Deck 7: Professionalism and Social Responsibility

Question 1

Bowen H. McCoy | The Parable of the Sadhu
McCoy tells the story of a mountain trek in Nepal, in which he and his companion, a Quaker anthropologist, differed in their responses to helping a nearly dead holy man, a sadhu, near a mountain pass. He contrasts individual ethics when operating alone to the accepted ethics of a group or organization, highlighting the ethical dilemma of wanting to "do the right thing" when one does not have the support of the group. Thus, employees require support from the corporate ethic to function productively and in sync with company values.
-McCoy tells the parable of the sadhu to illustrate a moral breakdown between

A) corporate and rural culture.
B) the hikers and the Sherpas.
C) the individual and the group ethic.
D) Eastern and Western religion.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Bowen H. McCoy | The Parable of the Sadhu
McCoy tells the story of a mountain trek in Nepal, in which he and his companion, a Quaker anthropologist, differed in their responses to helping a nearly dead holy man, a sadhu, near a mountain pass. He contrasts individual ethics when operating alone to the accepted ethics of a group or organization, highlighting the ethical dilemma of wanting to "do the right thing" when one does not have the support of the group. Thus, employees require support from the corporate ethic to function productively and in sync with company values.
-While McCoy initially felt that each person had done enough ___________ for the sadhu, his companion disagreed.

A) individually
B) collectively
C) in terms of speed
D) in terms of time

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Bowen H. McCoy | The Parable of the Sadhu
McCoy tells the story of a mountain trek in Nepal, in which he and his companion, a Quaker anthropologist, differed in their responses to helping a nearly dead holy man, a sadhu, near a mountain pass. He contrasts individual ethics when operating alone to the accepted ethics of a group or organization, highlighting the ethical dilemma of wanting to "do the right thing" when one does not have the support of the group. Thus, employees require support from the corporate ethic to function productively and in sync with company values.
-To accomplish what McCoy's companion wanted to do for the sadhu, the entire group would have had to act

A) individually.
B) collectively.
C) faster than they did.
D) slower than they did.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Bowen H. McCoy | The Parable of the Sadhu
McCoy tells the story of a mountain trek in Nepal, in which he and his companion, a Quaker anthropologist, differed in their responses to helping a nearly dead holy man, a sadhu, near a mountain pass. He contrasts individual ethics when operating alone to the accepted ethics of a group or organization, highlighting the ethical dilemma of wanting to "do the right thing" when one does not have the support of the group. Thus, employees require support from the corporate ethic to function productively and in sync with company values.
-According to McCoy, real moral dilemmas are

A) one-sided.
B) ambiguous.
C) unambiguous.
D) unequivocal.

Question 5

Bowen H. McCoy | The Parable of the Sadhu
McCoy tells the story of a mountain trek in Nepal, in which he and his companion, a Quaker anthropologist, differed in their responses to helping a nearly dead holy man, a sadhu, near a mountain pass. He contrasts individual ethics when operating alone to the accepted ethics of a group or organization, highlighting the ethical dilemma of wanting to "do the right thing" when one does not have the support of the group. Thus, employees require support from the corporate ethic to function productively and in sync with company values.
-Since management decisions must often be made under pressure, according to McCoy, the support of ___________ is extremely important.

A) personal values
B) an individual ethic
C) a corporate ethic
D) a religious belief system

Question 6

Bowen H. McCoy | The Parable of the Sadhu
McCoy tells the story of a mountain trek in Nepal, in which he and his companion, a Quaker anthropologist, differed in their responses to helping a nearly dead holy man, a sadhu, near a mountain pass. He contrasts individual ethics when operating alone to the accepted ethics of a group or organization, highlighting the ethical dilemma of wanting to "do the right thing" when one does not have the support of the group. Thus, employees require support from the corporate ethic to function productively and in sync with company values.
-Business ethics, according to McCoy, has to do with the ___________ of the enterprise.

A) brand recognition
B) net profit
C) authenticity and integrity
D) sales and marketing

Question 7

Bowen H. McCoy | The Parable of the Sadhu
McCoy tells the story of a mountain trek in Nepal, in which he and his companion, a Quaker anthropologist, differed in their responses to helping a nearly dead holy man, a sadhu, near a mountain pass. He contrasts individual ethics when operating alone to the accepted ethics of a group or organization, highlighting the ethical dilemma of wanting to "do the right thing" when one does not have the support of the group. Thus, employees require support from the corporate ethic to function productively and in sync with company values.
-To be ethical is to follow the business as well as the cultural goals of the corporation, which includes its

A) owners.
B) employees.
C) customers.
D) all of the above

Question 8

Bowen H. McCoy | The Parable of the Sadhu
McCoy tells the story of a mountain trek in Nepal, in which he and his companion, a Quaker anthropologist, differed in their responses to helping a nearly dead holy man, a sadhu, near a mountain pass. He contrasts individual ethics when operating alone to the accepted ethics of a group or organization, highlighting the ethical dilemma of wanting to "do the right thing" when one does not have the support of the group. Thus, employees require support from the corporate ethic to function productively and in sync with company values.
-According to McCoy, when people cannot find ethical support in their organizations, they

A) lack guidance.
B) know how to act.
C) don't know how to act.
D) both a and c

Question 9

Bowen H. McCoy | The Parable of the Sadhu
McCoy tells the story of a mountain trek in Nepal, in which he and his companion, a Quaker anthropologist, differed in their responses to helping a nearly dead holy man, a sadhu, near a mountain pass. He contrasts individual ethics when operating alone to the accepted ethics of a group or organization, highlighting the ethical dilemma of wanting to "do the right thing" when one does not have the support of the group. Thus, employees require support from the corporate ethic to function productively and in sync with company values.
-Management's challenge, to McCoy, is to be sensitive to individual needs while seeing employees in terms of ___________ the group.

