Deck 7: Parenting Infants and Toddlers

Question 1

In 1998, British physician Andrew Wakefield and his colleagues published a paper reporting that within 1 month of receiving the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine, 12 children began to show signs of autism or other problems. Since that time, 20 epidemiologic studies have ______.

A) corroborated these claims of a vaccine-autism connection
B) found no evidence in support of Wakefield's claims
C) determined that Thimerosal was responsible for autism
D) found only a few cases where vaccination led to autism

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Newborns spend more time sleeping than any other single activity. The average amount of time that newborns sleep is ______ hr.

A) 10-15
B) 13-18
C) 16-20
D) 19-25

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Infant crying spells peak at 6 weeks of age and decrease over time. Forty percent of the fussing and crying occurs during the ______.

A) morning
B) afternoon
C) evening
D) nighttime

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Sebastian was a healthy baby. When he was about a month old, he started crying for 2-3 hr most evenings for no apparent reason. After a week of these crying spells, Sebastian's mother contacted his pediatrician. The pediatrician told the worried mom that Sebastian ______.

A) should be fed with cow's milk to alleviate the symptoms
B) was acutely stimulated and needed more quiet time
C) was "colicky" and that symptoms would subside in a few months
D) had abdominal distress brought on by food allergies

Question 5

About 100 billion neurons are created during prenatal development. This rapid process is referred to as ______.

A) myelination
B) synaptogenesis
C) neurogenesis
D) dendritic growth

Question 6

One thousand trillion (i.e., 1,000,000,000,000,000) connections between neurons are formed during ______, a process that occurs mostly after birth.

A) myelination
B) synaptogenesis
C) neurogenesis
D) dendritic growth

Question 7

During the process of ______, the axon is sheathed by a fatty insulating substance which speeds the transmission of electric impulses.

A) myelination
B) synaptogenesis
C) neurogenesis
D) dendritic growth

Question 8

In response to early experiences, unused synapses die off. This process, called ______, results in more efficient brain processing because the neural signals have relatively fewer branches through which to navigate.

A) myelination
B) synaptic pruning
C) neurogenesis
D) dendritic death

Question 9

The neurological immaturity of the ______ in infancy provides a biological explanation for why we do not remember events that occurred during this period.

A) frontal cortex
B) cerebellum
C) temporal lobe
D) limbic system

Question 10

When Matthew was an infant, each day his mother introduced a variety of experiences to him. She also fed him breast milk and avoided situations in which he got over stimulated. According to current research, Matthew's mother made choices that were likely to ______.

A) increase the potential for unhealthy levels of maternal attachment
B) increase his intelligence through optimum nutrition and stimulation levels
C) limit his long-term coping skills by reducing early opportunities for practice
D) benefit him through good nutrition, but limit his intelligence due to reduced stimulation

Question 11

The "Mozart effect" is the idea that young children who ______ Mozart's music ______.

A) listen to; will increase their IQ
B) learn to play; will become musical prodigies
C) listen to; will become better pianists
D) learn to play; will increase their IQ

Question 12

Carola excitedly told her friend she had purchased a CD of Mozart's music to improve her toddler's IQ. Her friend, a developmental psychologist, ______.

A) congratulated Carola for her wise parental decision to purchase
B) suggested that she concentrate more on her daughter's social skills
C) warned that the study showing this effect had not been replicated
D) reminded her that the IQ improvements would not appear for 2-3 years

Question 13

The structure of parent-infant interactions teaches infants how to be social. When the caregiver and the infant are responsive to each other, attend to the same thing, or share emotions, they are displaying ______.

A) turn-taking
B) synchrony
C) reciprocity
D) complementarity

Question 14

When Daniel was distressed, his father responded by rocking and patting him. This father's response to his infant's distress is an example of ______.

A) turn-taking
B) sensitivity
C) reciprocity
D) complementarity

Question 15

According to Laible and Thompson, parental warmth, or love, is a variable that ______.

A) represents an innate influence that resides only in the parent
B) sometimes reduces the motivation for child discipline
C) reflects the quality of the relationship between parent and child
D) is solely dependent on the characteristics of the child

Question 16

Parental separation anxiety encompasses a parent's unpleasant emotional state of concern and apprehension about leaving a child and may include guilt, worry, and sadness. In a study of first-time mothers who experienced separation anxiety, researchers found that mothers who suffered ______.

