Deck 2: Justice and the Law

Question 1

According to Aristotle, justice consists of:

A) treating equals equally
B) treating all people equally
C) treating unequals unequally according to relevant differences
D) a and c only

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Which type of justice relates to how a political entity such as a nation-state distributes resources to its members?

A) retributive
B) distributive
C) procedural
D) substantive

Answer 2

B

Question 3

_________ justice is about rightful, merited, and deserved distribution; it is not about need.

A) retributive
B) repressive
C) procedural
D) distributive

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Under _________ justice, two people may have identical needs, but one of them may deserve a much greater portion because of his or her contributions to the community.

A) retributive
B) distributive
C) repressive
D) procedural

Question 5

____________ governments have long recognized the unjustness of exploitive concentrations of wealth and have taken legislative steps to correct it.

A) libertarian
B) aristocratic
C) democratic
D) meritocratic

Question 6

Which type of justice is concerned with how a society's system of law goes about determining guilt or innocence?

A) procedural retributive
B) procedural distributive
C) substantive retributive
D) substantive distributive

Question 7

Which type of justice is concerned with how a society's system of law goes about determining the proper (just) punishment for the guilty?

A) procedural retributive
B) procedural distributive
C) substantive retributive
D) substantive distributive

Question 8

Which type of justice involves people getting what they rightly deserve according to their behavior?

A) procedural retributive
B) procedural distributive
C) substantive retributive
D) substantive distributive

Question 9

Under what system does a convicted person pay a fine equal to a day's pay?

A) procedural
B) distributive
C) day fine
D) retributive

Question 10

Sentencing guidelines attempt to:

A) treat equals unequally
B) treat all offenders equally in accordance with the law
C) treat unequals equally according to relevant differences
D) minimize sentencing disparities

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT one of the criteria contained in the prior record section of felony sentencing worksheet?

A) previous probation, parole, or bail violations
B) number of prior felony and misdemeanor offenses
C) whether the defendant previously served prison time
D) the statutory gravity of the crime

Question 12

What was designed following a two-year study of the sentencing practices of 60 percent of Ohio's felony judges?

A) felony murder statutes
B) felony sentencing worksheet
C) distributive justice
D) mitigation sentencing grids

Question 13

According to the text, ____________ will be more fully realized when we view relevant differences exclusively as differences of conduct, not as differences of ascribed statuses.

A) equality
B) law
C) distribution
D) justice

Question 14

Which of the following is not a theory or philosophy of law but rather the study of legal decision making?

A) legal realism
B) legal positivism
C) legal evolutionism
D) legal transcendentalism

Question 15

For legal realists, law is ____________; that is, law by itself does not fully determine the outcome of a legal action.

A) determinate
B) indeterminate
C) relative
D) conflicting

Question 16

Judges sitting on appeals courts are frequently subjected to ideological ____________, which is if all judges on a panel are of the same political persuasion, their ideology will be enhanced.

A) interpretation
B) dampening
C) amplification
D) subjectiveness

Question 17

____________ belies the claim that the United States is "a country of law, not men."

A) legal realism
B) ideological amplification
C) moral relativism
D) moral positivism

Question 18

Philosophers have long contemplated the question of whether ___________ laws govern human behavior in the same sense that physical laws govern the physical world.

A) positivist
B) natural
C) societal
D) evolutionary

Question 19

Believers in transcendental natural law believe that natural law:

A) is a "law within the law"
B) is universally applicable
C) transcends positive law
D) all of the above

Question 20

A ____________ basically believes that whatever is considered right and proper in any given society is morally right even if outsiders might consider some practices of that society to be morally repugnant.

A) legal positivist
B) moral relativist
C) moral positivist
D) legal relativist

Question 21

____________ believe in timeless universalistic natural laws that transcend the legal interests of a particular society at a particular time in history.

A) transcendentalists
B) relativists
C) positivists
D) evolutionists

Question 22

The transcendentalist perspective is that the ____________ of law runs downward from some transcendental realm through jurisprudence and education to the individual.

A) is
B) philosophy
C) conflict
D) ought

Question 23

What literally means "compelling" or "higher" law?

A) caveat cogens
B) jus patriae
C) caveat cogens
D) jus cogens

Question 24

According to which philosophy did the king's lawmaking powers come from God, so his decisions could no more be questioned than the will of God himself?

