Deck 5: Determinants of Parenting

Question 1

Parenting ______ are variables and pressures that influence parenting behaviors.

A) determinants
B) factors
C) restrictions
D) characteristics

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which of the following influences were NOT included in Belsky's model of parenting behavior?

A) child characteristics
B) contextual sources of stress and social support
C) situational Influences
D) parental psychological resources

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Belsky and his colleagues believed that ______ played the most important role in parenting behaviors.

A) the child's characteristics
B) a parent's personality
C) the family's social support
D) the parent's multiple stressors

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The difference between a typical elementary school in Tokyo and a German "Waldkindergarten" exemplifies which parental behavior determinant?

A) culture
B) socioeconomic status
C) religion
D) parental employment

Question 5

A big assumption in cross-cultural comparisons is that both samples of parents in the study are assumed to be ______ of that culture.

A) independent
B) dependent
C) representative
D) unaware

Question 6

Parents from lower SES backgrounds are more likely to value obedience than middle-class parents who encourage self-direction. Melvin Kohn theorized that these differences were driven by the ______.

A) insecure parent-child attachment classifications
B) differences in religious beliefs that parents held
C) young age of many low SES parents
D) characteristics valued in parent's life situations

Question 7

Marianella is quick to punish her son if he does not comply with her requests. According to Kohn, Marianella's strict requirement for obedience is likely related to her ______.

A) SES
B) religion
C) history
D) ethnicity

Question 8

Obedience and the ability to "stick to the rules" are more likely to pay off in ______ occupations.

A) high salary, executive positions
B) lower salary, manual labor jobs
C) mid-level salary, management positions
D) entry-level salary, professional positions

Question 9

Mindful parenting refers to the moment-to-moment, nonjudgmental awareness by which parents remain intentional in their child-rearing and grounded in the present moment. From which of the following religions or philosophical traditions does "mindful" parenting originate?

A) Christianity
B) Buddhism
C) Judaism
D) Confucianism

Question 10

A meta-analytic review of research across cultures and religious groups determined that religious people shared an appreciation of ______.

A) hedonism
B) thriftiness
C) kindness
D) honesty

Question 11

Jason was raised in a religious family, but he quit attending services when he was a teenager. As a new father, he is likely to ______.

A) struggle to parent well because he has left the spiritual path
B) teach his child to be a spiritual, but not a religious person
C) follow his partner's lead in terms of religious practice
D) become involved in his religious practice once more

Question 12

In general, husbands of working wives are ______ single-earner fathers.

A) more involved in childcare activities than
B) less satisfied with their children's behavior than
C) no more involved in household work than
D) as equally involved in household activities as

Question 13

As of 2018, about ______ of mothers of small children in the United States worked outside the home.

A) 25%
B) 45%
C) 65%
D) 85%

Question 14

Greenberger and her colleagues found that mothers and fathers are equally committed to employers and also share similar levels of job satisfaction. In addition, the researchers found that ______.

A) mothers and fathers feel less stress when both work outside the home
B) mothers feel more stress as they attempt to balance work and home commitments
C) fathers feel conflicted about being away from their children more than mothers do
D) mothers and fathers who work outside the home share household chores evenly

Question 15

The discomfort or distress that stems from the child or parenting role is labeled ______.

A) parenting stress
B) adaptive demand
C) demand burden
D) caretaker duress

Question 16

As a single mother, Fatima typically deals with stressors and still manages to parent in an authoritative manner. After her car broke down, Fatima lost all patience with her son and yelled at him for a minor wrongdoing. In this case, the ______ likely influenced the negative shift in Shannon's parenting behaviors.

A) ongoing pressure of being a single parent
B) individual characteristics of her son
C) additive nature of stress
D) lack of social support

Question 17

Ji-ae is a single mom and a college student. A friend babysits Ji-ae's son so that she can attend classes before going to work. The babysitting is a form of ______ that likely helps Ji-ae parent more effectively.

A) emotional support
B) instrumental assistance
C) neighborhood aid
D) social scaffolding

Question 18

Assistance from others, or social support, ______.

A) may undermine an individual's sense of autonomy
B) is only effective when provided by a spouse or partner
C) is likely to encourage people to stay in poverty
D) helps counteract the negative effects of stress

Question 19

Living in a poor, inner-city neighborhood is associated with a wide range of negative outcomes for children. Parents who are successful in this context ______.

A) are active and strategic in preventing problematic child outcomes
B) are fortunate to have children who are not affected by hardships
C) consistently resolve conflicts and solve problems successfully
D) benefit from unique prior learning which improved their parenting skills

Question 20

Allejandro lives in an urban high-rise apartment in a poverty-stricken neighborhood. His parents have taught him to distrust anyone who is not a family member and they have encouraged aggressive play and independence since he was very young. Which of the following statements best describes why Allejandro's parents parented in this manner?

