappy.
C) She is likely to be happy.
D) She is likely to be socially isolated.

Question 21

What is an example of a conditional material reward?

A) giving a child a stereo that has been reconditioned
B) giving a child a present for her birthday
C) giving a child cash for getting a good grade
D) giving a child new clothing for no reason

Question 22

Willa is only 10 years old, but her mother talks with her often about how she is lonely due to her husband's heavy workload. By making Willa her emotional confidant, Willa's mother is causing the ______ of her child.

A) healthy maturation
B) parentification
C) the childhood isolation
D) the reclassification

Question 23

Which item is NOT assessed on the ACE questionnaire?

A) Whether the respondent was physically abused.
B) Whether the respondent was psychologically maltreated.
C) Whether mother or stepmother was physically abused.
D) Whether mother or stepmother was psychologically maltreated.

Question 24

Which item on the ACE survey is most common?

A) sexual abuse
B) physical abuse
C) parental separation or divorce
D) mental health problems in the family

Question 25

Childhood experiences can be a strong influence on adult functioning. The Adverse Childhood Experiences study showed that adverse early experiences affect adult function in which of the following ways?

A) A single adverse experience raised the risk of problems to the highest level measured.
B) The greater the number of adverse experiences, the greater the risk for problems in adulthood.
C) There was no proof that adverse experiences during youth affected adult function in any way.
D) Although 90% of people had an adverse experience, only 10% were affected.

Question 26

Parents with higher ACE scores are likely to exhibit all but which of these?

A) be stressed
B) use physical punishment
C) have physical problems
D) react against their adversities by engaging in positive parenting

Question 27

Which of the following is NOT a commonly studied mental health problem in parents?

A) depression
B) post-traumatic stress
C) antisocial personality disorder
D) schizophrenia

Question 28

Mothers who use opioids have been found to be ______.

A) more anxious
B) more irritable
C) interested in their children
D) invested in work

Question 29

There is a long history of blaming mothers for causing problems in their children. For example, autism--according to male psychiatrists in the 1950s--was the result of mothers who were ______.

A) close with their sons and distant with their husbands
B) distant and domineering with their children
C) cold and unloving like refrigerators
D) overly communicative with unrealistic expectations

Question 30

A father is both clinically depressed and an alcoholic. Which term is the most appropriate for him?

A) co-occurring problems
B) comorbid
C) polymorbid
D) multiproblem

Question 31

The psychological problem that has attracted the most attention is ______. This problem is fairly common; about one third of women have experienced it at some time during their lives.

A) anxiety
B) depression
C) bi-polar disorder
D) ADHD

Question 32

Which of the following statements best describes the relation between parental mental health problems and children's behavior problems?

A) There is no association between parents' mental health problems and children's behavior problems.
B) Children of parents with mental health problems have only a slightly elevated chance of behavioral issues compared to children of parents without mental health problems.
C) Children of parents with mental health problems have a greater chance of behavioral issues than do children of parents without mental health problems.
D) Because children of parents with mental health problems will also have mental health problems, behavior problems will follow.

Question 33

It is estimated that as many as ______ of all children in the United States have a parent with a substance use disorder.

A) 10%
B) 12.5%
C) 14%
D) 16.5%

Question 34

For children with ______, physical characteristics are visible at birth. However, the severity of the cognitive impairment is not known at birth and can vary from mild learning disabilities to, in rare cases, severe mental retardation.

A) Down syndrome
B) Cerebral Palsy
C) Asperger's syndrome
D) Pervasive Developmental disorder

Question 35

Parenting a child with serious developmental disorders is typically more ______ compared with rearing typically developing children.

A) playful
B) relaxing
C) challenging
D) sad

Question 36

Which of the following statements is a good example of "parental self-stigma?"

A) "My drinking alcohol during pregnancy caused my child's problem."
B) "I am embarrassed to be seen in public with my child who is a little rowdy."
C) "I wish I never had children."
D) "My competent parenting resulted in my child's problem."

Question 37

Some parents of children with developmental disabilities are able to ______ and have a positive, affirming parenting experience.

