Deck 11: Parenting in Non-Traditional Families

Question 1

Children born outside of marriage are likely to have parents who have all but ______.

A) lower income
B) younger
C) larger extended family
D) less education

Answer 1

C

Question 2

One of the following terms encompasses two of the other terms. Which is it?

A) polygyny
B) polygamy
C) polyandry
D) monogamy

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Mei is married to two men, a common practice in her geographic region. Her family structure is referred to as ______.

A) polygyny
B) polygamy
C) polyandry
D) monogamy

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which of the following problems has not been linked to polygamous marriages?

A) marital conflict
B) child abuse
C) father absence
D) mental health problems in mothers

Question 5

In the United States, ______ of children live only with their mothers and ______ live only with their fathers.

A) 14%; 5%
B) 17%; 8%
C) 25%; 8%
D) 30%; 5%

Question 6

About ______ of African American children live in single mother-headed families.

A) 35%
B) 45%
C) 55%
D) 65%

Question 7

The percent of children born to single mothers in the United States is now about ______.

A) 25%
B) 30%
C) 35%
D) 40%

Question 8

What does the research indicate about the effects on children of single mothers by choice, compared with children in two-parent households?

A) No systematic effects have been found.
B) Children of single mothers are likely to have more problems.
C) Children of single mothers are likely to have fewer problems.
D) Children of single mothers are likely to have only cognitive problems.

Question 9

What is the name of the developmental model that concerns number of stressors with children's behavior problems?

A) additive vulnerability model
B) additive risk model
C) cumulative vulnerability model
D) cumulative risk model

Question 10

A significant demographic change over the past 50 years, reflecting a ninefold increase, has been in ______.

A) the number of single mother-headed homes
B) the number of single father-headed homes
C) the number of LGBTQ-headed homes
D) the number of widow-headed homes

Question 11

The percent of children in single-parent families reflect significant racial/ethnic group differences. Which groups have the highest and lowest rates?

A) African American and Hispanic
B) American Indian and Asian or Pacific Islander
C) African American and Asian or Pacific Islander
D) American Indian and Hispanic

Question 12

Increasingly, partners are choosing not to marry before giving birth to children and the stability of these partnerships are of concern. One year after the birth of the child ______ of fathers were living away from their children.

A) 21%
B) 32%
C) 48%
D) 59%

Question 13

The best documented stressor for most single parents ______.

A) is the troubled parent-child relationship
B) is the continual demands of parenting
C) is the lack of time for self-care
D) is the lack of financial resources

Question 14

Rihanna is the single mother of two. Like most mothers, she faces the challenge of managing a household and helping her children to thrive. Research indicates that ______ will be the best indicator of how well social support helps compensate for the effects of stress in Rihanna's life.

A) Rihanna's feelings of satisfaction with her social support
B) the amount of social support Rihanna receives
C) Rihanna's dependence on her children for affection
D) the nature of the social support Rihanna receives

Question 15

The New Family Structure study by Regnerus (2012) found that adults reared by single parents ______ .

A) did not differ from adults reared in two-parent families
B) reported more problems on a few of the outcomes
C) reported more problems on more than one-quarter of the outcomes
D) reported more problems on more than half of the outcomes

Question 16

Children of divorced parents are likely to ______ .

A) only have problems in the short-term
B) have long-term problems
C) have problems in the absence of moderating variables
D) show problems due to mediating and moderating variables

Question 17

After divorce, a key variable to lessen the impact on children is ______.

A) whether or not the mother had collapsed
B) whether the parents have and maintain a "co-parenting alliance"
C) whether the mother was clinically depressed
D) whether the mother's parenting capacity was seriously diminished

Question 18

About ______ of American children live in a family with a stepparent who is most often a stepfather.

A) 3%
B) 6%
C) 9%
D) 12%

Question 19

Postdivorce, research finds that children's adjustment, is affected by all but parental ______.

A) involvement
B) empathy
C) financial resources
D) monitoring and supervision

Question 20

Which of the following has not been found to be a problem in adolescent mothers?

A) responsiveness to their infants
B) knowing how to care for infants
C) cognitively stimulate their infants
D) discipline their young children

Question 21

Susanna's best friend, Libby, just had a baby while still in high school. Which of the following statements best describes the effects on Susanna of Libby's parenting status?