A) Allejandro's parents failed to understand the importance of teaching their son to be kind and compassionate.
B) These child-rearing choices maximized the likelihood that Allejandro would survive in this "war zone" environment.
C) Allejandro's mother, a take-charge individual, made these child-rearing decisions to raise a son she could be proud of.
D) Sadly, Allejandro's parents cared little about him and hoped for a time when their parenting responsibilities would be finished.

Question 21

Parental attitudes shape the behaviors of mothers and fathers toward their sons and daughters. For example, ______ tend to place importance on expressive issues like emotion but ______ tend to place importance on instrumental issues like responsibility.

A) mothers of girls; mothers of boys
B) fathers of girls; fathers of boys
C) mothers; fathers
D) fathers; mothers

Question 22

"Ghosts in the nursery," a powerful source of influence on parental behaviors, refers to ______.

A) sad memories of infants lost to SIDS
B) experiences with one's own parents
C) parents' fears of parenting ineffectively
D) memories of one's previous parenting practices

Question 23

Experience with parenting a first-born teenager typically leads to ______ when parenting a second-born teenager at the same age.

A) fears of future misconduct
B) greater power struggles
C) less effective parenting
D) lower rates of conflict

Question 24

Mothers who believe they have little power in influencing the behavior of a child are likely to ______ when interacting with the child.

A) be unassertive and irritable
B) work harder to gain control
C) try and reason or compromise
D) attempt to lower rates of conflict

Question 25

Lila and her son, Jacob, were visiting friends one afternoon when Jacob melted into a terrible tantrum. Lila wondered if he was tired, then thought quickly about what might help him regain his composure. Her attempt to understand Jacob's experience from his point of view reveals her ______.

A) frustration
B) intellect
C) empathy
D) tolerance

Question 26

"Goodness of fit" refers to ______.

A) how well a parent's actions match with a child's temperament
B) whether or not a child's temperament is compatible with their parents' temperament
C) whether a child's temperament is the same as their parent's temperament
D) how well a child adheres to actions compatible with their parent's temperament

Question 27

Children who are perceived by parents as difficult to manage ______.

A) receive greater amounts of coaching from fathers than do children perceived as easygoing
B) elicit less responsive caregiving from mothers than those perceived as easygoing
C) elicit more thoughtful child-rearing as parents strive to do what is best for their children
D) receive similar amounts and types of discipline as those children described as easygoing

Question 28

Leaper's (2002) review provided evidence of gender-based differences in parenting behaviors. Data indicated that parents encourage ______ in boys, but not in girls.

A) hopefulness
B) honesty
C) respect
D) autonomy

Question 29

First-born children typically receive more attention and more pressure to achieve than later-born children. The amount of attention the younger siblings receive is affected by the ______.

A) newborn's gender
B) newborn's temperament
C) older sibling's age
D) parent's age

Question 30

In 2016, about ______ of births in the United States are to women who are separated, widowed, divorced, or who were never married.

A) 10%
B) 20%
C) 30%
D) 40%

Question 31

In families of four or more children, discipline tends to be more ______ than in families with fewer children.

A) authoritative
B) authoritarian
C) permissive
D) uninvolved

Question 32

Eduardo and his wife quarrel often and no longer share a warm and loving relationship. Eduardo's son, Rafael, has an affectionate and close relationship with his father and appears to be relatively unaffected by his parent's marital discord. Which of the following constructs best describes why Rafael continues to thrive in this difficult context?

A) counterbalance theory
B) spillover hypothesis
C) redirected affect theory
D) compensatory hypothesis

Question 33

Which of the following variable types was NOT listed as situational determinants of parenting behaviors?

A) transient child characteristics
B) transient parent attributions
C) context
D) transient parent characteristics

Question 34

When Christine played hide and seek with her young son, she shared his raucous laughter and happy mood. Just a short time later when she was on the telephone, his boisterous play prompted a reprimand. This exemplifies how ______ influences parenting behaviors.

A) telephone calls
B) context
C) length of play
D) impatience

Question 35

Parenting behaviors in the home ______ parenting behaviors in a more public location.

A) can show considerable variation from
B) are typically consistent with
C) are more child-centered than
D) show no association with

Question 36

Evans, Maxwell, and Hart (1999) studied the effects of crowding on parent-child communication. The researchers found that crowding ______.

A) reduced the number of communications between parents and children
B) was unrelated to parent's communication with their children
C) reduced the complexity of sentences parents used when speaking to children
D) increased the number of directives parents gave to children

Question 37

Short-term goals are a powerful influence on parenting behaviors. ______ are intended to prepare the child for long-term success.

A) Cultural goals
B) Child-centered goals
C) Adaptation goals
D) Socialization goals

Question 38

Which of the following statements best describes the effect of parental emotions on parenting behaviors?

