Deck 8: Chronic Health Problems: Risk Factors, Prevention, Adjustment, and Management

Question 1

The World Health Organization describes chronic diseases as being of ________ duration and generally ________ progression

A) long; slow
B) long; fast
C) short; slow
D) short; fast

Answer 1

A

Question 2

________ is an example of a health problem that is chronic, but is not necessarily a "disease" in and of itself.

A) Cardiovascular disease
B) Cancer
C) Chronic pain
D) Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Answer 2

C

Question 3

In Canada, the link between chronic conditions and death ________.

A) becomes relevant only for people over 65
B) is strong only for ethnic minorities
C) is becoming less relevant due to the advances of health care in Canada and other developed countries
D) is very important, with chronic conditions accounting for the vast majority of deaths

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The following statement regarding the demographic of chronic conditions is not true: ________.

A) Indigenous populations in Canada are more likely to develop heart disease than the general population
B) Canada has a low rate of pediatric inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), compared to the rest of the world
C) Disparities, compared to the general population, in the prevalence of chronic conditions occurs among people living in rural areas
D) The incidence of chronic health problems increases with age

Question 5

The following statement regarding the economic impact of chronic conditions in Canada is not true: ________.

A) Chronic conditions can produce a loss of income to the individual affected
B) Chronic conditions impact the national economy via loss of productivity
C) Acute health issues have an even larger impact than chronic conditions
D) Chronic conditions account for a larger share of direct health care costs in the United States, compared to Canada

Question 6

In Canada and the US, ________ are in combination the leading causes of death.

A) cancer and traffic accidents
B) heart disease and infectious diseases
C) cancer and heart disease
D) alcohol, substance use, and smoking

Question 7

The most devastating consequence of many chronic diseases is ________.

A) physical disability
B) psychological distress
C) loss of life
D) fatigue and sleep problems

Question 8

________ and chronic health problems commonly co-occur, which makes adjustment more difficult.

A) Surgical intervention
B) Acute injury
C) Mental health concerns
D) Inflammation

Question 9

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) ________.

A) is a functional disorder
B) typically results in permanent damage to the intestines
C) increases the risk of colon cancer or bleeding
D) is a chronic autoimmune disease

Question 10

Stress has been documented as a strong risk factor for all of the following chronic conditions except ________.

A) cardiovascular disease
B) multiple sclerosis (MS)
C) inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
D) irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

Question 11

All of the following statements are true about both irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease except ________.

A) both increase the risk of cancer
B) both are chronic
C) both can be severe, debilitating conditions
D) both conditions involve chronic gut inflammation

Question 12

Among the potentially modifiable risk factors considered in a study about prevention of severe chronic conditions by the Public Health Agency of Canada, the one that was not mentioned was ________.

A) stress
B) smoking
C) heavy drinking
D) inactivity

Question 13

North American youth (aged 5-17) earned a low score about the minimum recommended amount of weekly physical activity. This situation is not expected to impact adversely ________.

A) blood pressure values
B) body composition
C) blood cholesterol levels
D) the risk of cancer

Question 14

Among Canadian adults (18 or older), only about 20 per cent meet the minimum weekly recommended levels of physical activity. As a consequence, we can expect an increased risk of ________.

A) premature death
B) stroke
C) heart disease
D) all of the above

Question 15

Working night shifts is strongly associated with a higher risk of all of the following conditions except _________.

A) diabetes
B) cardiovascular issues
C) hypertension
D) cancer

Question 16

________ inevitably interferes with one's regular sleeping pattern, and that impact can be so severe that the World Health Organization has classified this type of work as a possible contributor to illness.

A) Night work
B) Environmental work
C) Customer service work
D) Social work

Question 17

In North America, heavy drinking is ________.

A) on the rise
B) declining
C) on the rise, but only in men
D) on the rise, but only in women

Question 18

Smoking is the leading preventable cause of premature death. Because this habit starts most often at young age, it has been observed that ________.

A) when the habit is acquired early in life it is easier to quit later
B) the younger one starts to smoke, the harder is to quit later in life
C) when the habit is acquired early in life it is easier to quit later, but only among women
D) only among people with low SES the younger one starts to smoke, the harder is to quit later in life

Question 19

Type-A personalities are characterized by all of the following except ________.

A) elevated neuroticism
B) elevated conscientiousness and self-discipline
C) high hostility
D) chronic inflammation

Question 20

In patients with chronic diseases, poor adherence to the prescribed treatment(s) can be influenced by ________.

A) a complicated medication regime
B) insufficient information from provider of care
C) disease-related factors
D) all of the above

Question 21

________ coping involves actively engaging in strategies, such as solving problems, gathering information, seeking support, and actively thinking through one's emotional experience.

A) Approach-oriented
B) Avoidance-oriented
C) Activity-oriented
D) Achievement-oriented

Question 22

________ has become a particularly popular online platform for health promotion and disease management.

A) Facebook
B) Twitter
C) Instagram
D) Snapchat

Question 23

________ is a process in which a person is actively engaged in understanding and implementing the day-to-day tasks involved in managing his or her chronic health problem.

A) Self-medicating
B) Self-monitoring
C) Self-management
D) Self-measurement

Question 24

Jon Kabat-Zinn originally developed mindfulness-based stress reduction (MSBR) in the early 1990s for ________.

A) patients with chronic pain
B) patients facing surgery
C) end-stage cancer patients
D) patients with an acute injury

Question 25

Briefly outline how chronic health conditions affect health care systems.

Question 26

Please describe the demographic disparities in the distribution of chronic health conditions.

Question 27

List the consequences of chronic conditions that are common to all conditions and that, as a consequence, are frequently targeted by health psychologists.

Question 28

Briefly outline the main avenues through which health psychologists can intervene in chronic diseases.

Question 29

List the factors affecting prevention of chronic conditions.

Question 30

Briefly indicate how stress can affect prevention of chronic conditions

Question 31

List lifestyle-linked risk factors for chronic conditions.

Question 32

Briefly describe how physical inactivity can affect the risk of developing chronic health conditions.

Question 33

Briefly describe how sleep habits can affect the risk of developing chronic health conditions

Question 34

Outline how eating habits, smoking, and alcohol can impact the risk of developing chronic health conditions.

Question 35

(a) Describe the disparities in the prevalence of several chronic health conditions, the access to treatment, and the outcomes among people belonging to in ethnic minorities, living in rural areas, and with lower education and/or income.
(b) Outline strategies at various levels, including policy changes, that in your view should help mitigate these disparities.

Question 36

Chronic health conditions are largely an issue with elderly people, in a context of populations that are aging substantially. Outline (a) how medical services need to change to address this rapidly evolving landscape, and (b) what role you envision for health psychologists, particularly in relationship to the medical providers.

Question 37

Discuss how current advances in technology could, in the near future, benefit the treatment of chronic health conditions, with a particular emphasis on the role of health psychologists.

Question 38

Using examples, explain how psychological co-morbidity can affect adjustment to a variety of chronic health conditions.

Question 39

Using examples, describe how certain personality traits can affect disease adjustment, then indicate how these observations can be used to provide guidance for the therapeutic approach by the health psychologist.