A) benefit to
B) resistance of
C) recognition of
D) patronage of

Question 10

Bowen H. McCoy | The Parable of the Sadhu
McCoy tells the story of a mountain trek in Nepal, in which he and his companion, a Quaker anthropologist, differed in their responses to helping a nearly dead holy man, a sadhu, near a mountain pass. He contrasts individual ethics when operating alone to the accepted ethics of a group or organization, highlighting the ethical dilemma of wanting to "do the right thing" when one does not have the support of the group. Thus, employees require support from the corporate ethic to function productively and in sync with company values.
-To be effective as ethical persons, McCoy suggests, we ought to focus on changing group values because it has

A) less power than we do.
B) more resources than we do alone.
C) fewer resources than we do alone.
D) more name recognition.

Question 11

McCoy sees current interest in corporate ethics as a positive response to his companion's pessimism about how individual ethics relate to group ethics. What does he mean by this, and do you agree with him? Why or why not? Provide reasons and examples.

Question 12

Imagine that you are in a country where the entry to your hotel is blocked by dozens of beggars reaching out their hands to you, asking for money. You know that they will sleep on the sidewalk and be there again the next morning. Alternatively, imagine that you come upon a one-car accident along a scarcely traveled road and see that the single driver appears to be alive after crashing into a tree. How might your response differ in these two scenarios, and why? What can you do individually, following your inner moral compass, and for what do you require support from others? Explain your answer.

Question 13

John Rawls | Justice as Fairness
Rawls builds his theory of justice on the social contract model of earlier philosophers. Two principles of justice addressing equal liberties of citizenship and social and economic equalities, if chosen behind a "veil of ignorance," would lead to a just society. Rawls defines and describes each principle and explains how they work together. In other words, a departure from the first could not be compensated for by an increase based on the second.
-For Rawls, the principles of justice are fundamental elements of the ___________ agreed upon by those in an initial position of equality.

A) state of nature
B) social contract
C) primitive condition of culture
D) economic inequality

Question 14

John Rawls | Justice as Fairness
Rawls builds his theory of justice on the social contract model of earlier philosophers. Two principles of justice addressing equal liberties of citizenship and social and economic equalities, if chosen behind a "veil of ignorance," would lead to a just society. Rawls defines and describes each principle and explains how they work together. In other words, a departure from the first could not be compensated for by an increase based on the second.
-According to Rawls, free and rational persons choose together the principles that assign

A) intelligence and strength.
B) basic rights and duties.
C) the division of social benefits.
D) both b and c

Question 15

John Rawls | Justice as Fairness
Rawls builds his theory of justice on the social contract model of earlier philosophers. Two principles of justice addressing equal liberties of citizenship and social and economic equalities, if chosen behind a "veil of ignorance," would lead to a just society. Rawls defines and describes each principle and explains how they work together. In other words, a departure from the first could not be compensated for by an increase based on the second.
-Since the principles of justice are chosen behind a ___________, no one knows his or her own class, status, or fortune.

A) state of nature
B) primitive condition of culture
C) "veil of ignorance"
D) conception of the good

Question 16

John Rawls | Justice as Fairness
Rawls builds his theory of justice on the social contract model of earlier philosophers. Two principles of justice addressing equal liberties of citizenship and social and economic equalities, if chosen behind a "veil of ignorance," would lead to a just society. Rawls defines and describes each principle and explains how they work together. In other words, a departure from the first could not be compensated for by an increase based on the second.
-The ___________ for Rawls, requires that everyone be assigned equal rights and duties.

A) first principle of justice
B) second principle of justice
C) third principle of justice
D) social contract

Question 17

John Rawls | Justice as Fairness
Rawls builds his theory of justice on the social contract model of earlier philosophers. Two principles of justice addressing equal liberties of citizenship and social and economic equalities, if chosen behind a "veil of ignorance," would lead to a just society. Rawls defines and describes each principle and explains how they work together. In other words, a departure from the first could not be compensated for by an increase based on the second.
-The second principle of justice, for Rawls, holds that inequalities are just only if they result in benefits for everyone and, in particular, for

A) those with wealth and authority.
B) those in the initial state of equality.
C) the most advantaged members of society.
D) the least advantaged members of society.

Question 18

John Rawls | Justice as Fairness
Rawls builds his theory of justice on the social contract model of earlier philosophers. Two principles of justice addressing equal liberties of citizenship and social and economic equalities, if chosen behind a "veil of ignorance," would lead to a just society. Rawls defines and describes each principle and explains how they work together. In other words, a departure from the first could not be compensated for by an increase based on the second.
-According to Rawls, it is not just that some should have less so that others may

A) suffer.
B) prosper.
C) lose liberty.
D) have economic inequality.