A) were "worriers" who felt anxious in many situations
B) had a child whose temperament was described as easy
C) were generally unhappy with their level of social support
D) described themselves as unsatisfied with their partners

Question 17

Ethologist Konrad Lorenz stated that simply looking at the features of a baby ______.

A) subconsciously prompts nurturant reactions from the onlooker
B) has no beneficial effect unless the onlooker was parented in a positive manner
C) provides cues regarding the infant's intelligence and potential for survival
D) consciously induces decision from parents to provide sensitive care

Question 18

Shortly after birth infants show behavioral differences. For example, some neonates are fussy and irritable and others are mostly happy. Some infants whimper when they need attention and others wail! These types of differences between newborns illustrate the concept of ______.

A) nurture
B) temperament
C) personality
D) nature

Question 19

Recent research into the characteristics of temperament focuses on three broad, physiologically based factors. Which of the following was included?

A) surgency
B) synchronicity
C) activity level and reactivity
D) personality

Question 20

Young infants show differential susceptibility to the effects of parenting behaviors. Those infants who rate higher on ______ are more likely to be influenced by parenting practices.

A) positive emotionality
B) surgency
C) effortful control
D) negative emotionality

Question 21

Gabrielle is a sociable youngster who loves attention and enjoys meeting new people. Her brother, Elijah, is shy and sometimes feels anxious with people he does not know. According to the "goodness of fit" construct, Gabrielle's and Elijah's mother should ______.

A) praise Gabrielle for her outgoing behavior and suggest that Elijah act the same
B) adjust her expectations and parenting behaviors so that each child thrives
C) expect Elijah to get over his shyness, and be more like Gabrielle
D) try to restrain Gabrielle, so that she will fit into society's expectations for girls

Question 22

In a diary study conducted on dual-wage earner, middle-class U.S. families, Kotila and colleagues found that over ______ of fathers of young children eat meals with their children, play with them, and bathe or change diapers on a daily basis.

A) 15%
B) 50%
C) 75%
D) 90%

Question 23

The American custom of enrolling infants in high-quality childcare centers ______.

A) is relatively inexpensive
B) reduces the infant's ability to value other people
C) can provide a socially and cognitively stimulating environment
D) is not socially acceptable

Question 24

Cultural differences in child-rearing goals can be seen in the way parents manage young children. In Japan, for example, one of the child-rearing goals is teaching children to value the group--being interdependent. As a result, Japanese infants and toddlers ______.

A) are almost always in physical contact with their mothers
B) consistently attend large play groups with same-age peers
C) are often cared for by family members and other adults
D) are rarely in physical or visual contact with their mothers

Question 25

Discipline is defined as ______.

A) stopping a child from repeating an undesired behavior
B) training in order to act in accordance with rules
C) instruction to provide general guidelines for behavior
D) corporal punishment (spanking, whipping, smacking)

Question 26

Sherry's daughter, Melissa, is 4 years old. According to parenting experts, if Sherry uses "time-out" to discipline Melissa, the appropriate amount of time to use is ______ min.

A) 1
B) 4
C) 15
D) 30

Question 27

Parental efforts to constrain, invalidate, and manipulate a child's thoughts, emotions, and expressions are referred to as ______.

A) mind management
B) attribution training
C) mental authority
D) psychological control

Question 28

Researchers agree that competent parents ______ arbitrary demands and unnecessary restrictions.

A) avoid unnecessary or extreme uses of power assertion as well as
B) choose only time-out or withdrawal of privileges discipline and never issue
C) avoid letting children get the "upper hand" by issuing
D) choose mostly power assertion discipline methods and sometimes issue

Question 29

According to the text, mothers reported using ______ more than yelling as a form of disciple at around ______ months.

A) negotiation; 24
B) negotiation; 36
C) withdrawal of privileges; 24
D) withdrawal of privileges; 36

Question 30

The degree to which parents provide a predictable and organized environment for a child is referred to as ______. This process gives children a sense of predictability and security.

