Deck 8: Parenting Preschoolers

Question 1

Preschoolers differ from toddlers in many ways. Which of the following changes may provide parents with new challenges?

A) improved language skills
B) sleeping through the night
C) improved emotion regulation
D) developing sense of autonomy

Answer 1

D

Question 2

From age 3 to 5, children's rigidity about gender-divided roles is evidenced in several areas. However, rigidity about ______ decreases during this time.

A) dress-up play
B) gender-typed play
C) gender-typed appearance
D) sex segregation

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Along with promoting certain gender differences, parents enforce gender conformity. This is especially true with parents of boys. In addition, pressure for gender conformity is more likely to come from parents who have ______ gender attitudes.

A) restrictive
B) traditional
C) liberal
D) egalitarian

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which of the following statements best describes the role of socialization in gender development?

A) Gender identity develops from a biological basis in concert with personal, parental, peer, and societal pressures.
B) Parents can successfully force gender reassignment only if all environmental influences are fully sex-typed.
C) Parents must carefully monitor cross-gender play (i.e., boys wearing dresses) to reduce gender identity confusion.
D) With regard to gender development, children are most influenced by peers.

Question 5

When Lorena was a toddler, her mother began asking what clothes she wanted to wear. For example, she would ask, "Would you like to wear the white sweater or the blue one?" By giving Lorena the option to choose, she encouraged the development of her daughter's ______.

A) autonomy
B) empathy
C) socialization
D) integrity

Question 6

On the advice of famous John Hopkins University sex researcher John Money, a young boy who had suffered a medical injury to his penis was castrated, surgically reconstructed to appear female, and then raised as a girl. The outcome for the boy showed that gender identity is ______.

A) completely determined by socialization processes performed by parents
B) strongly influenced by genetics and immune to socialization processes
C) dependent on genetics, but can be shifted dramatically by psychotherapy
D) strongly influenced by the acceptance of gender roles by a person's culture

Question 7

Padma wants to encourage her son's autonomy. Which of the following actions is likely to lead to a preschooler's sense of autonomy?

A) maintaining a very structured environment
B) letting him choose which vegetable to eat
C) choosing the most nutritious food for him
D) making sure he spends time with his father

Question 8

Parents who allow their children to become largely autonomous at an early age and provide little, if any, control would be classified by Baumrind as ______.

A) uninvolved
B) authoritative
C) authoritarian
D) permissive

Question 9

Which of the following common behavior problems would be categorized as internalizing behavior?

A) disobedience
B) frustration
C) sadness
D) anger

Question 10

Young Charlie has a difficult time regulating his emotions. He often acts out in aggressive ways. These behaviors are examples of ______ behaviors.

A) self-separating
B) externalizing
C) non-regulating
D) internalizing

Question 11

Tantrums are a common problem in families with toddlers and preschoolers. Researchers estimate that as many as ______ of 2- to 3-year-old children experience this sign of emotion dysregulation.

A) 30%
B) 50%
C) 70%
D) 80%

Question 12

When researchers require a child to suppress a predominant response (eat a marshmallow right away) and instead perform a subdominant action (wait 15 min and receive two marshmallows), they are testing the child's ______ control.

A) extrinsic
B) intrinsic
C) effortful
D) automatic

Question 13

Actions considered beneficial to other people or society as a whole are referred to as ______. Parents promote these behaviors in their toddlers by verbalizing empathetic concerns, modeling, and verbally reinforcing acts of kindness.

A) collective benefits
B) prosocial behavior
C) cooperative actions
D) positive behavior

Question 14

Three-year-old Jackson snatched his brother's, Brandon, toy. Their mother, Cassandra, gently said, "Look! You made him feel sad. How would you feel if Brandon grabbed your toy?" Developmental Psychologists would probably say that her approach to the situation ______.

A) will backfire and threaten her son's self-confidence
B) is too permissive and will be ineffective in the long run
C) will increase prosocial behavior because it promotes empathy
D) will probably be more effective with a girl

Question 15

Roberto and Amy want to encourage compassion in their young son. Research indicates that the best way to achieve this parenting goal is to respond to the child's inappropriate behaviors ______.

