Deck 7: The Ecology of Intraspecific Variation

Question 1

In a coarse-grained environment,

A) the organism experiences one or a few environments.
B) the organism experiences many environments.
C) the movements of the organism are large relative to the patch sizes.
D) grains are equal to patch size.
E) none of the above

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which of the following is not a component of temporal variation?

A) the mean conditions
B) the predictability of change
C) the rate of movement of the organism.
D) the predictability of change
E) none of the above

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Subspecies or races

A) cannot interbreed.
B) are morphologically distinct.
C) inhabit the same region.
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which of the following is not condition for the formation of ecotypes?

A) inbreeding
B) the intensity of selection
C) barriers to gene flow
D) additive genetic variation
E) none of the above

Question 5

Phenotypic plasticity is more likely to arise if the

A) organism encounters a single environment.
B) organism experiences the environment as coarse-grained.
C) organism experiences the environment as fine-grained.
D) environment rarely changes.
E) none of the above

Question 6

Sex is not an ESS because it

A) can increase in frequency when it is rare.
B) cannot increase in frequency when it is rare.
C) depends on additive genetic variance.
D) produces new genotypes.
E) none of the above

Question 7

Under the Red Queen hypothesis

A) sex compensates for the rapid evolution of parasites.
B) sex does not need to be an ESS.
C) hosts evolve more rapidly than their parasites.
D) only the queen can reproduce.
E) none of the above

Question 8

Variation in flower color in the elderflower orchid is maintained by

A) increased nectar in the rare morph.
B) phenotypic plasticity.
C) additive genetic variance.
D) temporal shifts in the environment.
E) none of the above

Question 9

Which of the following does not decrease genetic variation?

A) genetic drift
B) disruptive selection
C) stabilizing selection
D) inbreeding
E) none of the above

Question 10

Common garden experiments with yarrow showed that

A) all traits are genetically controlled.
B) all traits are determined by the environment.
C) short stature in plants from high elevation is genetically controlled.
D) tall stature in plants from low elevation is genetically controlled.
E) none of the above

Question 11

In Nei's index of genetic similarity, the value I_N

A) increases when the allele frequencies in the two populations are very different.
B) increases when the allele frequencies of the two populations are similar.
C) is independent of the allele frequencies.
D) is determined by the number of genetic loci.
E) none of the above

Question 12

In grizzlies N_e is only 25 percent of N. This is a concern because it

A) may lead to large values of F_IT.
B) causes an in genetic variation.
C) leads to population bottlenecks.
D) leads to increased genetic drift.
E) none of the above

Question 13

When a population passes through a bottleneck, its N_e

A) may remain low after the population recovers.
B) is not affected.
C) increases.
D) is lower before the population decline.
E) none of the above

Question 14

Frequency dependent selection maintains genetic variation

A) despite bottlenecks.
B) because it increases the value of F_IS.
C) because selection favors the common morph.
D) because selection favors the rare morph.
E) none of the above

Question 15

Outbreeding depression occurs when

A) locally adapted genotypes are disrupted.
B) locally adapted genotypes are selected for.
C) N_e is large.
D) N_e is small.
E) none of the above

Question 16

Damsel fish in high wave exposure sites differ from those from low wave exposure have

A) lower aspect ratios.
B) lower metabolic rates.
C) a larger ratio of fin length to width.
D) a smaller ratio of fin length to width.
E) none of the above

Question 17

F_ST is a measure of the

A) total variation in a set of populations.
B) variation within a population.
C) variation due to additive genetic variance.
D) variation among populations
E) none of the above

Question 18

Unpredictability poses a greater challenge than a constant environment.

Question 19

Homozygosity in plants always leads to lower fitness.

Question 20

Phenotypic plasticity is always adaptive.

Question 21

Sex is not an evolutionarily stable strategy.

Question 22

A population bottleneck may decrease the value of N_e.

Question 23

F_ST measures the genetic variation within subpopulations.

Question 24

Frequency dependent selection decreases genetic variation.

Question 25

Marine iguanas show ecotypic differentiation during El Niño events.

Question 26

Transient orcas feed primarily on marine mammals.

Question 27

The morphological variation in Ensatina is an example of phenotypic plasticity.

Question 28

Responses to variation fall into two main categories: __________ in which the adaptations are genetic and __________ in which the environment induces developmental changes.

Question 29

Variation among sub populations is measured by the F-statistic __________.

Question 30

An adaptation is an ESS if it can __________.

Question 31

Inbreeding depression is the result of __________ whereas outbreeding depression is the result of __________.

Question 32

__________ is the ultimate source of additive genetic variation in a population.

Question 33

The negative effects of inbreeding are often due to an increase in __________.

Question 34

Increased homozygosity is potentially detrimental to an individual because __________.