A) hold on to their prior expectations about their child
B) detach from their child with disabilities
C) deny the disabilities that their child faces
D) modify their prior expectations about their child

Question 38

The parent of a child with Down's syndrome in Box 12.7 writes about all EXCEPT ______.

A) rejecting the diagnosis
B) grieving
C) being transformed
D) changing priorities

Question 39

Children who witness violence in the home are at high risk for problems. Boys are especially at risk for exhibiting ______ problems.

A) internalizing
B) substance abuse
C) externalizing
D) defensive

Question 40

Finkelhor and his colleagues (2015) estimated that ______ of American children witnessed some form of family violence in the past year.

A) 8.2%
B) 10.3%
C) 12.5%
D) 15.2%

Question 41

Men who engage in intimate partner violence are most likely also ______.

A) Permissive
B) depressed
C) angry
D) physically abusive to their children

Question 42

In families characterized by intimate partner violence, which is the most likely child outcome, according to the meta-analysis by Evans et al. (2008)?

A) Girls are likely to exhibit internalizing problems.
B) Girls are likely to exhibit externalizing problems.
C) Boys are likely to exhibit internalizing problems.
D) Boys are likely to exhibit externalizing problems.

Question 43

Which of the following is considered to be a problem when a parent is incarcerated?

A) stress on the parent in prison
B) maintaining close relationships
C) the child modeling the incarcerated parent's behavior
D) family stability

Question 44

Which of the following problems has NOT been linked to children of incarcerated parents experience?

A) insecure attachments
B) behavior problems
C) delinquency
D) dating violence

Question 45

Common mental health consequences after wars or natural disasters include ______.

A) PTSD
B) learning disability
C) externalizing problems
D) anorexia

Question 46

After a calamity, adaptive parental responses include ______.

A) changing normal routines
B) being aware of signs of child trauma
C) avoiding discussion of the trauma
D) distancing themselves from children

Question 47

The ecological systems model suggests that after a disaster, support for parenting ______.

A) is unlikely
B) is coming, though it takes time
C) can come from multiple sources or levels
D) only comes from parents

Question 48

What is NOT necessarily recommended as a way to help children postwar or disaster?

A) recognize the trauma
B) educate parents about best responses
C) remove the child from the location of the disaster
D) enroll in an intervention program

Question 49

Which of the following risk categories and examples go together?

A) parent characteristics and PTSD
B) child characteristics and incarceration
C) child characteristics and Down syndrome
D) parent context and financial characteristics

Question 50

Which is a source of resilience for families at risk, such as when a child is born with special needs?

A) performing a parenting intervention
B) seeking help from family, friends, and neighbors
C) working to keep and achieve original beliefs and expectations
D) isolating the family for stability

Question 51

Risk factors, as they pertain to child-rearing, refer to anything that increases the likelihood of parenting problems or children's development.

Question 52

The four types of capital discussed in the chapter are financial, human, social, and resource.

Question 53

The poverty threshold in the United States is set at $24,339 for a two-parent family with two children.

Question 54

Poverty affects parents' stress and health but not their values and goals.

Question 55

Youth self-perceptions are related to materialism.

Question 56

Susan is overly intrusive and overstimulating to her infant. It is possible that she is depressed.

Question 57

About half of middle-class participants reported no adverse childhood experiences.

Question 58

It is worse for a child when a mother is incarcerated than when a father is.

Question 59

The trauma of seeing their parents fight is a factor for problematic behavior in children.

Question 60

When a parent does not repeat the same pattern of parenting he or she was exposed to, it is described as "disjointedness."

Question 61

Discuss how poverty may affect parenting. Include any mitigating factors.

Question 62

Identify four ways or mechanisms in which children may be affected by a parent's mental illness. Which mechanism should interventions target to promote children's well-being?

Question 63

List four ways in which a child's serious developmental disorder may affect parenting conditions.

Question 64

Children living in families where there is intimate partner abuse are at high risk for problems. List three factors that contribute to this risk.

Question 65

In what ways is it stressful to rear a child with a developmental disability?