A) by verbalizing empathetic concerns and using power assertions to punish unkind acts
B) by ignoring actions that are not in line with their goals and limiting explanations
C) with reprimands that are nonpunitive and which include an explanation of the misdeed
D) with reprimands that shame the child for the mean nature of the misdeeds

Question 16

Parents' use of discipline peaks when children are ______ years old.

A) 1-2
B) 2-3
C) 3-5
D) 5-7

Question 17

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the effects of spanking?

A) Spanking seems to reduce reactive aggression in children.
B) When administered appropriately, spanking promotes psychosocial development.
C) Spanking is associated with increased aggression in children.
D) Spanking reduces the likelihood that a boy will grow up to abuse his own child.

Question 18

Which of the following statements best describes what happens when parents use positive discipline?

A) Parents are the bosses and children are expected to comply with their wishes.
B) Because of positive interactions, parents no longer need to provide structure.
C) Parents and children adopt a cooperative relationship orientation.
D) Parents work to reach child-centered goals to the exclusion of their own.

Question 19

ADHD is a disorder characterized by high activity levels and an inability to concentrate for long periods of time. As of 2013, estimates of the prevalence of the disorder go as high as ______ of the population of children.

A) 11%
B) 16%
C) 21%
D) 26%

Question 20

The rate of ADHD has doubled in 20 years. Possible explanations include changes in diagnosis procedures and greater awareness of the problem. Another possibility is school policies that push for diagnoses so that problem students will ______.

A) receive fewer services from needy school districts
B) not be counted in the district's test score average
C) be transferred to alternative school district campuses
D) receive the appropriate disciplinary interventions

Question 21

Many parents prepare their preschoolers for entry into kindergarten with high hopes of academic success. Which of the following actions have been shown to predict early academic skills?

A) reading to your child on a regular basis
B) scaffolding in order to give the child autonomy
C) enrolling the child into early education intervention programs
D) all of these

Question 22

Due to social realities such as death of a spouse, maternal employment, and single parenthood, day care is a necessity for many families. In fact, just over ______ of American children under the age of 5 are in some type of childcare arrangement.

A) 45%
B) 50%
C) 55%
D) 60%

Question 23

Some critics fear that putting children in day care centers puts them at risk for behavior and developmental problems. Which of the following statements best describes the effects of day care?

A) Parental sensitivity is a weaker prediction of child development than day care attendance.
B) Children who attend higher quality day care tend to have higher vocabulary scores.
C) Extended periods of time spent in childcare facilities can interfere with maternal attachment status.
D) Children in day care only have problems when the childcare staff adopt an authoritarian interaction style.

Question 24

By 24 months of age, as many as ______ of infants are regularly watching TV, DVDs, or videos.

A) 30%
B) 50%
C) 70%
D) 90%

Question 25

A longitudinal study of almost 2,000 children revealed that the more television viewing they did as toddlers, the ______.

A) worse they functioned in kindergarten
B) more skilled they were at video games
C) better they functioned in kindergarten
D) the less likely they were to become obese

Question 26

Childhood obesity is a serious health problem for children in the United States. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, as of 2018, ______ of all children 2-5 years old are obese.

A) 5.7%
B) 10.4%
C) 13.9%
D) 15.5%

Question 27

In a sample of low-income mothers, having a child who was an overweight preschooler only became a concern when the child ______.

A) developed serious medical issues
B) asked for help with the issue
C) was teased by peers
D) became an overweight teen

Question 28

Young children who experience early stressors may show a variety of effects including ______.

A) fearless responses to new stressors
B) better self-regulation mechanisms
C) greater reactivity to stimuli
D) a healthier response to future stressors

Question 29

Parents can protect their children from some of the effects of stress by ______.

A) exposing them as soon as possible to the harsh realities of life
B) modeling healthy coping behaviors when stressful events occur
C) avoiding discussing or explaining stressful events at any time
D) delaying professional help for children until it is absolutely necessary

Question 30

Preschoolers drastically increase their understanding and use of language. Compared to the typical toddler using about 300 words, preschoolers, just 2 years later, use about ______ words.

