Deck 14: China and the Emerging Economies

Question 1

What grouping of states best embodies the emerging economies in the twenty-first century?

A) NICs
B) EMNCs
C) BRICS
D) NAM
E) OECD

Answer 1

C

Question 2

What is a key difference between the Western and Chinese models of development?

A) The Western model is rooted in its imperial past while the Chinese model is neo-colonial.
B) The Western model is focused on economic development while the Chinese model is geopolitical.
C) The Western model is tied to human rights while the Chinese model is tied to economic rights.
D) The Western model is aligned with the UNDR while the Chinese model is based on self-interest.
E) The Western model is both economic and ideological while the Chinese model is only economic.

Answer 2

E

Question 3

Which of the following is explicitly stated in China's 2011 White Paper on Foreign Aid?

A) Mandatory review of political impact of all development projects
B) China first policy
C) Close alignment with best practices as described by the UNDP
D) Ensuring no harm to at risk people
E) Imposing no political conditions

Answer 3

E

Question 4

Critics such as former Nigerian Central Bank Governor Lamido Sanusi view the relationship between China and African economies as which of the following?

A) Win-lose
B) One-sided
C) Zero-sum
D) Win-win
E) Lose-lose

Question 5

How did development under Chairman Mao differ from China's development policy today?

A) Contemporary policy is more equitable than under Chairman Mao.
B) Chairman Mao put ideology first versus the contemporary focus on economics.
C) Chairman Mao spent more time cultivating personal contacts than contemporary leaders.
D) Contemporary policy is more in line with global norms than that of Chairman Mao.
E) There is no significant change in policy.

Question 6

Which of the following is a Chinese move to indicate displeasure at a lack of reform in the global economic/political order?

A) The creation of the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank
B) Boycotting the G7 summits
C) Creating the BRICS
D) Increased funding for the military
E) Decreased holding of Western currencies

Question 7

Which of the following are constituent elements of China's "One Belt, One Road" Initiative?

A) Silk Road Economic Belt and Maritime Silk Road
B) Maritime Silk Road and the Rice Belt
C) Spoke and hub economic model
D) Spoke and hub political model
E) From Africa to China and back

Question 8

Which of the following is a joint venture of the BRICS?

A) Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank
B) The Shanghai Cooperation Group
C) New Development Bank
D) The Non-Aligned Movement
E) The G20

Question 9

How did the US characterize the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank at its inception?

A) A complementary body to the IFIs
B) A threat to the global economic order
C) A mistake by the Chinese state given their fiscal instability
D) A good investment opportunity for Western states
E) A soft-power tool of the Chinese state

Question 10

Beyond development finance, the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank signifies ____________.

A) institutionalizing China's financial power globally
B) the first step towards financial transparency
C) a move towards mainstreaming Chinese foreign policy
D) a conciliatory gesture towards regional economies
E) a multilateral approach to Chinese foreign policy

Question 11

What role do BRICS members advocate for South-South cooperation?

A) As an alternative to North-South cooperation
B) As a parallel to North-North cooperation
C) As a rallying point for states in the Global South
D) As a supplement to North-South cooperation
E) As a challenge to Western ideological hegemony

Question 12

What is a key distinguishing feature that sets China apart from the other BRICS?

A) Its size in terms of population compared to the other four states.
B) Its claim to democratic credential is quite distinct from the other four states.
C) Its decision-making structure is more transparent than the other four states.
D) Its economic potential is greater than the other four states combined.
E) It is more politically stable than the other four states.

Question 13

At the second Belt and Road Forum in 2019, President Xi Jinping adopted policies that strengthened emphasis on _____________________.

A) multilateralism in terms of consultation, joint contribution, and shared benefits
B) open, clean, green cooperation
C) following the norms of international/participating countries and the ensuring fiscal sustainability
D) All of the above
E) None of the above

Question 14

Where was the first BRICS Summit held?

A) India
B) Russia
C) Brazil
D) China
E) South Africa

Question 15

The primary function of the New Development Bank is to _______________.