A) Negative emotions have no place in organizing effective parenting behaviors.
B) Positive and negative emotions are essential because they help organize the parent's responses.
C) Only positive emotions can undermine effective parenting behaviors.
D) Negative emotions can promote effective parenting, but positive emotions do not.

Question 39

Studies examining reactions to child misbehavior and transient child characteristics indicate that ______ is a powerful determinant for choice of response.

A) the parent's disciplinary philosophy
B) the child's age and stage of development
C) the type of misdeed that occurred
D) the parent's child-rearing approach

Question 40

Parenting stressors appear to have a(n) ______ effect. That is, as new stressors are experienced, the likelihood of a poor child-rearing environment is increased.

A) additive
B) exponential
C) accumulation
D) multiplicative

Question 41

When Robert and his wife lived in university married student housing with a young daughter, everyone had a low income, but were hopeful about the future. Financial hardship had little influence on parenting behaviors. In this case, living around other poor students ______ the influence of economic hardship as a determinant of child-rearing.

A) interacted with
B) mediated
C) moderated
D) compensated for

Question 42

Fathers are sometimes observed to behave differently toward their sons than toward their daughters. This is an example of a(n) ______ effect between the gender of the parent and the gender of the child.

A) interaction
B) mediating
C) moderating
D) compensatory

Question 43

A compensatory effect of child-rearing determinants occurs when the effects of one ______.

A) variable depend on the existence of effects for a second variable
B) independent variable increase the effects of a second variable
C) positive variable reduce the effects of a second positive variable
D) positive variable are strong enough to make up for one negative variable

Question 44

Maternal employment can affect a mother's emotional state in all of the following ways EXCEPT ______.

A) providing mental stimulation
B) building self-esteem
C) increasing her childcare and home chores
D) leading to guilt over separation from her child

Question 45

The results in the 1991 assessment of risk factors of parental determinants revealed a correlation of a ______ risk index and a ______ HOME score.

A) high; low
B) low; high
C) low; low
D) high; high

Question 46

Stress can negatively influence parents by making them more likely to be ______.

A) irritable
B) withdrawn
C) punitive
D) all of these

Question 47

Dismissing mothers with depressed symptoms were found to be less warm and responsive than secure mothers. This empirical study used which of the following assessments to uncover this?

A) Home Observation for the Measurement of the Environment (HOME) scale
B) Adult Attachment Interview (AAI)
C) Confusion, Hubbub, and Order Scale (CHAOS)
D) none of these

Question 48

As of 2018, the mean age of women in the United States for having their first child is now approximately ______ years.

A) 23
B) 27
C) 32
D) 40

Question 49

According to a 2016 study published about parent-child conversations after trips to the emergency room, parents were how many more times more likely to warn girls to be careful about engaging in certain activities than boys?

A) equally as likely
B) half
C) four times
D) they did not warn girls at all

Question 50

Several cross-cultural studies have examined relations between organized religion, ______ (how faithfully religion is practiced), and adult values.

A) conservatism
B) devotion
C) severity
D) religiosity

Question 51

Prior experience is NOT a central parental characteristic related to child-rearing.

Question 52

An abundance of research has shown that more than 30% of single-parent homes are headed by men.

Question 53

Mothers, compared to fathers, tend to be more responsive to variations in their children's play; they are more likely to enforce rules and communicate and play peekaboo-type games.

Question 54

Stressed parents are likely to be irritable, negative, punitive, and withdrawn.

Question 55

Carol, a mother of two children, has recently gone back to work. Despite the added responsibility, the mental stimulation outside of the house is a positive influence on her parenting behavior.

Question 56

The four well-documented stable child characteristics that are determinants of parenting consist of child's age, temperament, gender, and birth month.

Question 57

If a parent believed that letting their child cry through the night would decrease their child's demandingness, even if it were not true, then that belief would mediate maternal sensitivity.

Question 58

A child's gender does NOT play a role in the expectations parents have of their children.

Question 59

The Smith household is being assessed in order to determine how context influence the parents' behaviors. The report describes that it is difficult to hear oneself think in the home and that Timothy, the father, is constantly losing his keys. Therefore, the Smith household would score low on CHAOS.

Question 60

Young fathers and those 45 years and older are likely to have children that differ from children of other fathers.

Question 61

Briefly describe how socioeconomic status (SES) is determined.

Question 62

Describe how parental involvement and monitoring might change depending on the time of day and give a specific example.

Question 63

Discuss urban poverty as a determinant of parenting. What are some of the negative and positive parenting responses and consequences to living in this type of environment?

Question 64

In what ways does the quality of the marital relationship affect child-rearing?

Question 65

Discuss the different types of interrelations found among determinants. Give examples of each.