Deck 9: Processing and Sentencing of Female Offenders

Question 1

Which of the following suggests that women receive preferential treatment by the justice system?

A) Chivalry hypothesis
B) Rehabilitative hypothesis
C) Evil woman hypothesis
D) Good woman hypothesis

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Under which of the following are women punished for breaking socialized norms of gender-role expectations?

A) Chivalry hypothesis
B) Rehabilitative hypothesis
C) Evil woman hypothesis
D) Good woman hypothesis

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Police generally make contact with boys over criminal offenses, such as ______.

A) drug distribution
B) running away
C) curfew
D) truancy

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Which of the following are the most important factors impacting pretrial charging decisions?

A) Gender and crime seriousness
B) Race and gender
C) Criminal history
D) Criminal history and gender

Question 5

Who of the following are more likely to benefit from chivalrous treatment by the police?

A) Older Caucasian women
B) Older Hispanic women
C) Older Asian American women
D) Older African American women

Question 6

Which of the following influences whether a defendant will be detained during the pretrial stages or receive charge reductions and leniency in sentencing?

A) Age and offense type
B) Race and criminal history
C) Offense type and criminal history
D) Criminal history and age

Question 7

Differences between the incarceration rates of White women and women of color may be based on which of the following instead of race?

A) Sexism
B) Economics
C) Age
D) Politics

Question 8

Which of the following is at greatest risk for arrest and imprisonment?

A) Drug users
B) Drug pushers
C) Drug traffickers
D) Drug cartel members

Question 9

The Fair Sentencing Act reduced the disparity between sentences for cocaine and crack cocaine to ______.

A) 100:1
B) 48:1
C) 18:1
D) 6:1

Question 10

There is a rise in the use of which of the following among women?

A) Crack cocaine
B) Inhalants
C) Meth
D) Marijuana

Question 11

Which of the following is an example of an extralegal factor?

A) Presence of trauma
B) Laws
C) Sentencing guidelines
D) Crime rates

Question 12

In what year were the federal sentencing guidelines enacted?

A) 1978
B) 1984
C) 1987
D) 1992

Question 13

All of the following are mediating factor allowed by the federal sentencing guidelines EXCEPT for _____.

A) ties to the community
B) offense type
C) presence of aggravating and mitigating circumstances
D) criminal history

Question 14

In which of the following states did the consideration of children as a mitigating factor produce an indirect effect for preferential treatment of women?

A) Minnesota
B) Ohio
C) Pennsylvania
D) Louisiana

Question 15

In which of the following states did increase judicial discretion and the use of broad sentencing ranges lead to decreases in racial disparity?

A) Minnesota
B) Ohio
C) Pennsylvania
D) Louisiana

Question 16

All of the following are criticisms of gender-neutral sentencing EXCEPT for _____.

A) guidelines negatively impact women
B) unique needs of women are not considered
C) lead to increased sentences for men and women
D) may leader to proportional sentencing

Question 17

Which of the following is an important factor affecting sentencing decisions in China?

A) Age
B) Family support
C) Race
D) Behavior before the court

Question 18

In which of the following does a greater level of gender equality in general lead to no preferential treatment for women?

A) China
B) South Korea
C) Finland
D) Australia

Question 19

In which of the following does history and politics serve as extralegal factors in sentencing?

A) China
B) South Korea
C) Finland
D) Australia

Question 20

Mandatory arrest polices for which of the following led to an increase in arrests for girls?

A) Drug crimes
B) Property crimes
C) Intimate Partner Abuse
D) Prostitution

Question 21

Between 2000 and 2009, the incarceration rates for White women increased by ______%.

A) 30
B) 45
C) 47
D) 56

Question 22

Between 2000 and 2009, the incarceration rates for Black women declined ______%.

A) 31
B) 42
C) 45
D) 52

Question 23

Which of the following was noted as increasing the likelihood of pretrial release for women?

A) Being married
B) Ability to hire private attorney
C) Successful program completion
D) Violent crime

Question 24

Koons-Witt (2006) found that which of the following extralegal factors impacted judicial sentencing decisions before and after the implementation of sentencing guidelines?

A) Employment
B) Completion of a drug treatment program
C) Having dependent children
D) Presence of trauma

Question 25

China has been a long-standing proponent of ______ women in general.

A) paternalism towards
B) equality for
C) leadership opportunities for
D) liberties for

Question 26

In which of the following countries are women expected to demonstrate a submissive and apologetic demeanor towards the judge?

A) China
B) Australia
C) South Korea
D) Taiwan

Question 27

_____ ha a significant impact on how cases are disposed of by the courts.

A) Age
B) Gender
C) Education
D) Race

Question 28

Historically, _____ women have been punished more harshly than White women.

A) Hispanic
B) Asian American
C) Native American
D) African American

Question 29

Research has found that _____ can also influence the length of a prison sentence for women of color.

A) height
B) hair color
C) skin tone
D) weight

Question 30

The first involvement of the criminal justice system takes place at the ______.

A) arrest stage
B) pretrial stage
C) sentencing stage
D) bail stage

Question 31

In ______, a felony conviction carries a number of consequences beyond the criminal justice system.

A) Florida
B) California
C) New York
D) Illinois

Question 32

Due to its use among women, meth has been labeled ______.

A) white collar crack
B) pink collar crack
C) red collar crack
D) high collar crack

Question 33

Which of the following statements pertaining to chivalry are true?

A) Women in Finland benefit from preferential treatment by justice officials
B) Women of indigenous status do receive preferential treatment by justice
C) Women in South Korea do not benefit from chivalry in sentencing
D) Chivalry is extended to all women

Question 34

In 1984, the ______ led to the implementation of the federal sentencing guidelines.

A) Federal Sentencing Act
B) Federal Offenders Act
C) Sentencing Reform Act
D) Sentencing Reformation Act

Question 35

Both the chivalry hypothesis and the evil woman hypothesis reflect ______ in sentencing.

A) gender equality
B) gender bias
C) gender equity
D) gender differences

Question 36

Skin-tone does not impact sentencing decisions.

Question 37

Chivalry only occurs during the sentencing phase.

Question 38

The flood of women in search of sex work created an economy whereby the value of sexual services significantly decreased .

Question 39

The effect of gender on sentencing decisions varies by jurisdiction.

Question 40

Prior to the sentencing guidelines, gender did not appear to have an effect on sentencing guidelines.

Question 41

The evil woman hypothesis leads to more lenient sentencing.

Question 42

Officials are more lenient to white women than women of color.

Question 43

Women of color are deemed as more "salvageable than men of color.

Question 44

Prior to the War on Drugs, drug offenders generally received prison sentences.

Question 45

Gender equality equals sameness.

Question 46

Not all research demonstrates that girls and women of color suffer from harsher treatment by the courts.

Question 47

The treatment of women in the course has been static in the U.S.

Question 48

Judicial discretion is often a double-edged sword for women.

Question 49

Researchers have mostly focused on the pretrial release outcomes in cases.

Question 50

Women in Finland do not benefit from preferential treatment by justice officials.

Question 51

Describe how gender interacts with legal and extralegal variables present in processing decisions.

Question 52

Compare and contrast how women offenders are treated in China and Finland.

Question 53

Describe how the War on Drugs has impacted women offenders.

Question 54

Discuss the treatment of female offenders in China.

Question 55

What is the main goal of the sentencing guidelines?