Deck 8: State of the State: Does the State Have a Role in Development?

Question 1

Which of the following is the best definition of a "nation"?

A) A definite territorial and political entity, with a population that identifies itself as a common group in juxtaposition to others.
B) A sovereign country recognized by the United Nations.
C) A sovereign country capable of its own self-determination.
D) A body of people, living in a territory, aware of its own aspirations for political autonomy.
E) A group of like-minded people, regardless of their physical location.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Traditional definitions of the term "state" are often accused of being what?

A) Too inclusive
B) Exclusionary
C) Eurocentric
D) Unclear
E) Too generic

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT a part of the definition of a state?

A) It has a monopoly over the means of force within a designated territory that it controls.
B) It contains no more than two distinct ethnic groups or "nations."
C) It has legitimate support from the majority of the population living in its borders.
D) It is recognized by other states.
E) It is empowered by the population with making public decisions.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which term refers to the notion that governments require the consent of their populations to rule?

A) Autonomy
B) Dependency
C) Legitimacy
D) Hegemony
E) Democracy

Question 5

Which Indian industry collapsed under British pressure during the colonial period?

A) Spice
B) Textile
C) Tea
D) Rice
E) Cotton

Question 6

What does "state autonomy" refer to?

A) The total number of people supportable by a state.
B) The degree of insulation a state has from external and social forces.
C) A state's ability to weigh technical decisions.
D) A state's ability to defend itself.
E) How heavily the state is involved in the market.

Question 7

Which term was coined by radical development theorists to describe a state that is ruled by an elite that is tied to, or "bought out by," external interests?

A) Weberian
B) Hegemonic
C) Bureaucratic-Authoritarian
D) Compradorial
E) Hobbesian

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT a sign of the persistent difficulty that developing states face in engendering economic development?

A) Reliance on commodity exports
B) Reliance on external technology, investment, and imports
C) The "brain drain"
D) The link between military rule and the influence of other states
E) Reliance on import control schemes

Question 9

Which of the following would NOT inhibit "state capacity"?

A) Inappropriate economic systems
B) Poorly-trained personnel
C) Out-of-date equipment
D) Small budgets
E) All of the above would inhibit state capacity.

Question 10

When did the push for industrialization to "modernize" become one of the central goals of developing states?

A) 1890s
B) 1930s
C) 1960s
D) 1980s
E) 2000s

Question 11

Which of the following countries has NOT implemented a "state-planning model"?

A) India
B) Ghana
C) Cuba
D) Egypt
E) South Africa

Question 12

Over the course of the last century, debates about the role of the state in economic development have raged between whom?

A) Marxists and Keynesians
B) Keynesians and free market theorists
C) Free marketers and Marxists
D) Postmodernists and free marketers
E) Feminists and Marxists

Question 13

Where did structuralism emerge?

A) Europe
B) The United States
C) Africa
D) Latin America
E) Asia

Question 14

Which of the following is true, according to the Prebisch-Singer hypothesis?

A) Trade surpluses help reduce the price volatility of industrial goods.
B) Commodity prices are directly proportionate to industrial output.
C) Industrial goods do not move as quickly when commodity prices are volatile.
D) Commodity prices earn less over time than industrial goods prices.
E) Industrial goods prices are more volatile than commodity prices.

Question 15

According to Chalmers Johnson, which of the following was responsible for the East Asian Miracle?

A) State regulation
B) Market liberalization
C) Cultural values
D) Modernization
E) Democratization

Question 16

What term did Albert O. Hirschman use to describe the need for investment in a cluster of related industries in order to achieve industrialization?

A) Cross fertilization
B) Interdependency
C) Import substitution
D) Critical mass
E) Linkages

Question 17

Which term was first used by Chalmers Johnson to describe a state that could successfully target specific economic sectors for promotion, driving industrialization forward?

A) Developmentalist state
B) Authoritarian state
C) Classless state
D) Night Watchman state
E) Socialist state

Question 18

What metric is most often cited to critique neoliberal policies?

