Deck 15: Cross-Cultural Issues in Health Psychology

Question 1

The term ________ is almost always linked to the idea of biological variation between groups.

A) "race"
B) "ethnicity"
C) "culture"
D) "collective consciousness"

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The term ________ generally refers to a set of values, ideals, beliefs, and assumptions about life that are shared among a particular group of people.

A) "race"
B) "ethnicity"
C) "culture"
D) "collective consciousness"

Answer 2

C

Question 3

The concept of "race" ________.

A) is based on rigorous genetic evidence
B) reflects how others assign individuals to categories, or how people self-identify
C) is synonymous with "ethnicity"
D) is defined by the APA as "the acceptance of the group mores and practices of one's culture of origin and concomitant sense of belonging"

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The concept of "culture" is so important in health psychology because ________

A) it avoids the controversial concept of race
B) all members of any ethnic group are producers and consumers of culture
C) it leaves written traces
D) it influences how people view illness, symptoms, and the health care system

Question 5

________ was not included in the original framework of Hofstede's value dimensions of culture.

A) Individualism-collectivism
B) Masculinity-femininity
C) Confucian dynamism
D) Power distance

Question 6

According to the meta-analysis by Taras and Kirkman (2010), Hofstede's value dimensions of culture could most accurately predict participants' ________.

A) religious attitudes
B) job satisfaction
C) emotional responses, such as depression and anxiety
D) perceived sense of justice

Question 7

Vaughn and colleagues (2009) did not identify ________ as a factor influenced by culturally-controlled health beliefs.

A) feelings about medical treatment
B) beliefs about disease and wellness
C) use of traditional medicine
D) fear of death

Question 8

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) stresses ________ to a greater extent than does Western medicine.

A) holistic views and the balance of energy
B) the influence of evil spirits and the balance of energy
C) the influence of evil spirits and holistic views
D) holistic and religious views

Question 9

________ is not one of the five elements of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM).

A) Wood
B) Water
C) Smoke
D) Metal

Question 10

Among Indigenous persons, ________ and its complications are particularly prevalent, with rates three to five times higher than the general population.

A) infection
B) contagious illness
C) diabetes
D) arthritis

Question 11

The effects of culture stress have been particularly prominent among Canada's Aboriginal youth population, leading to a disproportionate incidence of ________.

A) suicide
B) reduced workforce participation
C) substance abuse
D) all of the above

Question 12

________ refers to non-mainstream approaches to health that are used in place of conventional medicine, whereas ________ refers to non-mainstream approaches used in conjunction with conventional medicine.

A) Complementary medicine; alternative medicine
B) Alternative medicine; complementary medicine
C) Concurrent medicine; consecutive medicine
D) Consecutive medicine; concurrent medicine

Question 13

The following statement regarding diabetes in the US Hispanic population is not correct: ________.

A) Hispanic people experience greater disparities in diabetes risk
B) Hispanic people experience greater complications from diabetes
C) Hispanic men and women experience higher diabetes-related mortality rates
D) Hispanic men experience higher diabetes-related mortality rates than Hispanic women

Question 14

The APA's Task Force on Socioeconomic Status described the ________ perspective as referring to aspects of society that promote closed perpetuation of wealth and power.

A) gradient
B) materialist
C) social class
D) existentialist

Question 15

Social determinants of health do not include ________.

A) education and literacy
B) biology and genetic endowment
C) physical environments
D) health services

Question 16

Health Canada considers ________ key determinants of health, ________ of which are socially based.

A) 12; 11
B) 15; 11
C) 12; 5
D) 15; 5

Question 17

According to Berry's (1997) two-factor model of acculturation, ________ occurs when there is low affiliation with either culture.

A) marginalization
B) assimilation
C) separation
D) integration

Question 18

According to Berry's (1997) two-factor model of acculturation, ________ involves a low affiliation with the culture of origin but a high affiliation with the new culture.

A) marginalization
B) assimilation
C) separation
D) integration

Question 19

________ are described as recurrent patterns of abnormal behaviour and troubling experience that occur specifically to a local culture/community.

A) Racial disorders
B) National contagions
C) Culture-bound syndromes
D) Ethnic diseases

Question 20

Among psychotherapists, ________ refers to care that acknowledges the importance of culture at multiple levels, is sensitive to differences in cultural dynamics, and adapts services to meet the client's culturally unique needs.

A) cultural competence
B) cultural compliance
C) cultural empathy
D) cultural emotionality

Question 21

The following statement regarding studies of the cross-cultural understanding of postpartum depression is not true: ________.

A) Women from all of the studied countries attributed insufficient sleep and fatigue to unhappiness following delivery
B) The term "postnatal depression" was consistently used across cultures
C) Not all of the cultural groups considered morbid unhappiness abnormal
D) Not all of the cultural groups believed that postpartum depression requires professional treatment

Question 22

________ refers to a general, ongoing awareness of and responsiveness to cultural differences and similarities.

A) Cultural sensitivity
B) Patient-centred cultural sensitivity
C) Cultural competence
D) Community-centred cultural sensitivity

Question 23

According to Fisher and Kalbaugh, minority research participants, while under-represented in ________ clinical trials, are actually over-represented in phase ________ trials.

A) phase I; phase III
B) phase III; phase I
C) phase II; phase I
D) phase I; phase II

Question 24

________ was not one of the strategies recommended for researchers by Kao et al. (2004) to better integrate the concept of culture into their study designs.

A) Combining quantitative and qualitative approaches
B) Mixed-methods research
C) Ignoring historical contexts for populations
D) Choosing culturally sensitive instruments and frameworks

Question 25

The term "uncertainty avoidance" is used ________

A) in Hofstede's value dimensions of culture
B) when studying coping and stress
C) in the two-factor model of acculturation
D) when studying chronic pain in the elderly

Question 26

Briefly describe one strategic goal of health psychologists within societies that are becoming more ethnically and culturally diverse.

Question 27

Explain why the biopsychosocial model is particularly useful in the field of health psychology as it relates to ethnic minorities.

Question 28

Outline three independent ways in which culture can alter the outcome of cancer.

Question 29

Outline three ways in which cancer prevention and care can become more sensitive to cultural differences and, therefore, more effective.

Question 30

Briefly describe the three different styles of health attributions identified by Kottak (2011).

Question 31

Briefly explain the relationship between health beliefs and health attributions.

Question 32

Briefly describe the relationship between health disparities and ethnic status.

Question 33

List the key determinants of health considered by Health Canada.

Question 34

Briefly describe Berry's (1997) two-factor model of acculturation.

Question 35

Compare and contrast the concept of "culture" with that of "ethnicity" in health psychology.

Question 36

Describe and discuss Hofstede's value dimensions of culture.

Question 37

Discuss the current criticism of Hofstede's value dimensions of culture.

Question 38

Discuss why First Nations people living on a reserve have much higher rates of diabetes than those living off the reserve.

Question 39

Describe and discuss the Hispanic paradox.