A) configuration
B) structuring
C) scaffolding
D) regulation

Question 31

When her children were young, Elizabeth established a dinnertime routine. Each evening the family sat together and, for the most part, ate healthy meals. Before they dined, each family member mentioned a good thing that had happened that day. This example of ______ likely added to the children's sense of security and reduced their chances for childhood obesity.

A) regulating
B) configuring
C) structuring
D) scaffolding

Question 32

An example of parental structuring concerns children's sleeping practices. In a study of 3,000 American families, researchers found that decisions about where children slept and other bedtime routines were linked to ______.

A) child's gender
B) race/ethnicity
C) parental age
D) family structure

Question 33

When toddlers play, they hit peers about once every 13 min! In an illustration of Vygotsky's zone of proximal development, mothers who structure their toddler's social interactions using close supervision and coaching ______.

A) help their toddlers engage in more mature interactions
B) too often intrude into the "little worlds" of these toddlers
C) underestimate the value of uninterrupted peer interactions
D) reduce the chance that toddlers will internalize prosocial values

Question 34

In an observational study of mothers with their 2-year-old at the supermarket, effective mothers anticipated their children's behavior and directed them to positive activities before they misbehaved. Mothers who frequently used such proactive techniques ______.

A) reported no change in their toddler's behaviors, but were hopeful for the future
B) got their shopping done sooner even though the toddlers were bored
C) were rewarded with children who exhibited lower rates of misbehavior
D) were naturally more communicative than mothers who were more reactive

Question 35

For children under the age of 6, the majority of injuries occur ______.

A) in a motor vehicle
B) in the home
C) on the playground
D) at a day care center

Question 36

Two-year-old Juan was playing with a new toy when it unexpectedly made a loud noise. Juan dropped the toy and hid behind the couch. By hiding behind the couch, Juan ______.

A) regulated his negative emotion
B) moved on to the next game
C) forgot about the scary toy
D) signaled that he needed attention

Question 37

Helping toddlers learn to regulate and express their emotions appropriately is an important task for parents. Which of the following statements best represents the ability of toddlers to manage their emotions?

A) Toddlers have no way to regulate or manage their emotions.
B) Toddler's emotional expression is based only on a neurophysiological response to stimuli.
C) Self-comforting behaviors like thumb sucking act to regulate toddler's emotions.
D) Parenting practices do not influence toddler's emotional expression.

Question 38

Felicia wants to encourage her toddler's cognitive development. One of the most important things she can do to reach her goal is ______.

A) make sure to buy him as many toys as possible
B) limit his screen time (video games, etc.)
C) talk with him regularly using a rich vocabulary
D) focus on socialization first and cognition later

Question 39

When infants are awake, they spend times in different states of alertness. Some of the time, they are in ______ alert and spend their time gazing at the environment. Other times, they are in ______ alert and engage in more movement and are more responsive.

A) quiet; active
B) quiet; loud
C) passive; loud
D) passive; active

Question 40

An infant in day care expresses a clear preference for their own mother at pickup time, despite multiple women entering the room at the same time. Based on this observation, the infant is in which of the following phases of attachment?

A) the first 10 weeks
B) from 10 weeks to 4 months
C) from 6 to 30 months
D) the final phase

Question 41

All of the following problems were associated with Thomas and Chess' first systematic view of temperament EXCEPT ______.

A) the interviews were brief and ill-performed
B) labeling a child as difficult can become a self-fulfilling prophecy
C) there was overlap among the nine characteristics
D) labeling a child as difficult is dependent on age and situation

Question 42

In the U.S. diary study, the 3-month-old data revealed that ______.

A) fathers spent more time interacting with the infants than the mothers
B) mothers spent more time interacting with the infants than the fathers
C) fathers were spending more time than at birth, and mothers were spending slightly less
D) mothers and fathers were spending roughly the same amount of time with the infant

Question 43

All of the following countries are members of the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development, which offers statutory entitlement to paid maternity of parental leave on a national basis EXCEPT ______.

A) United States
B) Australia
C) Spain
D) United Kingdom

Question 44

What percentage of women in the United States return to work within just two weeks of giving birth?

