Deck 26: Measuring and Evaluating Poverty

Question 1

When were the first comprehensive poverty studies undertaken in England?

A) Early eighteenth century
B) Late eighteenth century
C) Early nineteenth century
D) Late nineteenth century
E) Early twentieth century

Answer 1

E

Question 2

What impact did the rising standard of living have on the concept of poverty?

A) A shift from absolute to relative poverty
B) Moving the benchmark of poverty from $1-a-day to $3-a-day
C) Shifting from quantitative to qualitative measurements of poverty
D) Inclusion of the middle class as "poor"
E) Moved poverty to the forefront of social issues.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Who received a Nobel Peace Prize for the idea of the "capability approach" to eradicating poverty?

A) Peter Townsend
B) Lester Pearson
C) Amartya Sen
D) Muhammad Yunus
E) Steve Jobs

Answer 3

C

Question 4

What is the most prominent approach to measuring poverty?

A) Structural poverty
B) Monetary poverty
C) Relative poverty
D) Moderate poverty
E) Human poverty

Question 5

How is the "welfare measure" most commonly assessed?

A) By the poverty line
B) By the means necessary to participate fully in society
C) By the amount someone earns
D) By the median wage
E) By the amount one spends

Question 6

What level of welfare constitutes poverty in a particular community?

A) $1.50-a-day
B) Marginal incomes in a given political community
C) Standard deviation of income based on the Gini coefficient
D) The threshold between poor and not poor
E) Household incomes

Question 7

How is an absolute poverty line established?

A) Cost of a minimum consumption basket
B) The marginal household income
C) The caloric intake needed for survival
D) The average household income
E) The amount needed to participate in society

Question 8

What is the World Bank's International Extreme Poverty Line also known as?

A) The "dollar a day" line
B) The World Bank threshold
C) The starvation line
D) The relative poverty line
E) The UNDP line

Question 9

What percentage of median income is commonly used to assess relative poverty lines?

A) 30 per cent
B) 40 per cent
C) 50 per cent
D) 60 per cent
E) 70 per cent

Question 10

What is the poverty headcount index?

A) Number of people below relative poverty line divided by national households
B) An estimated number of people below the poverty line
C) Number of people below the poverty line divided by the total population
D) An estimated number of people receiving welfare benefits
E) The absolute number of people living below the poverty line

Question 11

What does the poverty gap index provide insight into?

A) How deep poverty is
B) Individual shortfalls from the poverty line
C) How many people live in poverty
D) How severe poverty is
E) How big the gap is between the poor and non-poor

Question 12

To whom does the poverty severity index give greater weight?

A) Those who earn the bottom 2 per cent of income
B) Those further away from the poverty line
C) Those whose poverty is intersectional with other disadvantages
D) Those who require state assistance to live day to day
E) Those on the border of absolute and relative poverty

Question 13

Which of the following is a substantial critique of the monetary approach to poverty?

A) Everything needed for a minimum standard of living has a monetary value.
B) Everything can be bought on markets.
C) Specific income levels will be spent on basic needs.
D) Household income is distributed so that individuals will meet their respective needs.
E) All of the above

Question 14

According to Streeten and Burki, what has been the result of aggregate economic growth?

A) It has steadily lifted people out of poverty at the aggregate level.
B) It has demonstrated reduced extreme poverty levels.
C) It has done little for the bottom half of the developing world's population.
D) It has little correlation with poverty.
E) It has generated sufficient resources to meaningfully tackle global poverty.

Question 15

What is the utility of aggregate indices?

A) They provide quick overviews of trends.
B) They provide sectoral feedback.
C) They easily display like-groups.
D) They provide comparable data sets.
E) They quickly display cross regional data.

Question 16

Which of the following measurements do both the monetary and multi-dimensional approaches use?

A) Welfare measure
B) Poverty line
C) Poverty measure
D) All of the above
E) None of the above

Question 17

Which organization established the Human Development Index?

A) UN Commission on Trade and Development
B) UN Development Program
C) Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
D) The World Bank
E) The Development Assistance Countries

Question 18

How is the Multidimensional Poverty Index different from the Human Development Index?

A) It can be weighted for different measurements of poverty.
B) It is rooted in Sen's capability approach.
C) It measures both poverty and inequality at the national level.
D) It captures household data rather than national data.
E) They are the same in function but different in form.

Question 19

According to the Multidimensional Poverty Index, what percentage of the combined population in the 105 countries covered lived in poverty in 2018?

A) 10 per cent
B) 45 per cent
C) 23 per cent
D) 50 per cent
E) 66 per cent

Question 20

Which of the following tools is useful for identifying the overlap between the monetary and multidimensional approaches to poverty?

A) Marginal poverty assessment
B) Venn diagram
C) Cross vector analysis
D) The capability approach
E) Raw data comparison

Question 21

Why is Rwanda an interesting case in terms of measured and experienced poverty?

A) Measured poverty is up but experienced poverty is down.
B) There is a strong correlation between measured and experienced poverty.
C) Inverse correlation between increased measured poverty and decreased experienced poverty.
D) Measured poverty is down but experienced poverty is up.
E) There is no significant connection between the two indicators.

Question 22

Which country introduced the Gross National Happiness Index as a way to measure non-economic aspects of life?

A) Colombia
B) Nepal
C) Bhutan
D) South Africa
E) Rwanda

Question 23

After rejecting traditional economic measures of development, what tool has Bhutan adopted?