A) put Chinese foreign reserves into circulation
B) create a vehicle for developing states to divest themselves of IFI interference
C) open markets for the BRICS
D) establish a standing body opposed to IFI investment
E) invest in infrastructure in developing countries

Question 16

Politically, what is a core tenet of the BRICS?

A) Non-intervention in the domestic affairs of their partner states
B) An insistence on domestic stability as a condition of partnerships
C) A veto for each member in order to secure their respective national interests
D) A pledge to defend each member from outside interference
E) An agreement to remain neutral in third-party conflicts

Question 17

How does IBSA differ from the BRICS?

A) IBSA is a financial monitoring group within the BRICS.
B) IBSA prioritizes democracy and includes India, Brazil, and South Africa.
C) IBSA is a coordinating mechanism for the New Development Bank.
D) IBSA requires political conditionalities for development projects.
E) IBSA works with the IFIs whereas the BRICS are opposed to the IFIs.

Question 18

What is the relationship between the SDGs and the emerging economies, particularly the BRICS?

A) Symbiotic
B) Unclear given the lack of concrete positioning by the emerging economies
C) The BRICS represent a clear challenge to the Western domination represented by the SDGs
D) The SDGs are a via medium that provides a means of cooperation
E) The SDGs and BRICS are fundamentally incompatible

Question 19

How has China supported other countries during the COVID-19 emergency?

A) By aggressive vaccination campaigns
B) By sending personal protective equipment
C) By closing its borders on time
D) By sending experts epidemiologists
E) It has not sent any support

Question 20

Has China suspended debt payments to other countries during the COVID-19 pandemic?

A) No
B) Only to 25 countries
C) Only to countries in Asia
D) Yes, mainly to developing countries
E) Yes, but they did not do so until 2021

Question 21

How was Chinese aid during COVID-19 pandemic received?

A) Readily by all countries
B) It was denied by most countries
C) It was accepted by most countries
D) It was appreciated by not often accepted
E) With criticism

Question 22

How did the Chinese government respond to the international criticism against its international aid response during COVID-19?

A) With military interventions
B) With more aid
C) With rejection
D) With frustration
E) With shame

Question 23

To what extent is cooperation among BRICS growing?

A) From openness to distrust
B) From bilateralism to multilateralism
C) From multilateralism to bilateralism
D) From socialism to capitalism
E) From local to regional

Question 24

How are BRICS responding to the increased importance of international development?

A) By restructuring their international development bureaucracies collectively
B) With more bilateralism
C) By restructuring their international development agencies
D) By restructuring their international development bureaucracies individually
E) By restructuring their international development bureaucracies through multilateralism

Question 25

How have BRICS contributed to international development?

A) By providing much-needed investment
B) By providing much-needed bureaucracies
C) By competing against developing countries
D) By including only developed countries
E) By adopting World Bank policies

Question 26

How does the impact of BRICS countries compare to that of developed economies?

A) BRICS's impact is bigger than developed economies
B) BRICS's impact is limited to social issues
C) BRICS's impact is small but catching up to developed economies
D) BRICS's impact is small and not growing
E) BRICS's impact is bigger than developed economies but decreasing

Question 27

How is the principle of non-interference problematic?

A) It is not controversial at all
B) It creates conditionality for assistance
C) It is incompatible with international assistance
D) It is the major obstacle among BRICS members
E) It is controversial, especially with regards to claims of human rights violations

Question 28

What is the non-intervention principle?

A) An intervention in the domestic affairs of partners
B) A principle that has been left out among BRICS members
C) A principle of non-intervention in the domestic affairs among BRICS partners
D) A condition for not intervening in China's domestic affairs
E) A principle of non-intervention in the domestic affairs among BRICS and other developing countries that are their partners

Question 29

What is one of the main characteristics of the New Development Bank?

A) Bilateralism
B) Multilateralism operated by BRICS members
C) Multilateralism operated by the World Bank
D) Multilateralism operated by developing countries that are partners of BRICS
E) None of the above

Question 30

Where is the headquarter of the New Development Bank?