A) natural law
B) divine right of kings
C) legal realism
D) legal naturalism

Question 25

What attempts to explain the origins of law and justice with reference to the principles of evolutionary biology?

A) evolutionary perspective
B) transcendental perspective
C) procedural perspective
D) criminal perspective

Question 26

According to the evolutionary perspective, law may be considered "____________" because it flows from the evolved nature of Homo sapiens.

A) human
B) natural
C) positivist
D) criminal

Question 27

The primary difference between the two natural law positions is that ___________ seek empirical support for their views through studying the behavior of human and other social species.

A) positivists
B) evolutionists
C) realists
D) relativists

Question 28

Which perspective attempts to illustrate why law is necessary by focusing on the evolutionary origins of humanity's more offensive traits?

A) transcendental
B) retributive
C) evolutionary
D) repressive

Question 29

When evolutionary theorists refer to something as "___________," they do not use the word as a synonym for "good" or "desirable."

A) natural
B) transcendental
C) retribution
D) revenge

Question 30

According to the ___________, what is represents a scientific observation; what ought to be is a moral hope.

A) moral fallacy
B) naturalistic fallacy
C) transcendent fallacy
D) evolutionary fallacy

Question 31

According to the evolutionary perspective, ____________ is probably also the basis for the desire for revenge.

A) criminal procedure
B) evolution
C) moral outrage
D) morality

Question 32

For the evolutionary perspective, moral outrage buttressed by retaliatory action is a plausible candidate as the basis of:

A) counter-productiveness and antisocial behavior
B) our sense of justice
C) all behavior, whether moral or immoral
D) less-desirable human attributes

Question 33

There is evidence for ________________________ from imaging studies showing increased blood flow to areas of the brain that respond to reward when miscreants are punished.

A) crime
B) crime acceptance
C) altruism
D) the desire to punish

Question 34

The evolutionary perspective posits a moral ____________, which implies generality but recognizes the possibility of exceptions, as compared to the absolutism of the transcendental perspective.

A) altruism
B) conviction
C) universality
D) outrage

Question 35

The ____________ position asserts that the emotional and intellectual equipment for moral outrage has evolved; it does not specify all behaviors that will invoke it.

A) evolutionary
B) transcendentalism
C) morality
D) justice

Question 36

Law and justice:

A) are identical
B) are both abstractions
C) can be in accordance with one another
D) can never be in accordance with one another in a formal-rational legal system

Question 37

Believers in ___________ maintain that the goal of positive law should bring itself into conformity with what is just.

A) transcendentalism
B) legal realism
C) equity
D) natural law

Question 38

Which of the following refers to remedies for wrongs that were not recognized under English common law?

A) naturalism
B) legal realism
C) jurisprudence
D) equity

Question 39

The early equity courts were known as:

A) magistrate courts
B) Courts of Chancery
C) justice courts
D) Courts of Common Pleas

Question 40

The first mention of a Court of Chancery was in ________, during the reign of Edward I.

A) 1080
B) 1180
C) 1280
D) 1380

Question 41

The classic American ____________ case is Riggs v. Palmer (1889).

A) common law
B) equity
C) natural law
D) positivist law

Question 42

Perhaps the best example of a specific attempt to "naturalize" elements of the law was Raffaele Garofalo's formulation of a ____________ definition of crime.

A) positivistic
B) natural
C) violent
D) street

Question 43

According to Raffaele Garofalo, an act should be considered a crime only if it was:

A) mala prohibita
B) made wrong by positive law
C) universally condemned
D) all of the above

Question 44

Raffaele Garofalo reasoned that an act would be universally condemned if it offended the natural sentiments of ____________ (compassion and sympathy).

A) pity
B) probity
C) integrity
D) honesty

Question 45

Which legal scholar expresses the idea of the rule of law in the phrase "laws change but the Law must remain"?

A) Raffaele Garofalo
B) Philip Reichel
C) Herbert Packer
D) Sir Edmund Coke

Question 46

The system of procedures to hold the government to its principles is articulated by the concept of:

A) justice
B) law
C) equity
D) due process

Question 47

____________ is essentially a set of instructions informing agents of the state how they must proceed in their investigation, arrest, questioning, prosecution, and punishment of individuals who are suspected of committing crimes.

A) due process
B) crime control
C) criminal law
D) all of the above

Question 48

____________ is not something a person earns by his or her actions; it is something that is due to everyone, without exception, simply because of their humanity.