A) 800
B) 1,000
C) 2,500
D) 4,000

Question 31

Ensuring safety and sustenance is an important parenting task during the preschool years. All of the following are examples of this task EXCEPT ______.

A) the child now eats most of the foods their parents eat
B) the parents continue to limit screen time
C) parents begin to pull back on monitoring as the child begins to self-regulate
D) parents provide safe play environments

Question 32

When it comes to communicating with your child in the preschool years, it is encouraged that parents ______, in consideration that the child will ask more questions if they are ready for more information.

A) explain things simply
B) resistant explaining things
C) explain things in great detail
D) become comfortable with silence

Question 33

Becca brings her pink pony to preschool and loves to play with it during down time. Her peer, Dani, feels compelled to also have a pink pony and asks her parents to buy her the toy. Dani is likely susceptible to the ______ pressure felt by preschoolers to conform to widely held gender-types.

A) implicit
B) explicit
C) internal
D) external

Question 34

Five-year-old twins Brandon and Britney are generally well-behaved children, but when they act out, their dad spanks Brandon and sends Britney to her room. This is an example of what practice?

A) assertive parenting
B) differential punishment
C) gender socialization
D) differential socialization

Question 35

Which of the following concerning child autonomy and overprotection is considered to be valid?

A) Overprotection is linked to no behavior and mental health problems.
B) Parents who are highly overprotective give plenty of autonomy to their children.
C) Parents who are overprotective negotiate with their children.
D) Overprotection may be appropriate in the case of a child with certain disabilities.

Question 36

A parent wants to encourage achievement motivation and reduce the likelihood that their child will be tempted to cheat as they anticipate the start of their education. Which of the following responses would be most appropriate after their child has finished a challenging puzzle?

A) "You are so smart!"
B) "Wow, you finished that way faster than anyone else!"
C) "You worked very hard to finish that puzzle!"
D) "This puzzle must have been too easy, you must need a harder one!"

Question 37

______ is defined as the cognitive processes enabling inhibitory control, resistance to distraction, problem-solving, and goal-directed behavior.

A) Executive functioning
B) Cognitive functioning
C) Executive reasoning
D) Cognitive reasoning

Question 38

Parents influence the development of emotion regulation in all of the following ways EXCEPT ______.

A) degree of sensitivity in response to one's infant
B) modeling of emotion regulation
C) teaching about emotions and emotion management
D) participating in sports activities

Question 39

A mother finds their child drawing on the walls with markers. In response, the mother shames the child by telling them that they are a bad kid and refuses to hug the child for the rest of the day. This disciplinary approach ______.

A) is an effective means of making sure the child doesn't repeat the behavior
B) promotes the child to care about their surroundings
C) promotes the avoidance of adults
D) hardens them toward future shaming in middle childhood

Question 40

A recent study by Gershoff and colleagues concluded that the evidence is strong enough to ______.

A) show that corporal punishment and child outcomes are strictly correlational
B) inform parents and policy makers that all corporal punishment should be avoided
C) allow the appropriate use of corporal punishment to effectively discipline children
D) show that child difficultness and maternal warmth are strong mediators

Question 41

Positive parenting is also referred to as which of the following titles?

A) positive discipline
B) deattachment parenting
C) violent parenting
D) negative discipline

Question 42

Caleb is 4 years old and just can't seem to sit still. He talks nonstop and has trouble waiting in lines with his parents and peers. In an effort to reduce their stress, Caleb's parents have taken the child to the doctor and are prescribed Vyvanse, a ______ that ______.

A) stimulate; is proven to have no negative consequences
B) sedative; works like Benadryl to calm the child
C) stimulate; has unknown effects on the developing brain
D) sedative; can have many negative effects on the brain

Question 43

Children from under-resourced families benefit largely by attending early education intervention program. A study found that these programs increased their IQ by more than ______ point(s), and ______ points when the intervention was more educationally focused.

A) one; six
B) one; seven
C) four; six
D) three; seven

Question 44

All of the following circumstances can undermine school readiness EXCEPT ______.

A) watching educational television shows
B) being socioeconomically disadvantaged
C) moving three or more times
D) marital conflict

Question 45

Which of the following parent behaviors would most closely match the recommendation of the American Academy of Pediatrics involving use of media for children?