A) There is no relation between adolescent's pregnancies and the pregnancy of a friend.
B) Libby's pregnancy will act to inoculate Susanna from an unplanned pregnancy.
C) Because of Libby's actions, Susanna will consciously choose to have a baby.
D) Susanna's risk for becoming an adolescent mother increased when her friend gave birth.

Question 22

Adolescent mothers face some challenges that older mothers do not. For example, ______ may interfere with the new mother's development of empathy for the newborn.

A) emotional immaturity
B) adolescent egocentrism
C) poor judgment
D) mental health problems

Question 23

Joy is a 15-year-old mother. She loves her baby dearly, but feels persecuted when he cries. It's possible that her ______ is interfering with her development of empathy for the newborn.

A) emotional immaturity
B) adolescent egocentrism
C) poor judgment
D) mental health problems

Question 24

When gay and lesbian parents are compared to heterosexual parents on reported parenting practices, beliefs, or attitudes ______.

A) few significant differences are found between gay and lesbian parents and heterosexual parents
B) gay parents differ significantly in practices from lesbian and heterosexual parents
C) gay and lesbian parents differ in practices, but are similar to heterosexual parents in their beliefs.
D) lesbian parents differ in beliefs and attitudes from gay and heterosexual parents

Question 25

The most often cited difference between gay and lesbian parents and heterosexual parents is that ______.

A) lesbian mothers show less awareness of their children than heterosexual mothers
B) gay and lesbian parents share childcare tasks more evenly than heterosexual partners
C) gay and lesbian parents are more permissive than heterosexual parents
D) gay and lesbian parents receive more social support than heterosexual parents

Question 26

Lisa lives with her father, who is gay, and his partner. Which of the following statements best describes Lisa's development in this non-traditional family?

A) Lisa will face antigay prejudice and harassment from peers which will significantly damage her self-esteem.
B) Lisa will develop typically and will likely develop coping skills to deal with any teasing or harassment she receives from peers.
C) Lisa's development will be significantly different from her peers who live in traditional homes, especially with regard to her own sexual preferences.
D) Lisa will face antigay prejudice and harassment from peers which will significantly increase her likelihood for psychological disturbances.

Question 27

The Regnerus study about alternate family structures has been faulted on all but ______.

A) how families were categorized
B) the sample size
C) reliance on retrospective reports
D) the timing of events and transitions

Question 28

To what extent does having a child born using Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) affect parenting?

A) There is no evidence that it does.
B) Parents of ART children are overprotective.
C) Parents of ART children are overly emotionally invested.
D) Parents of ART children are more kind and loving.

Question 29

Children conceived through ART techniques compared to other children are likely to show all but which difference?

A) increased rate of birth defects
B) perform worse in school
C) experience a slightly higher rate of behavior problems
D) be equally healthy

Question 30

Grandparents who are surrogate parents are more likely to report ______ than non-caregiver grandparents.

A) more energy to use for the care of their grandchildren
B) more anger and resentment toward their adult children
C) more compassion for their troubled adult children
D) more willingness to expend financial resources

Question 31

What has not been found to characterize grandparents who are surrogate parents?

A) Some grandparents are "fun-seekers."
B) Some grandparents are stiff and serious.
C) Some grandparents are kind, but distant.
D) Some grandparents are irresponsible.

Question 32

More than ______ of adoptions are inspired by fertility problems. That is, couples adopt because they cannot have their own biological child.

A) 50%
B) 60%
C) 70%
D) 80%

Question 33

In contrast to biological parents, adoptive parents must be ______.

A) accepting of whatever characteristics their child possesses
B) highly permissive as to allow adopted children to adjust
C) evaluated and then certified as fit to parent
D) moderately permissive so their children will feel loved

Question 34

Children who suffer from ______ do not have a preferred adult as a source of comfort when distressed and may be excessively ambivalent in their responses to others. They don't respond to comforting when offered, they don't show social or emotional reciprocity, and they have difficulties with emotional regulation.

A) emotional detachment syndrome
B) reactive attachment disorder
C) severe insecure attachment
D) isolation response condition

Question 35

Carolina is planning on adopting an infant daughter. She wants to make decisions that will help her daughter be comfortable with her identity as an adopted child. What advice would you give Carolina?

