Deck 7: Design Strategies and Statistical Methods in Analytic Epidemiology

Question 1

What is the relative risk (or sometimes called risk ratio) of developing lung cancer in the first study and of developing coronary heart disease in the second study? Interpret.

Answer 1

(8 and 2)

Question 2

From the data involving cigarette smoking and lung cancer incidence, what are the attributable risk and the attributable-risk percent? Interpret the result.

Answer 2

(175, 87.5)

Question 3

From the data involving cigarette smoking and coronary heart disease incidence, what are the attributable risk and the attributable-risk percent? Interpret the result.

Answer 3

(250, 50.0%)

Question 4

Is cigarette smoking a stronger risk factor for lung cancer or coronary heart disease? Explain.

Question 5

Hypothetically speaking, if cigarette smoking could be eliminated from this population, what percentage of lung cancer and of coronary heart disease could be avoided?

Question 6

Did cigarette smoking result in a larger public health burden for lung cancer or coronary heart disease? Explain.

Question 7

Refer to the following table showing postmenopausal hormone use and coronary heart disease with selected exposure categories.

-What is the risk of coronary heart disease among ever users of postmenopausal hormones?

Question 8

Refer to the following table showing postmenopausal hormone use and coronary heart disease with selected exposure categories.

-Use the appropriate statistic to measure the strength of the association between ever versus never use. Interpret.

Question 9

Refer to the following table showing postmenopausal hormone use and coronary heart disease with selected exposure categories.

-Use the appropriate statistic to measure the strength of the association between past versus never use. Interpret.

Question 10

Refer to the following table showing postmenopausal hormone use and coronary heart disease with selected exposure categories.

-Use the appropriate statistic to measure the strength of the association between current versus never use. Interpret.

Question 11

Refer to the following table showing postmenopausal hormone use and coronary heart disease with selected exposure categories.

-Postmenopausal hormone use results in a percentage decrease in risk of coronary heart disease of:

A) 33%.
B) 69%.
C) 53%.
D) None of these is correct.

Question 12

In a study assessing the association between cholesterol (high vs. otherwise) and heart disease, the PAR% was 25%. Interpret.

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT a type of selection bias in cohort studies?

A) Healthy worker effect
B) Loss to follow-up
C) Neyman bias
D) All of these are types of selection bias in cohort studies.

Question 14

Which of the following is the most time consuming and costly study design?

A) Case-control
B) Retrospective cohort
C) Prospective cohort
D) Cross-sectional

Question 15

Which of the following is a nuisance variable to be controlled?

A) Effect modifier
B) Confounder
C) Dichotomous variable
D) Binary variable

Question 16

Match the following:
-___ Attack rate

A) Incidence density rate
B) Results in biased RR
C) Results in underestimation of OR
D) Cumulative incidence rate

Question 17

Match the following:
-___ Person-time rate

A) Incidence density rate
B) Results in biased RR
C) Results in underestimation of OR
D) Cumulative incidence rate

Question 18

Match the following:
-___ Berkson's bias

A) Incidence density rate
B) Results in biased RR
C) Results in underestimation of OR
D) Cumulative incidence rate

Question 19

Match the following:
-___ Healthy worker effect

A) Incidence density rate
B) Results in biased RR
C) Results in underestimation of OR
D) Cumulative incidence rate