Question 19

John Rawls | Justice as Fairness
Rawls builds his theory of justice on the social contract model of earlier philosophers. Two principles of justice addressing equal liberties of citizenship and social and economic equalities, if chosen behind a "veil of ignorance," would lead to a just society. Rawls defines and describes each principle and explains how they work together. In other words, a departure from the first could not be compensated for by an increase based on the second.
-Rawls states that it is ___________ if a few have greater benefits as long as the lives of the less fortunate are improved as well.

A) unjust
B) not unjust
C) not acceptable
D) arbitrary

Question 20

John Rawls | Justice as Fairness
Rawls builds his theory of justice on the social contract model of earlier philosophers. Two principles of justice addressing equal liberties of citizenship and social and economic equalities, if chosen behind a "veil of ignorance," would lead to a just society. Rawls defines and describes each principle and explains how they work together. In other words, a departure from the first could not be compensated for by an increase based on the second.
-Extensive basic liberty in the first principle of justice, to Rawls, refers to

A) the right to vote and hold public office.
B) freedom of speech and assembly.
C) freedom from arbitrary arrest.
D) all of the above

Question 21

John Rawls | Justice as Fairness
Rawls builds his theory of justice on the social contract model of earlier philosophers. Two principles of justice addressing equal liberties of citizenship and social and economic equalities, if chosen behind a "veil of ignorance," would lead to a just society. Rawls defines and describes each principle and explains how they work together. In other words, a departure from the first could not be compensated for by an increase based on the second.
-The second principle of justice applies to

A) social and economic inequality.
B) the distribution of income and wealth.
C) the design of chains of command.
D) all of the above

Question 22

John Rawls | Justice as Fairness
Rawls builds his theory of justice on the social contract model of earlier philosophers. Two principles of justice addressing equal liberties of citizenship and social and economic equalities, if chosen behind a "veil of ignorance," would lead to a just society. Rawls defines and describes each principle and explains how they work together. In other words, a departure from the first could not be compensated for by an increase based on the second.
-A departure from the first principle, according to Rawls, cannot be compensated for by

A) greater social and economic advantages.
B) unequal distribution of wealth and income.
C) hierarchies of authority
D) equality of opportunity.

Question 23

Do you agree with Rawls that principles of justice chosen by persons behind a "veil of ignorance" would lead to a just society? Why or why not? Explain your answer.

Question 24

What does Rawls mean by stating that "a departure from the institutions of equal liberty required by the first principle cannot be justified by, or compensated for, by greater social and economic advantages"? Do you agree with Rawls? Explain your answer.

Question 25

Peter Singer | Rich and Poor
Singer distinguishes absolute poverty from relative poverty as that which is poor by any standards. His definition of absolute affluence together with his consequentialist principle that one is obliged to prevent harm when possible without sacrificing something of comparable moral significance leads to his conclusion that wealthier countries are obligated to assist poorer countries.
-Absolute poverty differs from relative poverty in that it is

A) poverty relative to one's neighbors.
B) poverty by any standards.
C) affluence relative to one's neighbors.
D) affluence by any reasonable definition of human needs.

Question 26

Peter Singer | Rich and Poor
Singer distinguishes absolute poverty from relative poverty as that which is poor by any standards. His definition of absolute affluence together with his consequentialist principle that one is obliged to prevent harm when possible without sacrificing something of comparable moral significance leads to his conclusion that wealthier countries are obligated to assist poorer countries.
-The world food problem is one of ___________ rather than production.

A) accommodation
B) utility
C) function
D) distribution

Question 27

Peter Singer | Rich and Poor
Singer distinguishes absolute poverty from relative poverty as that which is poor by any standards. His definition of absolute affluence together with his consequentialist principle that one is obliged to prevent harm when possible without sacrificing something of comparable moral significance leads to his conclusion that wealthier countries are obligated to assist poorer countries.
-The absolutely affluent, according to Singer,

A) are poor relative to one's neighbors.
B) are affluent by any reasonable definition of human needs.
C) have more income than required for all necessities of life.
D) both b and c

Question 28

Peter Singer | Rich and Poor
Singer distinguishes absolute poverty from relative poverty as that which is poor by any standards. His definition of absolute affluence together with his consequentialist principle that one is obliged to prevent harm when possible without sacrificing something of comparable moral significance leads to his conclusion that wealthier countries are obligated to assist poorer countries.
-The UN target of transferring ___________ of the gross national product of wealthier to poorer nations is only met by a very few countries.

A) 3 %
B) 0.5%
C) 0.7%
D) 7%

Question 29

Peter Singer | Rich and Poor
Singer distinguishes absolute poverty from relative poverty as that which is poor by any standards. His definition of absolute affluence together with his consequentialist principle that one is obliged to prevent harm when possible without sacrificing something of comparable moral significance leads to his conclusion that wealthier countries are obligated to assist poorer countries.
-The example Singer first uses to demonstrate ethical obligation concerns

A) saving a child from drowning.
B) saving a child from hunger.
C) lying to save a friend's honor.
D) lying to save a friend's life.

Question 30

Peter Singer | Rich and Poor
Singer distinguishes absolute poverty from relative poverty as that which is poor by any standards. His definition of absolute affluence together with his consequentialist principle that one is obliged to prevent harm when possible without sacrificing something of comparable moral significance leads to his conclusion that wealthier countries are obligated to assist poorer countries.
-Singer presents an argument concerning wealthier countries' obligation to ___________ poorer countries.