A) Individual Deprivation Measurement
B) Gross National Happiness
C) Human Development Index
D) Rural Poverty Index
E) Perceived Poverty Index

Question 24

What kind of data was used in Colombia's MPI to create poverty policies at the municipal level?

A) Individual Deprivation Measures
B) Ethnographic data
C) Local polling data
D) Housing data
E) Census data

Question 25

What is the final step in measuring poverty?

A) Fund local service providers
B) Monitor progress
C) Report on best practices
D) Adopt poverty reduction measures
E) Test results with another indicator

Question 26

In comparison to the Millennium Goals, how do the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) differ in relation to poverty reduction?

A) They acknowledge that poverty is about more than lack of income
B) They acknowledge that poverty is constituted by deprivation in areas other than income
C) They emphasize the need for poverty reduction for all
D) They include space for national definitions and measure of poverty in addition to internationally comparable measures
E) All of the above

Question 27

Where has extreme poverty decreased most markedly over the past three decades?

A) China and India
B) Colombia
C) Bhutan
D) Pakistan and Uganda
E) South Africa

Question 28

What is the name of the index that was invented by The Economist in 1986 as a light-hearted version of the PPP principle?

A) The "Cheeseburger Index"
B) The "Whopper Index"
C) The "Big Mac Index"
D) The "Pizza Index"
E) The "Hamburger Index"

Question 29

Who advocated for "putting the last first" and pioneered participatory approaches that take account of people's voices in development processes?

A) Amartya Sen
B) Robert Chambers
C) Peter Townsend
D) Benjamin Rowntree
E) Streeten and Burki

Question 30

How many people in the 28 countries of the European Union were living in poverty?

A) 736 million
B) 200.6 million
C) 112.8 million
D) 355 million
E) 524.3 million

Question 31

Poverty has a specific definition that is universally accepted.

Question 32

Rising living standards in the West shifted the focus from absolute to relative poverty.

Question 33

Monetary approaches to poverty focus on monetary resources as an indicator of living standards.

Question 34

Monetary poverty measurement is a direct approach to poverty measurement.

Question 35

Amartya Sen developed the "capability approach."

Question 36

The monetary approach to poverty measurement requires assessing how much money someone has.

Question 37

Assessing how much money someone has is easier in high-income countries than low-income countries.

Question 38

It is easier to assess how much someone spends or consumes than earns.

Question 39

Welfare is established at the individual level.

Question 40

An absolute poverty line is usually based on average incomes.

Question 41

The "dollar a day" measurement is also known as the International Poverty Line.

Question 42

The "food poverty line" is based on the average caloric intake in a given community.

Question 43

Purchasing power parity allows for comparative analysis between states.

Question 44

The "poverty headcount index" is very accurate but rarely used.

Question 45

Amartya Sen contrasts capabilities with freedom.

Question 46

The Human Development Index measures health, education, and living standards.

Question 47

Monetary and multidimensional measures of poverty are highly convergent.

Question 48

Robert Chambers argues for putting the experiences of the poor at the centre of development.

Question 49

Bhutan has adopted the Gross National Happiness index instead of more conventional measures.

Question 50

Rwanda demonstrates the possible dissonance between poverty measures and experiences.

Question 51

A Venn diagram can be used to demonstrate where the monetary poor and multidimensional poor overlap.

Question 52

The absolute poverty line is now most widely used in European countries.

Question 53

The absolute poverty line remains the most widely used method in low-income countries.

Question 54

The proportion and numbers of people living in extreme monetary poverty across the globe has decreased considerably in the past three decades.

Question 55

COVID-19 may have a negative severe impact on monetary poverty in the coming years.

Question 56

Qualitative and participatory studies of poverty have become increasingly commonplace.

Question 57

Poverty measurement is crucial for informing policy-making.

Question 58

While multi-dimensional poverty approaches remain dominant, monetary measures are increasingly being adopted to inform policy formulation at the national level.

Question 59

The "traffic light" reporting system triggers alerts when progress towards any poverty reduction target falls off track.

Question 60

Poverty is in the "eye of the beholder".

Question 61

What was the result of Benjamin Rowntree's study on living conditions in York?

Question 62

What is monetary poverty?

Question 63

Why is the monetary measure assessed on how much one consumes instead of how much one earns?

Question 64

Should absolute or relative poverty be used in establishing the poverty line?

Question 65

How are the international poverty lines established?

Question 66

How has the absolute poverty line been critiqued?

Question 67

What is the poverty gap index?

Question 68

What motivated the rise of the measurement of multi-dimensional poverty?

Question 69

What are the social exclusion methods?

Question 70

What are the issues identified with the measurement of multi-dimensional poverty?

Question 71

What is the Multidimensional Poverty Index?

Question 72

Why might policy makers need to go beyond simply comparing monetary and multidimensional indices of poverty?

Question 73

What does "putting the last first" mean?

Question 74

What is a poverty profile? Which monetary measures are used in its construction?

Question 75

What is the Gross National Happiness index?

Question 76

What have the global trends in extreme poverty looked like over the past thirty years?

Question 77

What is the function of the purchasing power parity?

Question 78

What is the capability approach and how is it different than the monetary approach?

Question 79

What is the Multiple Overlapping Deprivation Analysis (MODA)?

Question 80

What are Participatory Poverty Assessments and how have they been used?