A) 8%
B) 15%
C) 23%
D) 33%

Question 45

Alternative center-based childcare provides a viable option for families in which both parents are working or the family has only one parent. A proven drawback to putting one's child in such a center is that children in childcare centers ______.

A) have higher stress levels than children in at home care
B) are more likely to get sick than children who stay at home
C) have a higher cost of childcare
D) all of these

Question 46

Jameel and Nina regularly read to their 2-year-old child, minimize screen time, and encourage outdoor exploration. These actions are examples of which of the following parenting tasks during the toddlerhood years?

A) ensuring safety and sustenance
B) stimulating and instructing
C) giving socioemotional support
D) monitoring and surveillance

Question 47

Kevin sometimes lets his 16-month-old son, Gabriel, watch entertaining videos on his iPad as a way to keep him busy while he gets household chores done. According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, Gabriel's screen use ______.

A) is a permissible means of allowing the parent to attend to his responsibilities
B) allows Gabriel to foster independence, but compromises the relationship with Kevin
C) is a stimulating and effective use of entertainment
D) is not recommended, and he should not be exposed to any visual technology product

Question 48

All of the following are ways parents can help their toddlers learn to regulate their emotions EXCEPT ______.

A) model how to deal with emotions
B) let toddlers learn for themselves
C) teach strategies to manage distress
D) manage the emotional climate of the family

Question 49

Suki makes it a priority in her busy day to spend time with her son Manji as they walk or sometimes bike around the neighborhood. By engaging in this active play, Suki is helping to develop her son's ______ skills.

A) social
B) sensorimotor
C) interpersonal
D) physical

Question 50

In a landmark study on socioeconomic differences in infants, researchers found that children of parents on welfare heard about 600 words per hour, while children from affluent families heard ______ words. Toddlers that hear more words have larger expressive vocabularies and therefore reap a cognitive benefit.

A) 900
B) 1,300
C) 2,100
D) 5,800

Question 51

The Period of Purple Crying is a concept created to educate parents about excessive crying. The U in PURPLE stands for unsettled.

Question 52

The hippocampus, which is involved in the formation of new memories as well as learning and emotion, has been shown to have larger volumes in children with mothers who were more nurturing when the children were young.

Question 53

Morgan is just starting to introduce her toddler to variety in daily experiences and stimulation of all five senses, such as walking into a candle store. Since her child is no longer in their infancy, Morgan can introduce situations that are overstimulating in order to assure her child can cope in the future.

Question 54

Kameel's mother has noticed that her 12-month-old infant doesn't seem to smile much and has trouble responding to his name. It is likely that Kameel might have Autism Spectrum Disorder, compromising his level of secure attachment.

Question 55

The interaction of temperament and parenting in areas such as frustration, fear, and impulsivity exhibit the bidirectional effects of the parent-child relationship.

Question 56

In a study on 6- to 12-month-old infants, fMRI machines have been used to study the effect of different tones, such as very angry, neutral, and mild, by an adult male on child brain functioning. The data did not reveal any marked difference in the neurological reactions of the infants.

Question 57

Julie is a mother to an infant. In a meetup with one of her friends Laurie, who is also a mother of an infant, they discuss how much time they spend with their children on the weekends. They find that Julie spends about a half hour more time in social interaction with her infant than Laurie does. We can conclude that Julie is most likely unemployed and therefore can afford that extra time.

Question 58

A cashier in a supermarket observes a father avoiding the candy aisle, with the foresight that it might be a problematic aisle. This strategic child-rearing practice is referred to as "proactive parenting."

Question 59

Andy would be considered a child who is high in sensation-seeking temperaments and likes to show off on the monkey bars at the playground. According to the text, Andy is more likely to get injured when closely supervised by parents.

Question 60

Parents who are overprotective and controlling are intentionally promoting social withdrawal in their toddler.

Question 61

Identify four recommended actions for rearing smarter children during toddlerhood.

Question 62

What is "childproofing" and why does it matter?

Question 63

What can parents do to promote their child's brain development? Provide two examples at each age period. Finally, name the three key brain processes.

Question 64

Discuss and give examples of some of the behaviors involved in forming healthy attachments with a child.

Question 65

Compare and contrast the parenting experience of rearing an infant and a toddler. In what ways do children at different ages require different parental behaviors?