A) assist
B) occupy
C) control
D) desist

Question 31

Peter Singer | Rich and Poor
Singer distinguishes absolute poverty from relative poverty as that which is poor by any standards. His definition of absolute affluence together with his consequentialist principle that one is obliged to prevent harm when possible without sacrificing something of comparable moral significance leads to his conclusion that wealthier countries are obligated to assist poorer countries.
-Singer's argument is based on the ___________ that if it is within our power to prevent harm without sacrificing anything of comparable moral significance, we should do it.

A) conclusion
B) consequence
C) principle
D) consequent

Question 32

Peter Singer | Rich and Poor
Singer distinguishes absolute poverty from relative poverty as that which is poor by any standards. His definition of absolute affluence together with his consequentialist principle that one is obliged to prevent harm when possible without sacrificing something of comparable moral significance leads to his conclusion that wealthier countries are obligated to assist poorer countries.
-While it is obvious that ___________ will accept Singer's principle, he asserts that it will also be acceptable to nonconsequentialists.

A) idealists
B) deontologists
C) virtue theorists
D) consequentialists.

Question 33

Peter Singer | Rich and Poor
Singer distinguishes absolute poverty from relative poverty as that which is poor by any standards. His definition of absolute affluence together with his consequentialist principle that one is obliged to prevent harm when possible without sacrificing something of comparable moral significance leads to his conclusion that wealthier countries are obligated to assist poorer countries.
-In arguing for the obligation to assist the absolute poor, Singer assumes that

A) absolute poverty is bad.
B) the wealthy can prevent absolute poverty without sacrificing anything of comparable moral significance.
C) Wealthier nations are obligated to assist the absolute poor.
D) both a and b

Question 34

Peter Singer | Rich and Poor
Singer distinguishes absolute poverty from relative poverty as that which is poor by any standards. His definition of absolute affluence together with his consequentialist principle that one is obliged to prevent harm when possible without sacrificing something of comparable moral significance leads to his conclusion that wealthier countries are obligated to assist poorer countries.
-The conclusion of Singer's argument is

A) absolute poverty is bad.
B) the wealthy can prevent absolute poverty without sacrificing anything of comparable moral significance.
C) wealthier nations are obligated to assist the absolute poor.
D) both a and b

Question 35

Do you think that Singer's justification for saving a drowning child adequately supports the argument for the obligation of wealthier nations to assist poorer nations? Why or why not? Explain your answer.

Question 36

Singer bases his claim that wealthier countries have an obligation to assist poorer countries on the principle that we are obliged to prevent harm as long as our ability to assist is not at moral expense to ourselves. Do you agree? Why or why not? Explain his argument in detail.

Question 37

Peter Singer | What Should a Billionaire Give-And What Should You?
Singer explores the ethical issues associated with philanthropy on a large scale, such as the billions of dollars donated by Bill Gates and Warren Buffet, including questions raised concerning motive, obligation, and relation to government aid. He concludes with a hypothetical calculus of distribution for the wealthy to the poor that would more than solve the crisis of poverty among the world's poorest peoples.
-The ethics of philanthropy, according to Singer, concern

A) why and how much wealthy people give to others.
B) the decision-making power of so few to change so many lives.
C) how our responses to these gifts reflect on our own lives.
D) all of the above

Question 38

Peter Singer | What Should a Billionaire Give-And What Should You?
Singer explores the ethical issues associated with philanthropy on a large scale, such as the billions of dollars donated by Bill Gates and Warren Buffet, including questions raised concerning motive, obligation, and relation to government aid. He concludes with a hypothetical calculus of distribution for the wealthy to the poor that would more than solve the crisis of poverty among the world's poorest peoples.
-Which of the following is NOT a motive for philanthropy, as discussed by Singer?

A) to improve one's image
B) to increase one's personal wealth
C) to make up for past misdeeds
D) to assure a good place in the afterlife

Question 39

Peter Singer | What Should a Billionaire Give-And What Should You?
Singer explores the ethical issues associated with philanthropy on a large scale, such as the billions of dollars donated by Bill Gates and Warren Buffet, including questions raised concerning motive, obligation, and relation to government aid. He concludes with a hypothetical calculus of distribution for the wealthy to the poor that would more than solve the crisis of poverty among the world's poorest peoples.
-According to Hobbes's ___________, providing charity for a beggar eased his own pain as well.

A) theory of entitlement
B) altruistic theory of human motivation
C) egoistic theory of human motivation
D) theory of generosity

Question 40

Peter Singer | What Should a Billionaire Give-And What Should You?
Singer explores the ethical issues associated with philanthropy on a large scale, such as the billions of dollars donated by Bill Gates and Warren Buffet, including questions raised concerning motive, obligation, and relation to government aid. He concludes with a hypothetical calculus of distribution for the wealthy to the poor that would more than solve the crisis of poverty among the world's poorest peoples.
-A gift has moral worth only out of a sense of duty, according to

A) Kant.
B) Hobbes.
C) Pogge.
D) Rawls.

Question 41

Peter Singer | What Should a Billionaire Give-And What Should You?
Singer explores the ethical issues associated with philanthropy on a large scale, such as the billions of dollars donated by Bill Gates and Warren Buffet, including questions raised concerning motive, obligation, and relation to government aid. He concludes with a hypothetical calculus of distribution for the wealthy to the poor that would more than solve the crisis of poverty among the world's poorest peoples.
-According to the economist Herbert Simon, ___________ is responsible for up to 90% of wealth.