A) procedural law
B) crime control
C) due process
D) all of the above

Question 49

The term "lettres de cachet" means:

A) due process
B) sealed letters
C) process letters
D) none of the above

Question 50

Which individual wrote a book that constituted an impassioned plea to humanize and rationalize the law and to make punishment more reasonable?

A) Herbert Packer
B) Raffaele Garofalo
C) Thomas Jefferson
D) Cesare Beccaria

Question 51

Which of the following individuals was the first person to suggest a series of written procedures for implementing substantive criminal law?

A) Raffaele Garofalo
B) Philip Reichel
C) Herbert Packer
D) Sir Edward Coke

Question 52

________ is often called the "father of due process".

A) Sir Edward Coke
B) John Marshall
C) Cesare Beccaria
D) Raffaele Garofalo

Question 53

Which legal scholar's two models of the criminal justice system provide a framework to explore the relationship between the everyday operation of the criminal justice system and justice itself?

A) Raffaele Garofalo
B) Philip Reichel
C) Herbert Packer
D) Sir Edward Coke

Question 54

Which of Packer's models of criminal justice asserts that the system should work like an assembly line and appeals should be kept to a minimum?

A) crime control
B) due process
C) conflict
D) consensus

Question 55

According to the ___________ model, swiftness and efficiency demand a well-oiled criminal justice system in which cases are handled informally and uniformly in "assembly-line" fashion.

A) due process
B) crime control
C) conflict
D) consensus

Question 56

Which of Packer's models of criminal justice can be likened to an obstacle course in which impediments to carrying the accused's case further are encountered at every stage of processing?

A) crime control
B) due process
C) conflict
D) consensus

Question 57

It is probably correct to say that under a ____________ model, more innocent people may be convicted.

A) crime control
B) due process
C) conflict
D) consensus

Question 58

The danger of a runaway ____________ model is a return to the days when due process was nonexistent.

A) due process
B) crime control
C) consensus
D) conflict

Question 59

The United States is characterized as operating with a ________ model and Canada with more of a ________ model.

A) due process; civil libertarian
B) civil libertarian; crime control
C) due process; regulatory
D) due process; crime control

Question 60

In which case did the U.S. Supreme Court overturn a conviction, stating that the individual had not waived his right to counsel during questioning and that the officer's "Christian burial speech" constituted custodial interrogation?

A) Nix v. Williams
B) United States v. Leon
C) Brewer v. Williams
D) Brown v. Mississippi

Question 61

Legal realism is defined in Webster's dictionary as "the maintenance or administration of what is just."

Question 62

Procedural justice is about rightful, merited, and deserved distribution; it is not about need.

Question 63

Procedural retributive justice is concerned with how a society's system of law goes about determining guilt or innocence

Question 64

Under the day fine system, a convicted person pay a fine equal to a day's pay.

Question 65

Sentencing guidelines are a way of numerically defining Aristotle's definition of justice by assigning numbers both to various aspects of the crime and to characteristics of the offender.

Question 66

The big problem with Aristotle's definition of justice rests with defining what laws are.

Question 67

Legal realists examine how law is actually applied and the implications of that application.

Question 68

Legal realism belies the claim that the United States is "a country of law, not men."

Question 69

Believers in transcendental natural law believe that natural law may be considered "natural" because it flows from the evolved nature of Homo sapiens.

Question 70

The evolutionary perspective of law is a philosophical position that emphasizes the primacy and superiority of the spiritual over the material.

Question 71

Natural law may be considered "law within the law."

Question 72

Caveat cogens literally means "compelling" or "higher" law.

Question 73

The evolutionary perspective of law attempts to explain the origins of law and justice with reference to the principles of evolutionary biology.

Question 74

The evolutionary perspective argues that humans are biologically predisposed to make certain choices because humans have an innate sense of fairness.

Question 75

According to the naturalistic fallacy, what is represents a scientific observation; what ought to be is a moral hope.

Question 76

As with any universal desire, the desire to punish has a built-in physiological basis.

Question 77

Law and justice are identical.

Question 78

The term equity is derived from the Latin word for "just."

Question 79

The early equity courts were known as Courts of Common Pleas.

Question 80

Raffaele Garofalo was satisfied with the positivistic definition of crime ("crime is what the law says it is").