A) Absolute poverty
B) Brain drain
C) Income inequality
D) Growth
E) Unemployment

Question 19

In light of the disappointing results of market reforms, which of the following does mainstream economics now consider to be a key variable for successful economic growth?

A) Trade
B) Currency speculation
C) Foreign direct investment
D) Religion
E) Institutions

Question 20

What does "governance" refer to?

A) Efficient government management
B) Government-maintained social order
C) An autocratic style of government
D) The maintenance of order with as little government action as possible
E) Rule through the state rather than involving civil society in the process

Question 21

Which term refers to the "capture" of states by private sector special interest groups, who then use their influence to lobby for policies that benefit their interests?

A) Empowerment
B) Electoralism
C) Rent-seeking
D) Nepotism
E) Clientelism

Question 22

In the post-2008 financial crisis world, what two critiques have challenged neoliberal hegemony?

A) Increased global inequity and demands for labour protection in the Global South.
B) China's state-backed growth and the environmental externalities of capitalism.
C) Increased security concerns and the rising refugee crisis.
D) The challenge of the NICs and lack of American leadership.
E) Russian militarism and Chinese regional hegemony.

Question 23

What are public-private partnerships (PPPs)?

A) An attempt to marshal the best of both the private and public sectors
B) Taking expertise and efficiency from the private sector
C) Taking on public interest projects with funding from the public sector
D) Both B & C
E) All of the above

Question 24

What is a difference between the evolution of the notion of state in Europe and the developing world?

A) Mercantilism
B) Violence and abuse
C) The development of national identity
D) Ethnic plurality
E) Multilingualism

Question 25

What is clientelism?

A) The same as corruption
B) A form of corporate social responsibility
C) Favouritism for particular groups that may be legal, but is inimical to social interests
D) The "friction" in a market
E) A synonym for public-private partnerships (PPPs)

Question 26

What were colonial economies based on?

A) Statistics
B) Fair trade
C) Mercantilism
D) Free trade
E) Strong international institutions

Question 27

The COVID-19 pandemic has ___________________.

A) illustrated the unequal access to health care and medical supplies between the Global South and the Global North
B) created a temporary reverse urban flight in the Global South
C) caused the global recession to hit the Global South harder than the Global North
D) revealed the weaknesses of international organizations and the severe gaps in global health capacity
E) All of the above

Question 28

According to John Lock, how is a state legitimized?

A) By strong democratic institutions
B) When corporativism is put in place
C) By the exercise of democracy
D) When people come together voluntarily
E) Via a social contract

Question 29

How were former colonies kept dependent on central powers?

A) By the use of embargos
B) Using military power
C) Through family dynasties
D) Through fair trade
E) Through multinational companies

Question 30

What patterns of the colonial era were kept even after independence processes?

A) The combination of force and co-optation used to control populations and extract resources.
B) The combination of democratic institutions and force.
C) The extraction of natural resources.
D) The mercantilist nature of international corporations.
E) The building of railways for resource extraction.

Question 31

What role did the United States play in the growth of developing countries' economies in the 1960s?

A) It helped shaped national borders.
B) It benefitted from the miracle economies of Mexico and Brazil.
C) It combatted the Soviet Union.
D) It helped development by its expenditures and imports.
E) It provoked a process known as brain drain.

Question 32

What are the two main visions around the role of the state in development?

A) Chinese and Western
B) Asian and American
C) Compradorial or Weberian
D) Locke and Rousseau's
E) Brazilian and Mexican

Question 33

What does compradorial mean?

A) The conflict between the US and the Soviet Union after World War II
B) Ties of the developing state to external interests
C) Ties of the developing state to the US expenditure
D) Whether a foreign county invests on military adventures in a developing country
E) A Weberian perspective to the notion of state

Question 34

Traditional definitions of the term "state" are Eurocentric.

Question 35

Many former colonial states enjoy a strong sense of legitimacy among their population.

Question 36

Colonial states were often created intentionally to mix different populations together in order to control the population with a minimum of numbers.