A) social capital
B) individual motivation
C) persistence
D) inheritance

Question 42

Peter Singer | What Should a Billionaire Give-And What Should You?
Singer explores the ethical issues associated with philanthropy on a large scale, such as the billions of dollars donated by Bill Gates and Warren Buffet, including questions raised concerning motive, obligation, and relation to government aid. He concludes with a hypothetical calculus of distribution for the wealthy to the poor that would more than solve the crisis of poverty among the world's poorest peoples.
-Wealth depends for the most part on

A) natural resources and technology.
B) organizational skills in the community.
C) presence of good government.
D) all of the above

Question 43

Peter Singer | What Should a Billionaire Give-And What Should You?
Singer explores the ethical issues associated with philanthropy on a large scale, such as the billions of dollars donated by Bill Gates and Warren Buffet, including questions raised concerning motive, obligation, and relation to government aid. He concludes with a hypothetical calculus of distribution for the wealthy to the poor that would more than solve the crisis of poverty among the world's poorest peoples.
-According to Pogge, there is a duty to ___________ the poor because the accumulation of wealth is at the expense of the poor.

A) defraud
B) compensate
C) exploit
D) deprive

Question 44

Peter Singer | What Should a Billionaire Give-And What Should You?
Singer explores the ethical issues associated with philanthropy on a large scale, such as the billions of dollars donated by Bill Gates and Warren Buffet, including questions raised concerning motive, obligation, and relation to government aid. He concludes with a hypothetical calculus of distribution for the wealthy to the poor that would more than solve the crisis of poverty among the world's poorest peoples.
-Pogge's theory is based on the fact that

A) resource-rich poor countries are exploited for the benefit of industrial countries.
B) there is no evidence that "trickle-down" wealth is beneficial to the poor.
C) Industrial countries share equally in the wealth with resource-rich poor countries.
D) both a and b

Question 45

Peter Singer | What Should a Billionaire Give-And What Should You?
Singer explores the ethical issues associated with philanthropy on a large scale, such as the billions of dollars donated by Bill Gates and Warren Buffet, including questions raised concerning motive, obligation, and relation to government aid. He concludes with a hypothetical calculus of distribution for the wealthy to the poor that would more than solve the crisis of poverty among the world's poorest peoples.
-Individual philanthropy differs from government aid in that it

A) is free of diplomatic constraints and government regulations.
B) can avoid corrupt dictatorships
C) is not beholden to lobbyists.
D) all of the above

Question 46

Peter Singer | What Should a Billionaire Give-And What Should You?
Singer explores the ethical issues associated with philanthropy on a large scale, such as the billions of dollars donated by Bill Gates and Warren Buffet, including questions raised concerning motive, obligation, and relation to government aid. He concludes with a hypothetical calculus of distribution for the wealthy to the poor that would more than solve the crisis of poverty among the world's poorest peoples.
-Singer rejects the "fair share" theory of giving because

A) not all parties may step up to the obligation to give.
B) all who are obliged to give will give their fair share.
C) those who owe more may not give more.
D) both a and c

Question 47

Why does Singer reject the "fair share" view of giving to reduce global poverty? Explain the fair share theory and provide Singer's reasons and examples for rejecting this view. Do you agree? Why or why not?

Question 48

Singer proposes a calculation of philanthropic donations from the top 10% of the US population that would more than solve the crisis of global poverty. He bases this conclusion on the principle that one ought to give if one can do so without sacrificing anything of comparable moral significance. Do you agree with Singer? Why or why not? In your answer, discuss the issue of philanthropy versus government aid in resolving global crises.

Question 49

Tom Tomlinson | Caring for Risky Patients: Duty or Virtue
Tomlinson argues that we need to speak of virtues and ideals, not just duty and obligation, when discussing the treatment of potentially deadly diseases like SARS and AIDs. He presents four arguments for the limits of duty, all which fail to prescribe exactly what those limits are. The language of virtues and ideals offers a different vocabulary for understanding the ethics of caring for risky patients, emphasizing the value of altruism and the use of positive models rather than punishment.
-Tomlinson argues that we need the language of ___________, not just of duties and obligations, to understand the ethics of treating patients with potentially deadly diseases.

A) social contracts
B) virtues and ideals
C) professional mission
D) tolerance

Question 50

Tom Tomlinson | Caring for Risky Patients: Duty or Virtue
Tomlinson argues that we need to speak of virtues and ideals, not just duty and obligation, when discussing the treatment of potentially deadly diseases like SARS and AIDs. He presents four arguments for the limits of duty, all which fail to prescribe exactly what those limits are. The language of virtues and ideals offers a different vocabulary for understanding the ethics of caring for risky patients, emphasizing the value of altruism and the use of positive models rather than punishment.
-The ___________ fails to determine whether it is an agreement between patient and professional or between patient and the profession, according to Tomlinson.

A) limits of duty argument
B) social contract argument
C) firefighter analogy
D) consistency argument

Question 51

Tom Tomlinson | Caring for Risky Patients: Duty or Virtue
Tomlinson argues that we need to speak of virtues and ideals, not just duty and obligation, when discussing the treatment of potentially deadly diseases like SARS and AIDs. He presents four arguments for the limits of duty, all which fail to prescribe exactly what those limits are. The language of virtues and ideals offers a different vocabulary for understanding the ethics of caring for risky patients, emphasizing the value of altruism and the use of positive models rather than punishment.
-According to Tomlinson, the ___________ fails because the duty implied by it is not a minimal duty borne equally by all.