A) Tell Carolina that open communication about the adoption will confuse her daughter.
B) Tell Carolina that open communication about the adoption will lower her daughter's self-esteem.
C) Tell Carolina that open communication will allow her daughter to think about the adoption in different ways as her cognitive skills develop.
D) Tell Carolina open communication about the adoption will increase limit her daughter's natural curiosity about her birth mother.

Question 36

What is not a concern that has been raised regarding transracial adoptions?

A) Black children may not develop a positive racial identity.
B) Black children may reject their White parents.
C) Black children may experience problems because they have White parents.
D) White parents may not understand race socialization.

Question 37

Adoption breakdowns are in the range of ______.

A) 5-9%
B) 10-25%
C) 26-35%
D) 36-40%

Question 38

Being a foster parent requires extraordinary abilities to provide nurturing and responsive care to children in crisis. Every year, as many as ______ foster parents quit this extremely challenging job.

A) 20%
B) 30%
C) 40%
D) 50%

Question 39

Dozier and her colleagues identified four qualities required for successful foster parenting. The first was love or nurturance. Which of the following was NOT one of the other three?

A) self-regulation skills
B) synchrony to the child
C) stability of care
D) commitment

Question 40

What percent of married women with preschool children in the United States are working outside the home?

A) 54%
B) 58%
C) 64%
D) 70%

Question 41

Joe is a stay-at-home father. Psychologically speaking, if he is a representative SAHF, he is likely to feel ______.

A) unhappy
B) satisfied
C) that his masculinity is at risk
D) that he misses the workplace

Question 42

Which of the following fathers would not be classified as living in a "commuter family?"

A) Abel drives about 45 min from his home to work.
B) Charlie lives in a nearby city during the week and returns to his family who live on a farm on the weekends.
C) Leland works in Los Angeles but returns to New York City on the weekends.
D) Robert works in the oil industry in Saudi Arabia and returns to his family in Texas once every six months.

Question 43

How might you expect commuter families to differ from non-commuter families?

A) the parents will experience role strain
B) children in commuter families will have more behavior problems
C) the parent who commutes will not engage in childcare when home
D) commuter families may experience more stress

Question 44

Which variable has not been shown to affect the parenting in military families?

A) how often a parent has been deployed
B) race/ethnicity
C) active duty versus reserve
D) rank

Question 45

The research has shown that children and youth from military families, compared with nonmilitary families, are more likely to exhibit all but which of the following characteristics ______:

A) better self-regulation
B) better academic performance
C) mixed findings on the likelihood of experiencing child maltreatment
D) lower rates of behavior problems

Question 46

Which of the following is NOT a reason for why it is difficult to make generalizations about non-traditional families and children's outcomes?

A) Non-traditional families are heterogenous.
B) The sample sizes are too small to make generalizations.
C) Children are resilient.
D) Child adjustment depends on many factors.

Question 47

To what extent are children at risk in non-traditional families?

A) not at all
B) a small amount, but depends on many factors
C) a medium amount, but depends on many factors
D) a great deal, but depends on many factors

Question 48

Which of the following factors is most important for child development?

A) the structure of the family
B) the sexual orientation of the parents
C) the biological status of the children
D) how the family members interact

Question 49

Polygyny is the most common form of polygamy.

Question 50

More than one third of children in the United States live with a single parent.

Question 51

Unmarried mothers are a diverse group, so it is hard to generalize.

Question 52

A majority of single parents are living at or below the poverty level.

Question 53

Affluent individuals are more likely to marry than individuals with fewer financial resources.

Question 54

Supreme Court Justice Sonia Sotomayor was reared by an adolescent mother.

Question 55

Moderators of the outcomes of divorce include the type of interparent conflict and the quality of parenting the child experienced.

Question 56

The rate of infants born to teen parents is decreasing.

Question 57

Children of gay/lesbian parents are more likely to become gay or lesbian themselves.

Question 58

Adopted children in open adoption families are better adjusted than other adopted children.

Question 59

List four risk factors associated with adolescent pregnancies/parenthood.

Question 60

Briefly describe co-parenting as it relates to divorce.

Question 61

On average, children raised in single-parent homes will experience more problems than children raised in two-parent homes. However, it should be recognized that many children in single-parent families do better than children in two-parent households. Discuss possible influences on these successful individuals.

Question 62

What would you tell a parent of a preschooler and a preteen children who is about to separate from a spouse?

Question 63

What are the key methodological challenges and problems with the research into the possible effects on children of having gay or lesbian parents?