Question 37

Jean-Jacques Rousseau and John Locke both agree on the need for consent to legitimate the state.

Question 38

Colonial states were tied into the commodity trade of the mercantilist system.

Question 39

The Cold War rivalry between the US and USSR limited aid available to post-colonial states.

Question 40

The term "compradorial" refers to a developing state where the ruling elite are linked with external interests.

Question 41

"Embedded autonomy" refers to states that avoid developing any ties with foreign or domestic elites.

Question 42

"State autonomy" could also be referred to as "insulation" from external forces.

Question 43

In the early 1960s, the push for a return to agricultural production became the main goal of developing states seeking to "modernize."

Question 44

According to Keynesianism, governments play an important role in development.

Question 45

India adopted a state planning model of industrialization.

Question 46

Structuralism argues that states were needed to destroy "bottlenecks" that prevented a market-based industrialized economy from developing naturally.

Question 47

During the 1960s, many of the World Bank's projects centred on large infrastructure projects.

Question 48

By the 1970s, stagflation and the debt crisis had made many policy makers and scholars optimistic about the state's role in development.

Question 49

The biggest challenge to neoliberalism comes from scholars who have tried to explain the impressive rise of Latin American industrializing states.

Question 50

The implementation of neoliberal policies decreased income inequality in most of the world.

Question 51

Along with their focus on governance, mainstream economists have begun to consider institutions as key variables for growth.

Question 52

Clientelism refers to the "capture" of the state by special interests that use their influence to further their own interests.

Question 53

The World Bank refers to the term "governance" to refer to its concern with how well states function in managing markets.

Question 54

An increasing share of the world's financial transactions take place in offshore tax havens.

Question 55

Alan Greenspan was a strong advocate for market-driven solutions.

Question 56

Corruption is favouritism for particular groups that may be perfectly legal but inimical to social interests.

Question 57

According to radical Marxism, the post-colonial state is a continuation of the colonial state.

Question 58

Weber thought that colonial states could never develop a government that is purposeful, rational, and legitimate.

Question 59

Latin American states lack a strong sense of nationalism, which means their autonomy is jeopardized.

Question 60

After the 1973 coup, Chile's monetary stability and relatively high growth rates acted as a demonstration of the ability of state-led development.

Question 61

Keynesian theories were not adopted after World War II.

Question 62

Public-private partnerships (PPPs) are predominantly funded by private companies.

Question 63

In the early 1960s, the push for industrialization became one of the central goals of developing states.

Question 64

The focus of good governance has encouraged most development agencies have adopted some form of "results-based management" and a recognition of the need to "consult" stakeholders.

Question 65

The "Beijing Consensus" model of development embraces state intervention in strategic sectors, including higher value-added, like technology, sectors.

Question 66

The image of socialism as a benign system for the betterment of people took a hit with the Soviet repression of rebellions in the areas it controlled, and Chinese repression of internal dissent.

Question 67

How do political philosophers define "legitimacy" in reference to the state?

Question 68

Why is the Eurocentric derivation of the modern state problematic?

Question 69

Discuss the concepts of state "capacity" and "autonomy" in a development context.

Question 70

Define and contrast the "compradorial" state and the "Weberian" state.

Question 71

Briefly present the successes and failures of state-led industrialization in countries such as the Soviet Union and China.

Question 72

Discuss the structuralist view of industrialization.

Question 73

Explain the role of the "debt crisis" on development policy.

Question 74

What factors led to the wave of conservatism that swept the world in the 1980s?

Question 75

Discuss the "Chilean miracle" in the context of the state and development.

Question 76

Explain Chalmers Johnson's argument for the success of East Asian economies.

Question 77

What were the challenges that almost immediately faced the rise of neoliberalism?

Question 78

Describe the recent mainstream turn toward a focus on institutions as a key component of economic growth.

Question 79

Compare the differences between clientelism and corruption.

Question 80

What is "governance" and what is its influence on development policy?