A) limits of duty argument
B) social contract argument
C) firefighter analogy
D) consistency argument

Question 52

Tom Tomlinson | Caring for Risky Patients: Duty or Virtue
Tomlinson argues that we need to speak of virtues and ideals, not just duty and obligation, when discussing the treatment of potentially deadly diseases like SARS and AIDs. He presents four arguments for the limits of duty, all which fail to prescribe exactly what those limits are. The language of virtues and ideals offers a different vocabulary for understanding the ethics of caring for risky patients, emphasizing the value of altruism and the use of positive models rather than punishment.
-The ___________ fails, according to Tomlinson, because accepting that treating risky patients is like treating less risky patients still does not determine when the duty is too risky.

A) limits of duty argument
B) social contract argument
C) firefighter analogy
D) consistency argument

Question 53

Tom Tomlinson | Caring for Risky Patients: Duty or Virtue
Tomlinson argues that we need to speak of virtues and ideals, not just duty and obligation, when discussing the treatment of potentially deadly diseases like SARS and AIDs. He presents four arguments for the limits of duty, all which fail to prescribe exactly what those limits are. The language of virtues and ideals offers a different vocabulary for understanding the ethics of caring for risky patients, emphasizing the value of altruism and the use of positive models rather than punishment.
-According to ___________, moral virtues require more than the application of a rule or performance of a particular action.

A) Socrates
B) Plato
C) Aristotle
D) Lucretius

Question 54

Tom Tomlinson | Caring for Risky Patients: Duty or Virtue
Tomlinson argues that we need to speak of virtues and ideals, not just duty and obligation, when discussing the treatment of potentially deadly diseases like SARS and AIDs. He presents four arguments for the limits of duty, all which fail to prescribe exactly what those limits are. The language of virtues and ideals offers a different vocabulary for understanding the ethics of caring for risky patients, emphasizing the value of altruism and the use of positive models rather than punishment.
-To Tomlinson it is a fallacy to assume that the only alternative to duty is

A) obligation.
B) self-interested "volunteerism."
C) contract.
D) compulsion.

Question 55

Tom Tomlinson | Caring for Risky Patients: Duty or Virtue
Tomlinson argues that we need to speak of virtues and ideals, not just duty and obligation, when discussing the treatment of potentially deadly diseases like SARS and AIDs. He presents four arguments for the limits of duty, all which fail to prescribe exactly what those limits are. The language of virtues and ideals offers a different vocabulary for understanding the ethics of caring for risky patients, emphasizing the value of altruism and the use of positive models rather than punishment.
-Motivation without ___________ in performing a duty shows a defect in one's professional character, according to Tomlinson.

A) obligation
B) altruism
C) egoism
D) aspiration

Question 56

Tom Tomlinson | Caring for Risky Patients: Duty or Virtue
Tomlinson argues that we need to speak of virtues and ideals, not just duty and obligation, when discussing the treatment of potentially deadly diseases like SARS and AIDs. He presents four arguments for the limits of duty, all which fail to prescribe exactly what those limits are. The language of virtues and ideals offers a different vocabulary for understanding the ethics of caring for risky patients, emphasizing the value of altruism and the use of positive models rather than punishment.
-Tomlinson states that we admire heroism because

A) it is the same as fulfilling a duty.
B) it goes beyond fulfilling a duty.
C) it involves motive and character.
D) both b and c

Question 57

Tom Tomlinson | Caring for Risky Patients: Duty or Virtue
Tomlinson argues that we need to speak of virtues and ideals, not just duty and obligation, when discussing the treatment of potentially deadly diseases like SARS and AIDs. He presents four arguments for the limits of duty, all which fail to prescribe exactly what those limits are. The language of virtues and ideals offers a different vocabulary for understanding the ethics of caring for risky patients, emphasizing the value of altruism and the use of positive models rather than punishment.
-According to Tomlinson, ___________ is compatible with virtue of character.

A) condemnation
B) occasional failure
C) consistent failure
D) language of moral censure

Question 58

Tom Tomlinson | Caring for Risky Patients: Duty or Virtue
Tomlinson argues that we need to speak of virtues and ideals, not just duty and obligation, when discussing the treatment of potentially deadly diseases like SARS and AIDs. He presents four arguments for the limits of duty, all which fail to prescribe exactly what those limits are. The language of virtues and ideals offers a different vocabulary for understanding the ethics of caring for risky patients, emphasizing the value of altruism and the use of positive models rather than punishment.
-Tomlinson argues that professionals will display greater altruism when given ___________ rather than by punishment for failure.

A) language of moral censure
B) positive models of behavior
C) negative models of behavior
D) threats of disapproval

Question 59

What are the differences between duty and virtue, according to Tomlinson, and how does this distinction help us understand the role of physicians with risky patients? Do you agree with Tomlinson's argument that the language of duty is insufficient for elucidating the ethics of caring for risky patients? Why or why not?

Question 60

Do you agree with Tomlinson that, based on psychological studies of positive and negative feedback, professionals are more effectively motivated by models of altruistic behavior than threats of disapproval or moral censure? If so, are they then more likely to risk their own health by treating riskier patients? If not, why not? Explain your answer.