A) In China
B) In South Africa
C) In Peru
D) In Russia
E) In Mexico

Question 31

There is consensus on the role and significance of emerging economies.

Question 32

Critics argue China's core interest is in accessing raw materials and exporting its labour and goods.

Question 33

China published its first White Paper on Foreign Aid in 1991.

Question 34

China's current foreign and aid policy is sharply disconnected from its past.

Question 35

China's foreign aid policy is a unified structure within the State Council.

Question 36

The legitimacy of the Chinese state is dependent on ideological rigidity.

Question 37

The Silk Road Economic Belt links China through to Africa along the historical Silk Road.

Question 38

The Maritime Silk Road (MSR) is meant to complement the Silk Road Economic Belt (SREB).

Question 39

Though built upon the structure of existing multilateral development banks, the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank provides mechanisms to allow a greater voice for regional and smaller members.

Question 40

The US argues that the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) is a soft-power tool of China.

Question 41

The Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) accounts for 63 per cent of global GDP.

Question 42

The BRICS are united by a shared geography, history, culture, and value system.

Question 43

Of the BRICS, only China and India have increased development assistance despite slowing growth.

Question 44

The BRICS members state that the New Development Bank (NDB) is not intended to challenge or replace the IMF and the World Bank, though some observers see the NDB and the Contingent Reserve Arrangement as institutions that challenge these Western-dominated institutions.

Question 45

Voting rights in the New Development Bank are commensurate with capital investments.

Question 46

The BRICS believe that the term "foreign aid" has connotations of an unequal relationship.

Question 47

To date, the BRICS's role in development is on par with developed economies.

Question 48

The presence of the emerging economies is seen as integral to the delivery of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

Question 49

Key initiatives by South Korea are the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and establishment of the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB).

Question 50

The key initiatives of the Chinese government in terms of the BRI and the AIIB are not only economic and financial but also political.

Question 51

AIIB is China's most important and ambitious initiative.

Question 52

BRI is made up of both maritime and terrestrial infrastructure projects.

Question 53

By early 2020, 143 countries had signed up to the BRI, but Italy became the first G7 power to block it up.

Question 54

The Hambanota port has been profitable, despite feasibility studies that argued it would be unprofitable.

Question 55

Sri Lanka has become increasingly financially dependent on China due to the Hambanota port development project.

Question 56

Countries such as Pakistan, Malaysia, Bangladesh, and Maldives had sought to renegotiate, cancel, or scale-down BRI projects.

Question 57

The AIIB builds upon the structure of existing multilateral development banks.

Question 58

The open, transparent, and merit-based selection of the president and vice president of the AIIB provides new legal standards for multilateral development banks.

Question 59

The AIIB provides mechanisms to prevent a greater voice for regional and smaller members.

Question 60

The US has supported the creation of AIIB from the beginning.

Question 61

At the broadest level, what are the pros and cons to China as a development actor?

Question 62

What is meant by "foreign aid with Chinese characteristics"?

Question 63

Describe the methods China uses to build relationships with developing nations, particularly those in sub-Saharan Africa.

Question 64

How has China's role as a development actor been altered by the COVID-19 pandemic?

Question 65

What are some critiques of China's role as a development actor?

Question 66

How has China's understanding of "development" differed from many Western countries?

Question 67

How has Chinese development changed over time?

Question 68

What is China's "One Belt, One Road" initiative?

Question 69

Why is the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank controversial?

Question 70

Define and describe triangular development cooperation.

Question 71

Define and describe the BRICS.

Question 72

What are the important differences between the BRICS members?

Question 73

What is the New Development Bank?

Question 74

How do the BRICS want to change the paradigm of development itself?

Question 75

How do the BRICS, as development actors, collectively contribute something new to the field?

Question 76

What do the BRICS want in regard to the International Financial Institutions?

Question 77

How has history influenced the form and function of the BRICS development aid?

Question 78

Give examples of how multilateralism is growing among BRICS.

Question 79

What is the importance of the principle of non-intervention among BRICS and how is it controversial?

Question 80

How do BRICS differ from traditional donors of foreign aid?