A) Under the age of 2, parents avoid all digital media except educational videos.
B) For 2- to 5-year-old, parents limit exposure to digital media to 1 hr a day.
C) Parents allow children to watch TV on their own.
D) Parents allow the TV to be left on in the background at mealtime.

Question 46

Caitlin is a preschooler who is struggling with attention. She cannot seem to focus on one game at a time while in day care. According to the text, Caitlin most likely watches ______ of television per day.

A) less than 30 min
B) 1-3 hr
C) 3 or more hours
D) 24 hr

Question 47

The rate of childhood obesity is significantly higher among African American populations, where one in ______ preschoolers have a body mass index at or above the 95th percentile of other children of that same age and sex.

A) three
B) five
C) seven
D) nine

Question 48

Maria is concerned about her preschooler's weight. She wants to be a positive influence for the health of her child. Along with choosing to serve fruits and vegetables and being authoritative, warm, and proactive, Maria can do which of the following?

A) provide water instead of fruit juices
B) modeling healthy meal selection
C) signing her child up for the local youth soccer team
D) all of these

Question 49

A common finding of the Adverse Childhood Experiences assessment was a dose-response relation with many indices of adult physical and mental health. Otherwise put, a child exposed to a greater number of adverse experiences ______.

A) will be better adept at handling stress in the future
B) has a greater likelihood of health problems as an adult
C) has a smaller likelihood of health problems as an adult
D) will likely exhibit higher degrees of self-regulation

Question 50

The Adverse Childhood Experience study assessed the recollections of childhood experiences of about 17,500 members of a health maintenance organization. The study found that ______ of the middle-class adults reported at least 1 of the 10 forms of child maltreatment.

A) 13%
B) 26%
C) 33%
D) 45%

Question 51

In providing social connectedness for preschoolers, parents need not be concerned with leaving their child with unfamiliar relatives or friends, as this is the time for child to learn to deal with uncertainty.

Question 52

According to the text, a baby stroller is considered a gender-neutral toy, and thus is equally preferred among boys and girls.

Question 53

As exemplified in a study of 300 preschoolers in China, children who are praised for their ability rather than their performance were more likely to cheat on a game.

Question 54

Khloe is asked to only have one piece of Halloween candy per day. Despite wanting to eat all of it, or at least more than she should, she is able to exhibit self-control and picks her favorite for the day to have as a treat at lunchtime. Khloe's self-regulation will lead to more positive health measures in her adulthood.

Question 55

A meta-analyses published in 2016 showed that, out of 17 variables examined, the strongest effect size of associations between spanking and child behaviors was for the children being a victim of physical abuse.

Question 56

Over the past decade or so, female children about twice as likely as males to be diagnosed with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.

Question 57

The Morales family has decided to hold back their 5-year-old child one more year before enrolling them in kindergarten in the hopes that the added maturity will benefit her performance in school. This academic redshirting has been proven to have long-lasting effects for the child's success.

Question 58

Educational television exposure in infants does not appear to have any positive effect, however, it can have a positive effect for preschoolers in the area of educational achievement.

Question 59

Physical activity can serve a dual purpose in childhood wellness. In addition to burning calories, it can help to enhance cognitive development, psychological well-being, and appreciation for nature and the environment.

Question 60

Natalie reflects on her childhood and realizes that her parents did a poor job in modeling appropriate coping mechanisms for dealing with life's stressors, and she blames her anxiety disorder on her parents. Genetic background need not be considered, as the quality of caregiving is the most important intervening variable between adversity and self-regulation.

Question 61

Define and contrast internalizing and externalizing problems and give two examples of each.

Question 62

Describe how parents actively promote gender socialization in preschool children.

Question 63

Despite the fact that corporal punishment has been banned in over 50 countries, it is still used as a practice, including in the United States. Although there are studies indicating the problems of using physical discipline on a child, the Johnson's insist on spanking their children and justify their decision by pointing to the limitations of such studies. Describe the three limitations associated with this research.

Question 64

Describe what research has shown about the nature and effects of childcare centers on children.

Question 65

Describe how early stressors might affect a child's self-regulation abilities.