Question 61

Dalai Lama | The Ethic of Compassion
The Dalai Lama presents levels of compassion, beginning with empathy, which can be developed into unconditional compassion toward all sentient beings, and finally expanded to "great compassion," or the sense of responsibility toward all others. The latter functions as an aspirational ideal, reminding us not to be biased toward those we already love. This impartiality functions as a more stable basis for compassion and is then a guide for everyday life.
-The Dalai Lama notes that all major world religions stress the ___________ of love and compassion.

A) innateness
B) inheritance
C) continuity
D) cultivation

Question 62

Dalai Lama | The Ethic of Compassion
The Dalai Lama presents levels of compassion, beginning with empathy, which can be developed into unconditional compassion toward all sentient beings, and finally expanded to "great compassion," or the sense of responsibility toward all others. The latter functions as an aspirational ideal, reminding us not to be biased toward those we already love. This impartiality functions as a more stable basis for compassion and is then a guide for everyday life.
-According to the Dalai Lama, compassion at a basic level can be understood as ___________ another's suffering.

A) recognition of
B) sympathy for
C) empathy for
D) compensation for

Question 63

Dalai Lama | The Ethic of Compassion
The Dalai Lama presents levels of compassion, beginning with empathy, which can be developed into unconditional compassion toward all sentient beings, and finally expanded to "great compassion," or the sense of responsibility toward all others. The latter functions as an aspirational ideal, reminding us not to be biased toward those we already love. This impartiality functions as a more stable basis for compassion and is then a guide for everyday life.
-The basic level of compassion, according to the Dalai Lama, can be developed into unconditional compassion toward all sentient beings, including

A) those who would harm us.
B) only those who love us.
C) only those who understand us.
D) only those who are like us.

Question 64

Dalai Lama | The Ethic of Compassion
The Dalai Lama presents levels of compassion, beginning with empathy, which can be developed into unconditional compassion toward all sentient beings, and finally expanded to "great compassion," or the sense of responsibility toward all others. The latter functions as an aspirational ideal, reminding us not to be biased toward those we already love. This impartiality functions as a more stable basis for compassion and is then a guide for everyday life.
-The highest level of compassion, according to the Dalai Lama, functions as an ideal to remind us that

A) little is gained from kindness done to win something in return.
B) actions motivated by the desire to create a good name for ourselves are still selfish.
C) there is nothing exceptional about acts of charity toward those we already love.
D) all of the above

Question 65

Dalai Lama | The Ethic of Compassion
The Dalai Lama presents levels of compassion, beginning with empathy, which can be developed into unconditional compassion toward all sentient beings, and finally expanded to "great compassion," or the sense of responsibility toward all others. The latter functions as an aspirational ideal, reminding us not to be biased toward those we already love. This impartiality functions as a more stable basis for compassion and is then a guide for everyday life.
-To the Dalai Lama, our ___________ toward loved ones is unreliable as a guide to compassion.

A) indifference
B) bias
C) impartiality
D) neutrality

Question 66

Dalai Lama | The Ethic of Compassion
The Dalai Lama presents levels of compassion, beginning with empathy, which can be developed into unconditional compassion toward all sentient beings, and finally expanded to "great compassion," or the sense of responsibility toward all others. The latter functions as an aspirational ideal, reminding us not to be biased toward those we already love. This impartiality functions as a more stable basis for compassion and is then a guide for everyday life.
-According to the Dalai Lama, compassion and mutual respect offer a much more solid basis for our relations with others than desire and

A) attraction.
B) fulfillment.
C) indifference.
D) detachment.

Question 67

Dalai Lama | The Ethic of Compassion
The Dalai Lama presents levels of compassion, beginning with empathy, which can be developed into unconditional compassion toward all sentient beings, and finally expanded to "great compassion," or the sense of responsibility toward all others. The latter functions as an aspirational ideal, reminding us not to be biased toward those we already love. This impartiality functions as a more stable basis for compassion and is then a guide for everyday life.
-While the Dalai Lama considers everyone equally deserving of our compassion, he is not advocating a state of

A) equanimity.
B) great love.
C) detached indifference.
D) even-handedness.

Question 68

Dalai Lama | The Ethic of Compassion
The Dalai Lama presents levels of compassion, beginning with empathy, which can be developed into unconditional compassion toward all sentient beings, and finally expanded to "great compassion," or the sense of responsibility toward all others. The latter functions as an aspirational ideal, reminding us not to be biased toward those we already love. This impartiality functions as a more stable basis for compassion and is then a guide for everyday life.
-Paradoxically, the best and wisest way to fulfill ___________, according to the Dalai Lama, is to follow the way of compassion and kind-heartedness in our daily lives.

A) social activity
B) self-interest
C) selfish motives
D) detachment

Question 69

Dalai Lama | The Ethic of Compassion
The Dalai Lama presents levels of compassion, beginning with empathy, which can be developed into unconditional compassion toward all sentient beings, and finally expanded to "great compassion," or the sense of responsibility toward all others. The latter functions as an aspirational ideal, reminding us not to be biased toward those we already love. This impartiality functions as a more stable basis for compassion and is then a guide for everyday life.
-According to the Dalai Lama, the more we are compassionate toward others, the more we provide for our own

A) equanimity.
B) detachment.
C) wealth.
D) happiness.

Question 70

Dalai Lama | The Ethic of Compassion
The Dalai Lama presents levels of compassion, beginning with empathy, which can be developed into unconditional compassion toward all sentient beings, and finally expanded to "great compassion," or the sense of responsibility toward all others. The latter functions as an aspirational ideal, reminding us not to be biased toward those we already love. This impartiality functions as a more stable basis for compassion and is then a guide for everyday life.
-It is important to remember that the Dalai Lama's sees ___________ as belonging to every sphere of activity, including the workplace.

A) indifference
B) compassion
C) intelligence
D) knowledge

Question 71

The Dalai Lama presents three levels of compassion. Describe each of these levels and how each can function in understanding one's own personal and professional roles. Do you agree with the Dalai Lama on the nature and of these levels of compassion and the possibility of achieving them in one's life? Why or why not?

Question 72

The Dalai Lama's second level of compassion includes developing the wisdom to be compassionate toward those who would harm us. How do you think this attitude might guide a professional at work, with colleagues, supervisors, and clients? Explain your answer.

Question 73

Amartya Sen | The Economics of Poverty
This reading is the transcript of an interview with Amartya Sen after he won the Nobel Prize for his work on welfare economics. He describes the profound impact that living through a famine had on him at a young age and how that came to shape his later work on the causes of poverty and hunger. He notes that while economists originally set out to merely understand the fluctuations of the market, they should then feel compelled to not only understand but also resolve the world financial crises produced by the capitalist system.
-Rather than focus on money and capital, as do most economists, Amartya Sen is concerned primarily with how capitalist economies adversely affect the

A) middle class.
B) upper class.
C) poor and the hungry.
D) government.

Question 74

Amartya Sen | The Economics of Poverty
This reading is the transcript of an interview with Amartya Sen after he won the Nobel Prize for his work on welfare economics. He describes the profound impact that living through a famine had on him at a young age and how that came to shape his later work on the causes of poverty and hunger. He notes that while economists originally set out to merely understand the fluctuations of the market, they should then feel compelled to not only understand but also resolve the world financial crises produced by the capitalist system.
-According to Sen, famine is not just caused by a shortage of food but by

A) unemployment.
B) a drop in income.
C) death and disease.
D) both a and b

Question 75

Amartya Sen | The Economics of Poverty
This reading is the transcript of an interview with Amartya Sen after he won the Nobel Prize for his work on welfare economics. He describes the profound impact that living through a famine had on him at a young age and how that came to shape his later work on the causes of poverty and hunger. He notes that while economists originally set out to merely understand the fluctuations of the market, they should then feel compelled to not only understand but also resolve the world financial crises produced by the capitalist system.
-Successful East Asian economies, according to Sen,

A) used the market efficiently but non-dogmatically.
B) let the government expand its educational base and help with health care.
C) supervised land reform.
D) all of the above

Question 76

Amartya Sen | The Economics of Poverty
This reading is the transcript of an interview with Amartya Sen after he won the Nobel Prize for his work on welfare economics. He describes the profound impact that living through a famine had on him at a young age and how that came to shape his later work on the causes of poverty and hunger. He notes that while economists originally set out to merely understand the fluctuations of the market, they should then feel compelled to not only understand but also resolve the world financial crises produced by the capitalist system.
-Sen states that economists could help to solve world financial crises by analyzing the experience of countries with

A) bull markets.
B) bear markets.
C) successful economies.
D) failed economies.

Question 77

Amartya Sen | The Economics of Poverty
This reading is the transcript of an interview with Amartya Sen after he won the Nobel Prize for his work on welfare economics. He describes the profound impact that living through a famine had on him at a young age and how that came to shape his later work on the causes of poverty and hunger. He notes that while economists originally set out to merely understand the fluctuations of the market, they should then feel compelled to not only understand but also resolve the world financial crises produced by the capitalist system.
-According to Sen, the ___________ of people who are thrown into turmoil when economies go wrong should be the focus of political intervention.

A) predicament
B) policies
C) cultures
D) benefit
Essay Question

Question 78

Sen remarks that whereas economists originally set out to understand market fluctuations, the difficult turmoil caused by the market to those without a safety net should be a top priority now for economists. Do you agree with his assessment? Why or why not? Explain your answer.

Question 79

Rachel Smolkin | Off the Sidelines
Smolkin writes about the conflict for journalists when they are required on the one hand to be objective observers and on the other to respond as human beings to suffering and tragedy. Her experience reporting on the inexcusable lack of government help during Katrina changed her from a hard-line view (journalists should only report, never help victims) to feeling that helping out does not compromise one's impartiality and objectivity in reporting a tragedy.
-One of the most basic tenets of professional journalism has been that journalists ___________ intervene in the stories they are covering.

A) are able to
B) are not able to
C) should
D) should not

Question 80

Rachel Smolkin | Off the Sidelines
Smolkin writes about the conflict for journalists when they are required on the one hand to be objective observers and on the other to respond as human beings to suffering and tragedy. Her experience reporting on the inexcusable lack of government help during Katrina changed her from a hard-line view (journalists should only report, never help victims) to feeling that helping out does not compromise one's impartiality and objectivity in reporting a tragedy.
-Before Katrina, Smolkin felt that journalists would compromise their ___________ if they inserted themselves into the situations they were covering as reporters.

A) detachment
B) objectivity
C) observation
D) humanity